w 


>t**" 


HORACE   A.    SCOTT 
2208  N.   Ross   s[reet 
Santa   Ana.Calif.      * 


V 


^- 


imtlM|lfW|pilHM5lltHffBinHffllilll""llilllllllll»^  imu;iiiiih,i:niiii['niiimilltlll»miiilll;ii. 


i[i[iinmiH»umiiiiniiiiiiniMi|imtr[imimiiiiiiiiLr)iiinuini»nmnin' 


GEO  GKAPHY» 

»iiiiiiai«M mi   II I  m i  III  I nil  I  in I  III I in_       I  j^  i»» iraTMijiiM^MliBB^^ iiimi imilllllNmil lllllllllllllllll mullimillllliniMi illilllli»iiiliiinlliwiiwi«iliilliiiiwiiillll»lllgiim^^ 


WITH    MAPS  AND^ ILLUSTRATIONS 


PREP.\RED   EXPRESSED?  FOR  THIS  AVORK 


BY  EMINENT   AMERICAN  ARTISTS 

I 


NEW    YORK 
HARPER    &    BROTHERS 

iSS6 


PUBLISHERS'   ADVERTISEMENT. 


In  presenting  to  the  public  this  work  on  geography,  the  publishers 
respectfully  invite  the  attention  of  Boards  of  Education,  teachers,  and 
parents  to  the  following  statement  of  its  plan  and  leading  features : 

The  study  of  geography  is  now,  much  more  than  at  any  former  pe- 
riod, an  essential  element  in  education.  It  is  second  in  importance 
only  to  reading,  writing,  and  rudimentary  arithmetic.  The  newspaper 
is  and  must  continue  to  be  the  chief  source  of  that  knowledge  of  cur- 
rent events  which  is  indispensable  to  every  intelligent  person.  Its 
telegrams  and  other  items  and  articles  necessarily  assume  that  the 
reader  possesses  a  knowledge  of  certain  geographical  facts.  It  is  the 
aim  of  this  work  to  present  and  impress  these  facts. 

To  this  end  the  careful  selection  and  arrangement  of  topics  have 
been  regarded  as  matters  of  prime  necessity  in  order  to  insure  such  a 
unity  of  plan  as  to  present  a  simple,  yet  practical,  definite,  and  coher- 
ent view  of  the  subject. 

The  geography  of  commerce  has  been  made  the  leading  line  of 
thought,  because  commerce,  domestic  and  foreign,  is  becoming  more 
and  more  a  dominant  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the  leading  nations  of 
the  world,  and  because  no  other  department  of  the  general  subject 
presents  in  such  bold  relief  their  rivalries  and  mutual  dependencies. 
It  involves  a  systematic  presentation  of  the  resources  and  industries 
of  countries  as  dependent  upon  climate,  soil,  mineral  deposits,  and 
other  physical  conditions.  It  also  includes  all  important  information 
concerning  cities  and  towns  as  commercial,  manufacturing,  and  mining 
centres,  and  an  outline  of  the  system  of  transportation,  domestic  and 
international.  The  tables  of  reference  show  the  total  imports  and 
exports  of  all  the  maritime  nations,  and  particularly  the  commerce  of 
each  of  these  countries  with  the  United  States. 

The  work  is  essentially  in  two  distinct  parts — a  physical  geography 
and  a  political  geography.  The  physical  geography  is  treated  with 
sufficient  fulness,  and  presents  no  difficulty  greater  than  the  de- 
scription of  a  chain  of  mountains  or  of  the  course  of  a  river.  A 
systematic  outline  of  this  department  will  be  found  in  the  questions  of 
the  general  review.  Each  of  the  two  parts  has  a  series  of  special 
maps,  exercises,  and  descriptions.     Each  series  is  complete  in  itself, 


and  may  be  so  taught  if  it  be  thought  desirable.  Again,  by  a  differ- 
ence in  type  and  by  the  arrangement  of  the  questions,  each  series  pre- 
sents the  choice  of  a  simple  outline  or  a  fuller  course. 

The  questions  are  so  clearly  related  to  the  maps  and  the  text  as  to 
avoid  the  serious  difficulties  which  frequently  arise  from  obscurity  in 
this  connection.  The  cities  and  towns  called  for  by  the  text  are  at 
once  pointed  out  both  by  the  prominence  of  the  type  and  by  a  peculiar 
device  of  color  which  will  be  found  upon  the  maps. 

Among  the  many  other  original  matters  of  great  practical  importance 
to  pupils  and  teachers  are  the  map  showing  the  divisions  and  subdivis- 
ions of  the  United  States,  and  the  Industrial  and  Commercial  Map  of 
the  United  States,  exhibiting  the  leading  industries  and  resources  of  the 
country,  and  its  various  existing  and  proposed  systems  of  transportation 
by  railroad, coast  lines,  and  interior  water-ways, the  whole  for  the  first  time 
so  simply  and  clearly  presented  as  to  be  easily  committed  to  memory. 

The  definitions  are  few  and  brief,  and,  like  the  rest  of  the  work,  are 
expressed  in  the  simplest  language  which  the  subject  will  allow. 

The  map-drawing  exercises  and  the  tabular  reviews  are  simple  and 
practical,  and  will  commend  themselves  to  teachers. 

The  perfect  clearness  and  legibility  of  the  maps  and  the  character 
of  the  type  used  in  the  text  prevent  injury  to  the  sight  of  the  pupil 
and  teacher. 

In  view  of  the  limited  time  which  can  be  given  to  geography  in 
school,  this  treatise  has  been  made  as  concise  as  possible,  without  lim- 
iting its  comprehensiveness.  This  is  not  only  very  desirable  in  itself, 
but  was  made  necessary  by  the  large  type  and  the  great  space  given  to 
the  instructive  pictorial  illustrations.  While  great  care  has  been  taken 
to  reject  all  matter  not  strictly  relevant,  it  is  believed  that  no  other 
School  Geography  presents  so  many  essential  facts  and  principles  in 
so  few  words. 

The  character  of  the  type  and  the  quality  of  the  illustrations, 
maps,  paper,  and  binding  of  this  work  leave  it  without  a  rival  in 
the  beauty  and  excellence  of  its  mechanical  execution. 

The  work  in  all  its  details  shows  that  the  author  is  a  practical  teach- 
er, to  whom  the  difficulties  of  the  class-room  are  thoroughly  familiar. 


Franklin  Square,  New  York,  January,  1876. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1875,  by  Uarpbr  &  Brothers,  in  the  OITce  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 

Patent  for  color-mark  used  on  Maps  applied  ft>r. 


Copyright,  1885.  by  Hakper  &  Brothers. 


MAP  LIBRARY 


n 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


8 


10 
10 


PACE 

I.  The  Earth  :  Its  Shape  and  Size,  .        ...  1 

II.  Motions  of  the  Earth, 2 

III.  Circles  of  the  Earth, 3 

IV.  Latitude. — Longitude. — Zones,         ...  3 
V.  Globes  and  Maps, 4 

VI.  Divisions  of  the  Land 5 

VII.  Elevations  of  the  Land, 5 

VIII.  Divisions  of  the  Water, 6 

IX.  Divisions  of  Geography, 6 

Map-Drawing, 7 

X.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere,       ........ 

XI.  Review  Exercises, 

XII.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere,  

XIII.  Review  Exkrcises, 

XIV.  Continents, 12 

XV.  Islands, 12 

XVI.  Mountains 13 

XVII.  Plateaus  or  Table-lands, 13 

XVIII.  Lowland  Plains 14 

XIX.  Oceans, 14 

XX.  Drainage  Waters. — Rivers, 14 

XXI.  Lakes. — Glaciers  and  Icebergs,         .        .        .  15 

XXII.  Ocean  Currents, 16 

XXIIL  Winds, 16 

XXIV.  Climate, 17 

XXV.  Races  of  Men, 18 

XXVI.  Conditions  of  Society, 18 

XXVII.  Government, 18 

XXVIII.  Questions    on    the    Physical    Map    of    North 

America,      . 21 

XXIX.  Description  of  Physical  North  America,      .  19 
XXX.  Climate,  Vegetation,   and   Animals    of   North 

America, 19 

XXXI.  Questions    on    the    Political    Map    of    North 

America .        .  22 

XXXII.  Review  Exercises 22 

XXXIU.  Questions  on  the  Physical  Map  of  the  United 

States 24 

XXXIV.  Position,   Area,  and   Surface    of    the    United 

States, 24 

XXXV.  Western  Half  of  the  United  States,    .        .  24 

XXXVI.  Eastern  Half  of  the  United  States,  .         .         .26 

XXXVII.  Divisions  AND  Subdivisions  OF  the  United  States,  29 

XXXVIII.  Review  of  Political  Map  of  the  United  States,  32 


PAGB 

XXXIX.  Description  of  Political  United  States,      .        .  33 

XL.  Government  of  the  United  States 35 

XLI.  Questions  on  the   Map  of  the   North   Atlantic 

States,  or  New  England,         ....  37 

XLII.  Review  Exercises, 37 

XLIII.  Description  of  the  North  Atlantic  States,  or  New 

England, 37 

XLIV.  Questions  on  Map  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  41 

XLV.  Review  Exercises, 41 

XLVI.  Description  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  .         .  41 
XLVII.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  South  Atlantic  and 

South  Central  States, 44 

XLVIII.  Review  Exercises, 44 

XLIX.  Description  of  the  South  Atlantic  States,  .        .  46 

L.  Description  of  the  South  Central  States,      .         .  47 

LI.  Questions  on  Map  of  the  North  Central  States,  48 

LII.  Review  Exercises, 48 

LIII.   Description  OF  THE  North  Central  States,  .         .  50 
LIV.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  West  Central  States 

AND  States  of  the  Plains  :  Northern  Divisions,  53 

LV.  Review  Exercises, 53 

LVI.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  West  Central  States 

AND  States  of  the  Plains  :  Southern  Divisions,  54 

LVII.  Review  Exercises, 54 

LVIII.  Description  of  the  West  Central  States,       .        .  53 

LIX.  Description  of  the  States  of  the  Plains,    .         .  56 
LX.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  Western  or  Highland 

States, 59 

LXI.  Review  Exercises, 59 

LXII.  DcscRiPTioN  OF  THE  Western  States:  Rocky  Mount- 
ain Division, 59 

LXIII.  Description  OF  the  Western  States:  Basin  Division,  61 

LXIV.  Description  ofthe  Western  States:  Pacific  Division,  62 

LXV.  Industries  of  the  United  States,  ....  64 

LXVI.  Transportation,  .        , 64 

LXVI(7.  The  Old,  OR  Local  Standard,  Time,        .        .        .  129 
LXVI^.  The  Railroad  or  Hour-belt  System,  or  New  Stand- 
ard Time, 129 

LXVI  I.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  68 

LXVI  1 1.  Review  Exercises 68 

LXIX.  Description  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland,      .        .  68 
LXX.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  Mexico,  Central  America, 

AND  THE  West  Indies, 73 

LXXI.  Review  Exercises, 73 

LXXII.  Description  of  Mexico, 71 

LXXIII.  Description  of  Central  America,      .        .        .        .71 


11 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


LXXIV.  Description  of  the  West  Indies,  ... 
LXXV.  Questions  on  the  Physical  Map  of  South  Amer 

ICA, 

LXXVI.  Surface  of  South  America, 

LXXVII.  Questions  on  the  Political  Map  of  South  Amer 

ICA, 

LXXVIII.  Review  Exercises 

LXXIX.  Description  of  Political  South  America, 
LXXX.  Questions  on  the  Physical  Map  of  Europe, 
LXXXI.  Description  of  Physical  Europe, 
LXXX II.  Questions  on  the  Political  Map  of  Europe, 

LXXXIII.  Review  Exercises, 

LXXX IV.  Governments  and  Population  of  Europe,    . 
LXXXV.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  British  Isles, 

LXXXVI.  Review  Exercises, 

LXXXVII.  Description  of  the  British  Isles,     . 
LXXXVIII.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  Western  and  Central 

Europe 

LXXXIX.  Review  Exercises, 

XC.  Description  of  Western  and  Central  Europe,  . 
XCI.  Description   of   Austria,  Turkey,  Greece,  and 

Denmark 

XCII.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  the  German  Empire, 
Netherlands,  and  Belgjum,      .        .        .        . 
XCIII.  Review  Exercises, 


PACH 

73 


V8 
78 
83 
83 
86 
86 
88 
88 
88 
90 

93 
93 
93 

95 

97 

98 


XCIV.  Description  of  the  German  Empire,  Netherlands, 

and  Belgium, 98 

XCV.  Questions  on  the  Physical  Map  of  Asia,       .         .       101 

XCVI.  Description  of  Physical  Asia, 103 

XCVII.  Questions  on  the  Political  Map  of  Asia,      .        .       103 

XCVIII.  Review  Exercises, 103 

XCIX.  Description  of  Political  Asia,        ....       105 
C.  Description  of  British  India  and  Indo-China,  .        .  107 
CI.  Description  of  Persia,  Afghanistan,  Beloochistan, 

Arabia,  and  Turkey, 108 

CII.  Questions  on  the  Map  of  Oceanica  and  the  Phys- 
ical Map  of  Australia, 110 

CII  I.  Review  Exercises, 110 

CIV.  Description  of  Oceanica, 112 

CV.  Questions  on  the  Physical  and  Political  Map  of 

Africa, 115 

CVI.  Review  Exercises, 115 

CVII.  Description  of  Physical  Africa,     .        .        .        .116 

CVIII.  Description  of  Political  Africa,       .        ,        .        .117 

CIX.  Description  of  Caucasian  Africa,  .        .        .        .118 

ex.  Description  of  Negro  Africa, 119 

CXI.  General  Review  Exercises,    ....        122,123 

Cartography,        124 

Tables, 125 

Pronouncing  Vocabulary,  .        .        .        .    126,127,128 


MAPS. 


PAGE 

Western  Hemisphere, 9 

Eastern  Hemisphere 11 

Physical  North  America, 20 

Political  North  America, 23 

Physical  United  States, 25 

United  States  in  Groups 28 

Political  United  States, 30,31 

North  Atlantic  States,  or  New  England 36 

Middle  Atlantic  States, 40 

South  .Atlantic  and  South  Central  States,       ...  45 

North  Central  States 49 

West  Central  States  and  States  of  the  Plains  :  Northern 

Division, 52 

West  Central  States  and  States  of  the  Plains  :  Southern 

Division, 55 

Western  or  Highland  States, 58 


Commercial  and  Industrial  United  States, 

Dominion  of  Canada, 

Mexico,  Central  America,  and  West  Indies, 
Physical  South  America,  .... 
Political  South  America,  .... 

Physical  Europe, 

Political  Europe,       .         .    -    . 

British  Isles, 

Western  and  Central  Europe, 

German  Empire,  Netherlands,  and  Belgium, 

Physical  Asia,     ...... 

Political  Asia, 

Oceanica  and  Physical  Australia,  . 
Physical  and  Political  Africa,     . 
Map    of    the     Principal    Ocean     Trade    Routes     of    the 
World, 120,121 


PAGB 

66,67 

69 

72 

74 

79 

82 

87 

89 

92 

97 

100 

102 

111 

114 


MATHEMATICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


I. 

THE  EAKTH:  ITS  SHAPE  AND  SIZE. 

1.  (Geography  is  a  description  of  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  and  of  its  countries  and  their  inhabitants. 

2.  The  shape  of  the  earth  is  nearly  that  of  a  ball, 
globe,  or  sphere. 

The  earth  does  not  appear  to  be  shaped  like  a  ball, 
but  looks  like  a  large  plain,  stretching  out  in  every  di- 
rection. The  reason  of  this  is  that  we  see  only  a  small 
part  of  it  at  one  time. 

Note.— To  ensure  correct  conceptions  on  the  part  of  the  pupil,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  the  lessons  on  Mathematical  Geography  be  illustrated  by  means 
of  a  globe. 

2 


3.  We  know  that  the  earth  is  shaped  like  a  ball  from 
the  following  facts : 

First.  Ships  have  sailed  around  it. 

Second.  When  a  ship  sails  away  from  the  la^d,  the 

hull  or  body  first  disappears  from  sight,  then  the 

sails,  and  last  the  tops  of  the  masts. 
When  a  ship  is  coming  in  from  sea,  the  tops  of  the 

masts  are  seen  first,  then  the  sails,  and  lastly  the  hull 

or  body.     If  the  surface  of  the  water  were  flat,  the 

hull  would  be  seen  as  soon  as  the  masts. 
In  like  manner,  in  travelling  across  broad  plains  we 

see  the  tops  of  distant  mountains  long  before  their 

bases  are  visible. 


THE  EARTH:    SHAPE,  SIZE,  AND  MOTIONS. 


Third.  The  shadow  ■which  the   earth  casts   upon  the 

moon  is  always  circular. 
A  ball  or  sphere  being  the  only  body  that  always  casts 
a  circular  shadow,  we  conclude  that  the  earth  has 
the  shape  of  a  ball  or  sphere. 
4.  A  diameter  of  a  sphere  is  any  straight  line  drawn 
through  the   centre  from   surface  to 
surface. 

The  diameter  of  the  earth  is  nearly 
eight  thousand  miles. 

5.  A  circumference  of  a  sphere 
is  the  greatest  distance  around  it. 
The  circumference  of  the  earth  is 
nearly  twenty-five  thousand  miles. 

6.  The  surface  of  the  earth  contains  nearly  two  hun- 
dred millions  of  square  miles. 

7.  The  horizon  is  that  circle  upon  which  the  earth 
and  the  sky  appear  to  meet. 

That  point  of  the  horizon 
towards  which  your  shadow 
falls  at  noon  is  called  north.* 
The  opposite  point  is  called 
south.  If  you  face  the 
north,  your  right  hand  is  to- 
wards the  east,  and  your  left  hand  is  towards  the  west. 

8.  North,  east,  south,  and  west  are  called  the  cardinal 
points  of  the  horizon.     The  points  midway  between  these 

are     called     northeast,    southeast, 
southwest,  and  northwest. 

9.  The  compass  is  an  instru- 
ment used  by  mariners  and  sur- 
veyors. It  consists  of  a  circular 
card  representing  the  horizon  and 
its  points.  Over  the  centre  of  the 
card  is  a  magnetic  needle,  balanced 
on  a  pivot :  this  needle  points  to- 
wards the  north. 


NORTH 


SOUTH 


Questions. — What  does  this  section  tell  about? — 1.  What  is  geography? — 
2.  What  is  the  shape  of  the  earth?  How  does  the  earth  appear  to  us?  Why  is  this? 
— 3.  What  is  the  first  fact  by  which  we  know  that  the  earth  is  a  globe  ?  The  second 
fact?  The  third  fact  ? — 4.  What  is  a  diameter  of  a  sphere  ?  How  long  is  the  earth's 
diameter? — /i.  What  is  a  circumference  of  a  sphere?  How  long  is  the  earth's  cir- 
cumference?— 6.  How  many  square  miles  in  the  surface  of  the  earth? — 7.  What  is 
the  horizon?  Which  way  is  north,  south,  etc.  ? — 6.  Which  are  the  cardinal  points? 
The  points  between  these  ? — U.  Describe  the  compass. 

"  This  is  true  only  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere. 


II. 

MOTIONS  OF  THE  EAETH. 

1.  The  earth  has  two  constant  motions,  the  daily  and 
the  annual. 

2.  The  daily  motion  of  the  earth  is  its  rotation  on 
one  of  its  diameters.  The  direction  of  the  motion  is 
from  west  to  east :  this  causes  the  sun  to  appear  to  move 
from  east  to  west.  The  sun  appears  to  rise  in  the  east 
because  the  place  where  we  are  is  moving  towards  it ;  it 
appears  to  set  in  the  west  because  the  place  where  w-e 
are  is  moving  from  it. 

The  diameter  on  which  the  earth  turns  is  called  its 
axis.  The  time  in  which  the  earth  turns  on  its  a.xis  is 
called  a  day. 

3.  The  daily  rotation  causes  the  succession  of  day 
and  nig^ht.  Each  place  is  carried  into  the  sunlight,  and 
then  into  the  shade  of  the  earth. 

4.  The  poles  are  the  points  at  the  ends  of  the  axis. 
One  is  called  the  North  Pole,  the  other  the  South  Pole. 

5.  The  swiftness  of  the  rotation  has  caused  the  earth  to 
be  slightly  flattened  at  the  poles,  and 
to  bulge  out  a  little  midway  between 
them.  A  globe  flattened  at  the  poles 
is  called  an  oblate  spheroid.  The 
length  of  the  earth's  axis,  or  shortest 
diameter,  is  789U  miles ;  the  longest 
diameter  is  7925  miles.  The  greatest 
circumference  is  24,899  miles. 

Note. — The  polar  diameter  is  about  one  three-hundredth  less  than  the  equatorial. 

6.  The  earth  moves  around  the  sun  in  a  nearly  circu- 
lar path,  called  its  orbit.  The  time  in  which  the  earth 
j-evolves  around  the  sun  is  called  a  year.  It  contains 
nearly  365^  days.  This  motion  is  called  the  annual 
revolution. 

7.  The  axis  of  the  earth  is  inclined  to  its  orbit.  This 
inclination  never  changes. 

8.  The  annual  revolution  of  the  earth  and  the  inclina- 
tion of  its  axis  cause  the  change  of  the  seasons. 

Questions. — What  does  this  section  tell  about? — 1.  How  many  motions  has 
the  earth?  What  arc  they? — 2.  What  is  tlie  daily  motion  of  the  eartli?  In  what 
direction  is  it  ?  How  does  the  sun  appear  to  move  ?  Why  does  it  appear  to  rise  and 
set  ?  What  is  the  axis  of  the  earth  ?  What  is  a  d.iy  ? — 3.  What  is  caused  by  the  daily 
rotation  cf  the  earth? — I.  What  are  the  poles?  Wh.at  are  they  called? — ,"..  What 
effect  has  the  swiftness  of  the  rotation?  What  name  is  given  to  the  true  shape  of  the 
earth  ?  What  is  an  oblate  spheroid  ?  How  many  miles  difference  between  the  longest 
and  the  shortest  diameter  ?  How  long  is  the  greatest  circumference  ? — G.  What  other 
motion  lias  the  earth  ?  What  is  the  shape  of  its  path  ?  Its  name?  What  is  a  year? 
How  long  is  it? — 7.  Wh.at  is  the  position  of  the  cirth's  a.\is?  Does  the  inclination 
change? — 8.  What  cause  the  change  of  the  seasons? 


South  Pole 


THE  CIRCLES  OF  THE   EARTH.— LATITUDE.— LONGITUDE.— ZONES. 


III. 

THE  CIRCLES  OF  THE  EARTH. 

1.  The  circles  of  the  earth*  are  lines  imagined  to 
be  drawn  on  its  surface. 

These  circles  are  of  t\vo  kinds — great  circles  and  small 
circles. 

2.  A  great  circle  is  one  that  divides  the  earth  into 
two  equal  parts.  Each  of  these  parts  is  called  a  hemi- 
sphere, which  means  a  half-sphere. 

3.  A  small  circle  is  one  that  divides  the  earth  into 
two  unequal  parts. 

4.  Every  circle  is  divided  into  360  equal  parts  called 
degrees ;  each  degree  is  divided 
into  60  equal  parts  called  min- 
utes ;  and  each  minute  into  60 
equal  parts  called  seconds. 


^80° 


The  smaller  the  circle,  the  short- 
er are  the  decrees.      Degrees 


DEGREES  OF  THE  CIRCLE. 


■    are  marked  °,  minutes  ',  and  seconds  ".     Thus  twelve  degrees, 
fifteen  minutes,  and  ten  seconds  are  written  12°  15'  10". 

5.  The  Equator  is  that  great  circle  which  is  midway 
between  the  poles.  It  divides  the  earth  into  a  Northern 
and  a  Southern  Hemisphere. 


NORTH    POLE. 


NORTH    POLE- 


SOUTH    POLE. 


SOUTH    POLE. 


6.  Meridian  circles  are  those  great  circles  which 
pass  through  the  poles.  Each  divides  the  earth  into  an 
Eastern  and  a  Western  Hemisphere. 

7.  A  meridian  is  half  of  a  meridian  circle,  and  ex- 
tends from  pole  to  pole. 

8.  Parallels  are  small  circles  parallel  to  the  Equator. 
The  principal  parallels  are  the  two  tropics  and  the  two 
polar  circles. 


*  In  Geometry,  a  distinction  is  made  between  the  circle  and  its  boundary  line  or 
circumference.  The  circle  is  really  the  space  or  surface  bounded  by  the  circumfer- 
ence.    This  distinction  is  not  necessary  in  Geography. 


9.  The  tropics  are  those  parallels  which  are  23^  de- 
grees from  the  Equator.  The  northern  is  called  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  the 
southern  the  Tropic  of  Cap- 
ricorn. 

10.  The  polar  circles 
are  those  parallels  which  are 
23-^  degrees  from  the  poles. 
The  northern  is  called  the 
Arctic  Circle,  and  the  south- 
ern the  Antarctic  Circle. 


■o)i«. 


SOUTH  POLE 
THE  CIRCLES  OF  THE  EARTH. 


Questions  (T.)—l.  What  are  the  circles  of  the  earth?  How  many  kinds  of  circles? 
What  are  they.' — 2.  What  is  a  great  circle?  What  is  a  hemisphere? — 3.  What  is  a 
small  circle  .> — t.  How  is  every  circle  divided  ?  How  are  degrees  divided  ?  How  are 
minutes  divided .' — 5.  What  is  the  Equator  ?  Into  what  docs  it  divide  the  earth .' — 
6.  What  are  meridian  circles  ?  Into  what  does  each  divide  the  earth  ? — 7.  What  is  a 
meridian.' — 8.  What  are  parallels?  Which  are  the  principal  parallels. — 9.  What  are 
the  tropics?  Give  the  name  of  each.' — 10.  What  are  the  polar  circles?  Give  the 
name  of  each  ? 

.  (II.)— Read  32°  1.5'  47" ;  49°  1 1'  37".  Which  is  larger,  a  degree  of  the  Equator  or 
of  a  tropic?  Why?  Of  the  Equator  or  of  a  meridian  ?  Why?  Of  a  tropic  or  of  the 
Arctic  Circle  ?  Why?  Which  is  the  greater,  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  or  the  North- 
ern ?  Why  ?  How  many  meridian  circles  may  there  be  ?  How  many  Equators  ? 
How  many  parallels  ?     How  many  meridians  ? 


IV. 

LATITUDE.-LONGITUDE.-ZONES. 

1.  Latitude  is  distance  north  or  south  from  the  Equa- 
tor. It  is  measured,  in  degrees,  on  a  meridian.  Places 
between  the  Equator  and  the  North  Pole  are  in  north 
latitude ;  those  between  the  Equator  and  the  South  Pole 
are  in  south  latitude ;  those  on  the  Equator  have  no  lati- 
tude. The  poles  have  the  greatest  possible  latitude, 
which  is  90  degrees. 

2.  liongitude  is  distance  east  or  west  from  a  selected 
meridian.  It  is  measured,  in  degrees,  on  the  Equator  or 
any  parallel.  The  selected  meridian  is  called  the  first 
meridian. 

The  meridian  in  most  common  use  is  that  which  passes  through 
Greenwich  Observator\%  near  London.  In  the  United  States 
the  meridian  of  Washington  is  sometimes  used;  in  France  that 
of  Paris  ;  in  Germany  that  of  Berlin  ;  etc. 

Places  on  the  first  meridian  have  no  longitude.  The 
greatest  longitude  is  180  degrees,  east  or  west. 

A  degree  of  any  great  circle  measures  CO  geographical  miles,  or 
about  69*  statute  miles  of  the  United  States.  A  degree  on  the 
parallel  of  60°  is  just  half  as  long. 

3.  Zones  are  broad  belts  or  divisions  of  the  earth's 
surface  parallel  to  the  Equator.  They  are  bounded  by 
the  tropics  and  the  polar  circles. 


ZONES.— GLOBES   AND   MAPS. 


4.  There  are  five  zones :  one  Torrid,  two  Temperate, 
and  two  Frigid  Zones. 

5.  The  Torrid   Zone   extends   from   the  Tropic   of 
Cancer  to  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

Torrid  means  hot.  This  zone  is  the  hottest  part  of  the  earth, 
because  the  sun  is  always  shining  directly  down  upon  some 
part  of  it.  It  is  47  degrees  wide,  or  23^  degrees  on  each  side 
of  the  Equator,  and  is  the  largest  zone. 

6.  The  North  Frig^id  Zone  extends  from  the  Arctic 
Circle  to  the  North  Pole. 

The  South  Frig^id  Zone  extends  from  the  Antarctic 
Circle  to  the  South  Pole. 

Frigid  means  frozen.  The  Frigid  Zones  are  the  coldest  parts  of 
the  earth,  because  the  sun  shines  upon  each  of  them  during  only 
a  part  of  the  year,  and  with  very  slanting  rays.  Each  extends 
23i  degrees  from  the  pole  at  its  centre.  They  are  the  smallest, 
least  important,  and  least  known  of  the  zones.  The  South  Frigid 
Zone  is  not  known  to  have  one  human  inhabitant. 

7.  The  North  Temperate  Zone  extends  from  the 
Arctic  Circle  to  the  Tropic  of  Cancer. 

The    South   Temperate   Zone    extends    from    the 
Antarctic  Circle  to  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

Temperate  means  moderate.  Each  of  the  Temperate  Zones  is  43 
degrees  wide.  The  North  Temperate  Zone  is  the  most  impor- 
tant portion  of  the  world.  It  contains  nearly  three  fourths  of 
the  human  race. 

Note. — The  axis  of  the  earth  is  inclined  23A  degrees  towards  its  orbit.  This 
determines  the  breadth  of  the  several  zones,  the  tropics  being  23i  degrees 
from  the  Equator,  and  the  polar  circles  being  23^  degrees  from  the  Poles. 

The  four  seasons,  spring,  summer,  autumn,  and  win- 
ter, are  found  only  in  the  Temperate  Zones. 


MAP  OF  THE  ZONES. 


NORTH    POLK. 


SOUTH    POLB. 


SOUTH    POLE. 


Questions  (I.)— 1.  What  is  latitude.'  How  is  it  measured ?  On  what  ?  In  what 
directions?  What  pUices  are  in  north  latitude?  In  south  latitude?  What  places 
have  no  latitude  ?  What  places  have  the  greatest  latitude  ?  Mow  many  degrees  ? — 
2.  What  is  longitude  ?  How  is  it  measured  ?  On  what  ?  In  what  directions?  What 
is  the  name  of  the  meridian  from  which  longitude  is  reckoned  ?  What  places  have 
no  longitude  ?  What  is  the  greatest  longitude  a  place  can  have .' — 3.  What  arc  zones  ? 
By  what  are  they  bounded  ? — I.  How  many  zones  are  there  ?  Name  them.— .i.  Where 
is  the  Torrid  Zone  ?— <!.  The  North  Frigid  ?  The  South  Frigid  ?— 7.  The  North  Tem- 
perate Zone?  The  South  Temperate  Zone?  Which  zones  have  four  seasons  during 
the  year  ? 

(II.) — 2.  What  meridian  is  in  most  common  use?  What  meridian  is  sometimes 
used  in  the  United  States  ?  In  England  ?  In  France  ?  In  Germany  ? — 3.  How  many 
miles  in  a  degree  of  a  great  circle  ?    On  the  parallel  of  60°  } — 6.  Which  is  the  hottest 


zone?  Why?  What  does  its  name  mean?  How  wide  is  it?  What  great  circle 
passes  through  the  middle  of  it  ? — (>.  Which  zones  are  the  coldest  parts  of  the  earth  ? 
Why?  What  does  their  name  mean  ?  What  point  in  the  centre  of  each?  How  wide 
are  they .' — 7.  How  wide  are  the  Temperate  Zones  ?  What  does  their  name  mean  ? — 
Which  is  the  largest  zone?  The  smallest?  The  hottest?  The  least  important? 
Why?  The  most  important  ?  Why?  Where  are  the  coldest  parts  of  the  Temperate 
Zones?    Where  are  the  warmest  parts? 


GLOBES  AND  MAPS. 

MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 


AKTARC  TIC   OCEAN 


^ixDny 


I  CSEAy^ 


1.  The  surface  of  the  earth  may  be  represented  by 
globes  and  maps. 

2.  A  g^lobe  is  a  sphere  representing  the  form  of  the 
earth,  its  circles,  and  the  principal  divisions  of  the  land 
and  water. 

3.  A  map  is  a  representation  of  the  whole  or  a  part  of 
the  earth's  surface  on  a  plane. 

A  plane  is  a  flat  surface.  The  surface  of  a  sphere  can  not  be 
exactly  represented  upon  a  plane.  Small  portions  of  the  earth's 
surface  can  be  more  correctly  represented  upon  maps  than  very 
large  ones. 

4.  Parallels  cross  the  map  from  side  to  side ;  meridians, 
from  top  to  bottom.  East  is  in  the  direction  of  the  par- 
allels towards  the  right;  west,  towards  the  left.  North 
is  in  the  direction  of  the  meridians  towards  the  top; 
south,  towards  the  bottom. 

5.  Figures  showing  the  latitude  are  placed  on  the  sides 
of  the  map;  those  showing  the  longitude  are  placed  at 
the  top  and  the  bottom. 

Exception. — In  the  maps  of  the  Eastern  and  Western 
Hemispheres  the  longitude  is  marked  on  the  Equator. 

Questions  (I.) — l.  How  may  the  surface  of  the  earth  be  represented  ? — 2.  What  is 
a  globe? — 3.  What  is  a  in.ip? — 1.  How  are  parallels  represented  upon  a  map?  How 
are  meridians  represented  ?  Which  way  is  east  ?  West  ?  North  ?  South  ? — 
5.  Where  are  the  figures  showing  the  latitude  placed  ?  Those  showing  the  longitude? 
What  exception  ? 

(11.) — 3.  What  is  a  plane  ?  Can  the  surface  of  a  sphere  be  exactly  represented  upon 
a  map?  Why?  (Experiment  with  the  peel  of  half  of  an  orange.)  Which  can  be  made 
the  more  accurate,  a  map  of  a  large  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  or  one  of  a  small 
portion  ?  Why  ?  Which  represents  the  earth  with  mure  exactness,  a  globe  or  a  map  ? 
Why? 


PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY:    DIVISIONS    AND    ELEVATIONS    OF   THE   LAND. 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

VI. 

DIVISIONS  OF  THE  LAND. 

1.  The  surface 
of  the  earth  con- 
sists of  land  and 
water.  About  one 
fourth  is  land,  and 
about  three  fourths 


LAND   AND   WATER    HEMISPHERES. 


NORTHERN  AND  SOUTHEU.N    HEMISPHERES.  VVatCr. 

The  Northern  Hemi- 
sphere contains 
about  three  times 
as  much  land  as 
the  Southern ;  the 
Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere about  two 
and  a  half  times  as 
much  as  the  West- 
ern. The  earth 
may  be  so  divided 
that  nearly  all  the 
land  would  be  in 
one  hemisphere, 
and  the  other  would 
be  nearly  all  water. 

2.  The  land  sur- 
face of  the  earth  is  divided  into  continents  and  islands. 

3.  A  continent  is  a  very  large  body  of  land. 

4.  There  are  six  continents.  Four  are  in  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere — Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia.  Two 
are  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  —  North  America  and 
South  America. 

The  three  large  continents  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  are  joined 
into  one  great  land-mass  called  the  Old  World  (see  map  on 
page  4).  The  united  continents  of  the  Western  Hemisphere 
form  the  New  World.  It  is  so  called  because  discovered  only 
a  few  centuries  ago.  Some  geographers  call  the  Old  World  the 
Eastern  Continent,  and  the  New  World  the  Western  Continent 
or  the  American  Continent. 

5.  An  island  is  a  body  of  land  entirely  surrounded 

by  water. 

Australia,  the  smallest  continent,  is  much  larger  than  the  largest 
island.  The  chief  distinction  between  a  continent  and  an  island 
is  the  difference  in  size. 

6.  An  archipelago  is  a  group  of  islands. 

7.  A  peninsula  is  a  body  of  land  nearly  surrounded 
by  water. 

8.  A  cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  the  water. 

A  mountainous  cape  is  called  a  promontory.  A  cape  is  usually 
much  smaller  than  a  peninsula. 

3 


NATURAL   DIVISIONS   OF   LAKD   AND   WATER. 


1.  Island. 

a.  Isthmus. 

9. 

Lake. 

2.  Peninsula. 

6.  Archipelago. 

10 

Sound. 

3.  Bay. 

7.  River. 

11 

Hill. 

4.  StraiL 

a  Delia. 

Vi. 

Crater 

13.  Mountain.  17.  Shore. 

14.  Mountain  Raofie.  18.  Cape. 

15.  Table-land.  19.  Volcano. 

16.  Plain.  20.  Sea. 


A  coast  or  shore  is  the  land  bordering  on  the  water, 
often  broken  by  peninsulas  and  capes. 


Coasts  are 


9.  An  isthmus   is 

larcer  bodies  of  land. 


a   neck   of  land   connecting  two 


Questions  (I.) — 1.  Of  what  does  the  surface  of  the  earth  consist?  How  much  is 
land.'  How  much  is  water.' — 2.  How  is  the  land  surface  divided.' — 3.  What  is  a 
continent.' — I.  How  many  continents  are  there?  How  many  in  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere ?  N.ame  them.  How  many  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ?  Name  them. — 
5.  What  is  an  island  ?— 6.  What  is  an  archipelago  ?— 7.  What  is  a  peninsula .' — 8.  What 
is  a  cape  ? — 9.  What  is  an  isthmus  ? 

(TI.) — 1.  Which  has  the  more  land,  the  Northern  Hemisphere  or  the  Southern? 
How  many  times  as  much  ?  The  Eastern  Hemisphere  or  the  Western  ?  How  many 
times  as  much  ?  What  is  meant  by  the  land  hemisphere  ? — 4.  What  is  meant  by  the 
Old  World  ?  What  other  name  is  given  to  it  by  some  geographers  ?  What  is  meant 
by  the  New  World  ?  Why  so  called  ?  What  other  naine  has  it  ?— 5.  How  does  the 
smallest  continent  compare  with  the  largest  island?  What  is  the  chief  distinction 
between  a  continent  and  an  island? — 7.  What  is  a  promontory?  What  is  the  chief 
difference  between  a  cape  and  a  peninsula  ?  What  is  a  coast  or  shore  ?  By  what  are 
coasts  broken  ? 


VII. 

ELEVATIONS  OF  THE  LAND. 

1.  The  chief  elevations  of  the  land  surface  are  mount- 
ains, table-lands  or  plateaus,  and  lowland  plains. 

Mountains  and  plateaus  are  sometimes  called  highlands.  The 
height  of  elevations  is  reckoned  from  the  surface  or  level  of 
the  sea. 

2.  A  mountain  is  a  verj'  high  elevation  of  land. 

If  the  elevation  is  not  very  high,  it  is  usually  called  a  hill. 
The  summit  of  a  mountain  is  its  highest  point ;  the  base  is  its 
foot ;  the  slopes  are  its  sides. 

3.  A  ransc  or  chain  is  a  line  of  mountains  or  hills. 


6 


ELEVATIONS   OF  THE   LAND.-DIVISIONS   OF  THE  WATER.— DIVISIONS   OF   GEOGRAPHY. 


4.  A  volcano  is  a  mountain  which  sends  forth  flames, 
melted  rock,  clouds  of  steam,  ashes,  or  other  heated  sub- 
stance, from  an  opening  called  a  crater. 

f).  A  table-land  or  plateau  is  a  broad  extent  of  high 
land. 

Table-lands  are  often  crossed  or  bordered  by  mountain  ranges. 
The  breadth  of  a  mountain  is  generally  less  than  that  of  a 
plateau. 

6.  A  lowland  plain  is   a  broad  extent  of  land  not 

much  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

A  valley  is  land  between  hills  or  mountains.  A  desert  is  a  barren 
tract  of  land.     An  oasis  is  a  low  fertile  spot  in  a  desert. 

7.  The  natural  divisions  of  the  land  are  continents 
and  islands.  Their  shores  have  peninsulas,  capes,  and 
isthmuses;  their  surfaces  have  mountains,  plateaus,  and 
lowland  plains. 

If  we  imagine  a  division  of  land  to  be  cut  through  from  side  to 
side  and  down  to  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  outline  representing 
the  edges  of  such  a  cut  is  called  a  section. 


IMAUI.NAKV    StCTIuN    UI-    CONTINENT. 


Questions  (I.) — 1.  N.ime  the  three  chief  elevations  of  the  land. — 2.  What  is  a 
mountain  ? — 3.  A  range  or  chain  ? — J.  A  volcano  .'  A  crater .' — 5.  A  table  -  land  or 
plateau  ? — G.  A  lowland  plain  ? — 7.  What  are  the  natural  divisions  of  the  land  .'  What 
projections  have  their  shores  .'     What  elevations  have  their  surfaces  ? 

(II.) — I.  What  are  mountains  and  plateaus  sometimes  called  ?  From  what  are  their 
heights  reckoned.' — 2.  What  is  a  hill?  What  is  the  summit  of  a  mountain?  The 
base?  The  slopes? — 5.  Which  is  broader,  a  mountain  or  a  plateau?  By  what  are 
table-lands  sometimes  crossed  or  bordered? — 6.  What  is  a  valley?  A  desert?  An 
oabis? — 7.  What  is  a  section? 


VIII. 

DIVISIONS  OF  THE  WATER. 

1.  The  waters  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  are  divided 
into  ocean  waters  and  drainage  waters. 

2.  The  ocean  is  the  great  body  of  salt  water  that  sur- 
rounds all  of  the  continents.  Its  five  principal  divisions 
are  also  called  oceans :  namely,  the  Atlantic,  the  Pacific, 
the  Indian,  the  Arctic,  and  the  Antarctic  Oceans. 

','>.  A  sea  is  a  large  division  of  the  ocean  nearly  enclosed 
by  land.     The  ocean  itself  is  sometimes  called  the  sea. 

4.  A  gulf  or  bay  is  a  body  of  water  in  a  bend  of  the 

coast. 

As  there  is  but  little  difference  between  seas,  gulfs,  and  bays,  these 
names  are  sometimes  given  to  similar  bodies  of  water.  A  haven 
or  harbor  is  a  small  bay  in  which  ships  are  safe  from  storms. 

5.  A  strait  or  channel  is  a  narrow  passage  connecting 
two  larger  bodies  of  water. 

A  sound  is  a  shallow  channel  or  bay. 


6.  An  ocean  current  is  a  great  stream  of  water  flow- 
ing through  the  ocean. 

7.  The  drainage  waters,  or  waters  on  the  surface  of 
the  land,  are  rivers  and  lakes. 

8.  A  river  is  a  large  stream  of  fresh  water. 

A  river  flowing  into  another  is  called  a  branch  or  tributary.  The 
place  where  a  river  begins  or  rises  is  its  source  :  the  place  where 
it  flows  into  a  sea,  lake,  or  another  river  is  its  mouth. 

9.  A  lake  is  a  body  of  water  wholly  or  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  land. 

10.  The  natural  divisions  of  the  water  are  oceans, 
rivers,  and  lakes.  The  subdivisions  or  arms  of  the  ocean 
are  called  seas,  gulfs,  bays,  sounds,  straits,  and  channels. 

Questions  (I.) — I.  Into  what  two  great  divisions  may  the  waters  be  divided? — 
2.  What  is  the  ocean  ?  To  what  else  is  the  name  given  ?  Name  them. — 3.  What  is 
a  sea  ?  What  is  the  ocean  sometimes  called  .' — i.  What  is  a  gulf  or  bay .' — ,5.  A  strait 
or  channel? — G.  An  ocean  current.' — 7.  Which  are  the  drainage  waters? — 8.  What  is 
a  river  ?^9.  What  is  a  lake  ? — 10.  Name  the  natural  divisions  of  the  water.  What  are 
the  subdivisions  or  arms  of  the  ocean  called  ? 

(II.) — 4.  What  three  names  are  sometimes  given  to  similar  bodies  of  water?  Why? 
What  is  a  haven  or  harbor? — .').  What  is  a  sound.' — 8.  What  name  is  given  to  a  river 
flowing  into  another  ?     What  is  the  source  of  a  river  ?    The  mouth  ? 


IX. 

DIVISIONS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  Geography  may  be  divided  into  Mathematical  Geog- 
raphy, Physical  Geography,  and  Political  Geography. 

2.  Mathematical  Geography  is  a  description  of  the 
form,  size,  position,  motions,  circles,  and  zones  of  the  earth, 
and  of  the  relative  positions  of  places  on  its  surface. 

3.  Physical  Geography  is  a  description  of  the  nat- 
ural divisions  of  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

It  treats,  first,  of  its  simplest  divisions  into  land,  water,  and  atmos- 
phere ;  second,  of  the  position,  distribution,  and  extent  of  the 
land  and  water,  and  of  the  great  currents  in  the  water  and  in 
the  atmosphere  ;  third,  of  the  character  of  the  climates  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  earth,  and  the  distribution  of  minerals,  plants, 
and  animals  ;  and,  fourth,  of  the  laws,  causes,  mutual  relations, 
and  consequences  of  these  facts,  and  of  many  of  those  of  Mathe- 
matical Geograph}'. 

4.  Political  Geography  is  a  description  of  the  nations 

and  peoples  of  the  earth,  their  social  condition,  and  the 

countries  they  inhabit. 

It  includes  an  account  of  towns,  cities,  states,  industrial  produc- 
tions, and  commerce.  The  Political  Geography  of  a  country  is 
so  closely  dependent  upon  its  Physical  Geography  that  the  two 
should  be  studied  together. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  How  may  Geography  be  divided? — 2.  Wliat  is  Mathematical 
Geography.' — 3.  What  is  Physical  Geography? — 4.  What  is  Political  Geography? 

(II.) — 3.  Of  what  does  the  first  part  of  Physical  Geography  treat?  The  second? 
The  third?  The  fourth? — 4.  What  docs  Political  Geography  include?  Upon  what 
is  it  dependent? 


MAP    DRAWING:   TO   THE  TEACHER.— SKETCHING   FOR   REVIEW. 


M  AP-D  RAW  I  N  G. 


TO  THE  TEACHEE. 

Map-drawing,  as  a  branch  of  the  study  of  Geography,  presents  itself 
under  two  aspects  and  as  two  distinct  exercises. 

First  and  most  important,  SkeUJiing.  This  is  an  e.xercise  by  means 
of  which  the  leading  facts  of  local  geography  are  rapidly  and  efficiently 
reviewed  in  the  construction  of  quickly  drawn  outline  maps,  appro-x- 
imately  correct,  and  showing  the  actual  condition  of  the  pupil's  knowl- 
edge of  the  location  of  mountains,  rivers,  railways,  towns,  etc.  The  ex- 
ercise is  best  prepared  for  in  the  class-room  ;  it  can  then  be  gone  over 
at  home  by  the  pupil,  if  thought  desirable  ;  and  should  finally  be  re- 
viewed and  repeated  in  the  class- 
room as  the  equivalent  of  a  recita- 
tion. An  illustration  of  the  method 
is  given  below.  //  should  be  remem- 
bered that  the  chief  object  of  this  exer- 
cise is  not  to  test  the  pupil's  skill  in 
map -drawing,  but  his  knowledge  of 
location. 

The  second  kind  of  exercise  in 
map-drawing  is  that  known  as  Car- 
tography. This  is  much  more  elab- 
orate, exact,  and  deliberate  than 
sketching,  and  aims  to  present  an 
accurate  copy  of  some  particular 
map.  It  is  a  valuable  exercise, 
training  the  pupil  to  close  and  mi- 
nute observation  both  of  the  prin- 
cipal and  of  the  less  important  con- 
tents of  the  map,  and  to  careful  and 
artistic  manipulation.  The  simplest 
and  most  efficient  method  of  pursu- 
ing this  exercise  is  illustrated  in  the 
concluding  portion  of  this  book. 

Where  circumstances  will  permit, 
it  is  advisable  that  the  exercises  in 
sketching  should  precede  those  in 
cartography.  Those,  however,  who 
choose  to  begin  with  cartography, 
and  omit  sketching  until  a  later 
stage,  may  readily  do  so. 


SKETCHING  FOR  KEVIEW. 

Preparatory.  —  .-^fter  the  map 
questions  relating  to  any  state,  let  it 
be  Maine,  for  instance,  have  been 
carefully  studied,  all  the  pupils  of 
the  class  should  take  their  slates 
and  pencils  and  sketch  the  simple 
outlines  of  the  state  with  the  map 
open  before  them;  the  sketch  should 
be  drawn  upon  as  large  a  scale  as  the  size  of  the  slate  will  conveniently 
allow. 

In  the  first  lessons  it  will  be  well  to  let  each  pupil  be  furnished  with 
a  slip  of  stiff  paper  or  card-board,  divided  into  equal  parts,  to  be  used 
in  measuring.     A  model  is  furnished  at  the  foot  of  this  page.     In  the 
second  and  more  important  review,  in  which  the  map  is  to  be  drawn 
froin  memory,  the  measure  should  not  be  used.     The  exercise  will  then 
be  a  sort  of  free-hand  drawing.    The  work  will  be  quite  crude  in  the  first 
attempts,  but  with 
repetition,  practice,    | 
and  reasonable  pa- 
tience,   very    neat  I  I  I  |  |  | 
work   can  be  pro- 


OUTLI.se   .map   of   the  state  of   MAINE. 


duced.     One  or  more  of  the  class  should  draw  the  map  on  a  large  scale 
upon  the  blackboard. 

First  Step. — Teach  the  pupils  to  estimate,  approximately,  of  course, 
the  proportion  or  relation  between  the  length  of  the  state  and  its  breadth, 
measuring  in  the  direction  of  the  meridians  and  parallels  whenever  pos- 
sible. Let  the  estimate  first  be  made  by  the  eye  only,  then  stated,  and 
lastly  tested  by  the  measuring-slip. 

Questions. — Is  Maine  longer  from  east  to  west  or  from  north  to  south  .> 
(.Xorih  to  south.)     How  much  longer.'    {One  fourth.) 

Second  Step. — Lead  the  pupils  to  observe  the  number  (usually  four), 
direction,  and  length  of  the  lines  bounding  the  state,  and  whether  they 

are  straight  or  curved  or  otherwise. 
This  step  will  usually  require  more 
time  and  care  than  any  other. 

Questions. — How  many  lines  form 
theboundary  of  Maine.'  (Five.)  How 
many  of  them  are  partly  or  entirely 
straight.'  In  what  general  direction 
does  each  lie .'  Which  is  the  shortest 
line?  (The  northern.)  Which  is  the 
longer  boundary,  the  northwestern 
or  the  western  .'  The  eastern  bound- 
ary or  the  coast  line.' 

Third  Step. — Dra-w  the  outline 
boutidary. 

First  draw  lightly  the  line  of  great- 
est length,  A  A,  and  that  of  greatest 
breadth,  B  B;  many  states  are  so 
simple  as  not  to  require  these  lines. 
Draw  the  northern  boundary ;  the 
northwestern ;  the  western ;  the  east- 
ern; the  coast.  As  soon  as  the  tliiid 
step  is  complete,  it  will  be  well  to 
inspect  the  work.  Do  the  same  at 
the  close  of  each  succeeding  step, 
or  even  after  each  separate  item. 

Fourth  Step.— Sketch  the  mount- 
ains, if  there  are  any. 

Questions.  —  What  mountains  in 
Maine,  and  w  here  are  they .'  Draw 
them. 

Fifth  Step. — Draw  the  rivers,  first 
noticing  the  direction  of  each. 

Questions. — What  boimdary  river  on 
the  north  .'  Draw  or  go  over  it.  On 
the  east  ?  Name  the  three  chief  riv- 
ers in  the  state.  Draw  the  Penob- 
scot. The  Kennebec.  The  Andros- 
coggin.    Two  or  three  chief  lakes. 

Sixth  Step. — Locate  the  principal 
cities  and  towns,  beginning  with  the- 
capital.  Use  a  star  (*)  for  the  cap- 
ital, and  a  small  circle  or  dot  (o  o) 
for  the  other  cities  and  towns. 

Questions. — What  city  is  the  capital .' 
On  what  river  ?  Locate  it.  Name  and  locate  the  largest  city.  What  city 
on  the  Penobscot .'  On  which  side  of  the  river .'  Locate  it.  Where  is  Lew- 
iston  .'     Biddeford .'     (Other  cities  and  towns  may  be  drawn  if  required.) 

Seventh  Step. — Draw  the  chief  railroads. 

Question. — Between  or  through  what  towns  and  cities  is  each .' 
A  further  step,  involving  another  form  of  review,  is  to  require  the 
pupils  to  add  initial  letters  to  the  several  points  drawn  :  Rivers — A.  R., 
K.  R.,  P.  R.,  St.  J.  R.,  St.  C.  R.     Cities— A.,  P.,  L.,  B. 

In   rapid  work, 
— — "  I    the  writing  or  print- 
ing of  the  full  name 
I               I               I               I               I              I  will  take  too  much 
' '  time. 


PHYSICAL  WESTERN   HEMISPHERE:    QUESTIONS  ON    IIIK   MAP.-RKVIKW  EXERCISES. 


PHYSICAL  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE. 

X. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


Continents. — \Vh.it  two  continents  are  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ? 
By  what  isthmus  are  they  connected?  What  three  oceans  wash  the 
shores  of  North  America?  Which  one  is  on  the  north?  On  the  east? 
On  the  west?  What  ocean  bounds  South  America  on  the  north  and 
east  ?    On  the  west  ?    What  ocean  south  ? 

Islands. — What  large  island  northeast  of  North  America?  What 
island  is  east  of  it?  What  archipelago  between  Greenland  and  the 
continent?  What  island  near  the  eastern  point  of  North  America? 
Wiiat  group  southeast?  What  archipelago  between  North  and  South 
AniL-rica?  Which  are  its  two  largest  islands?  What  group  north  of 
Cuba?  What  group  northeast?  What  group  at  the  southern  end  of 
South  America?  What  group  east?  What  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean 
near  the  parallel  of  twenty  north?  Of  fifty  north?  Of  forty  south? 
What  general  name  is  given  to  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  ? 

Peninsulas. — What  peninsula  in  the  northwestern  part  of  North 
America?  In  the  eastern  part?  In  the  western  part?  What  two 
near  the  island  of  Cuba  ? 

Capes. — What  cape  at  the  southern  point  of  Greenland  ?  At  the 
eastern  point  of  Newfoundland  ?  At  the  southern  point  of  California? 
What  cape  of  North  America  is  near  Asia?  What  cape  opposite? 
What  cape  is  the  northern  point  of  South  America  ?  The  eastern 
point?    The  southern  point  ?     The  western  point  ? 

Mountains. — What  chain  of  mountains  in  the  western  part  of  North 
America?  In  the  eastern  part?  In  the  western  part  of  South  America? 
In  the  eastern  part?  On  which  side  of  South  America  are  there  many 
volcanoes?   (See  red  dots  on  the  map.)   On  which  side  of  North  America? 

Plains  and  Plateaus. — What  plateau  in  the  northern  part  of  North 
America?  What  low  plain?  In  the  central  part?  What  high  plains 
west  of  the  central  plain  ?  What  plateau  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 
What  is  the  name  of  its  southern  part?  What  plateau  in  the  eastern 
part  of  South  America?  In  the  northern?  In  the  western?  What 
plains  in  the  southern  part?     North  of  the  plateau  of  Guiana?     South? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays.— Wiiat  bay  west  of  Greenland  ?  In  the  Arctic 
Plain?  What  gulf  west  of  Newfoundland  ?  South  of  North  America? 
What  island  and  two  peninsulas  nearly  close  that  gulf?  What  sea 
south  of  the  West  Indian  Archipelago?     Between  Alaska  and  Asia? 

Straits. — What  strait  connects  Behring  Sea  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 
At  the  entrance  of  Baffin  Bay?  Of  Hudson  Bay?  Between  Cuba  and 
Florida?     Between  Tierra  del  Fuego  and  the  continent? 

Rivers. — What  river  flows  through  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Arctic 
Plain  ?  Into  what  ocean  ?  What  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence? From  what  lakes?  From  wliat  plain  ?  What  other  river  flows 
through  that  plain?  Into  what  gulf?  What  branch  has  it?  What 
river  of  North  America  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  From  what 
plateau  ?  Into  what  ocean  do  the  rivers  of  South  America  flow  ? 
Which  is  the  greatest  river  of  South  America?  Through  what  plains 
does  it  flow?  What  river  north  of  the  Amazon?  What  river  in  the 
southern  part  of  South  America? 

Ocean  Currents.— What  current  flows  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 
Across  what  ocean  ?  In  what  direction  ?  What  current  flows  from 
Bafiin  Bay?  What  current  northeast  of  South  .America?  Southeast? 
West  ?  What  current  crosses  the  Pacific  near  the  Equator  ?  Near 
the  parallel  of  fifty  north? 

Zones. — What  circle  crosses  the  northern  part  of  North  America? 
In  what  zone  is  Cuba?  The  Sandwich  Islands?  The  Mississippi 
River?     In  what  zones  is  North  America?     South  America? 


XI. 

EEVIEW  EXEECISES. 
Continents. — How  bounded  I 

Model  for  stati.ng  Boundaries.— Snuth  America  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  tlic  Caribbean  Sea,  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  south  by  the 
Antarctic  Ucean,  and  on  the  west  by  the  I'aciUc  Ocean. 
North  America?     South  America? 

Islands. — In  tc/iat  direction  f/om  the  nearest  land l  By  what  waters 
surrounded  I 

Model. — Newfoundland  is  east  of  North  America,  and  is  surrounded  by  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Arctic  Archipelago?  Greenland?  Iceland?  Newfoundland?  Azores? 
Bermuda  Islands  ?  Bahama  Islands  ?  West  Indian  Archipelago  ? 
Cuba?  Hayti?  Falkland  Islands  ?  Tierra  del  Fuego  ?  New  Zealand 
Islands?     Sandwich  Islands?     Aleutian  Islands?     Oceanica? 

Peninsulas. — Frotn  what  part  of  the  continent  docs  it  project  ?  Into 
what  water,  or  between  what  waters  ? 

Model. — California  projects  from  the  western  p.irt  of  North  America,  between 
the  Gulf  of  California  on  the  east  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 

Labrador?     Florida?     Yucatan?     California?     Alaska? 

Capes. — From  wliat  laud  does  it  project  ?  From  ivhat  part  of  it  ? 
Into  what  body  of  7uater  i 

Model. — Cape  Race  projects  from  the  e.istern  part  of  Newfoundland  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Farewell?  Race?  St.  Lucas?  Prince  of  Wales?  Gallinas?  Horn? 
St.  Roque  ?     Blanco  ?     East  Cape  ? 

Mountains. — ///  what  part  of  the  continent  are  they  7  In  what  direc- 
tions do  they  extend  ? 

Model — Appalachian,  in  the  eastern  part  of  North  America,  extend  northeast 
and  southwest. 
Appalachian?     Rocky?     Brazilian?     Andes? 

Plains  and  Plateaus. —  Where  situated  ? 

Model. — .Arctic  Plain  is  in  the  northern  part  of  North  America? 
Arctic  Plain  ?     The  Great  Plains  ?     Central  Plain  ?     Plains  of  the 
Orinoco  ?    Plains  of  the  Amazon  ?    Plains  of  La  Plata  ?    Arctic  Plateau  ? 
Western  Plateau  ?     Mexican  Plateau  ?     Plateau  of  Guiana  ?     Plateau 
of  Brazil?     Plateau  of  Bolivia? 

Oceans. —  Of  what  continents  does  it  rvash  the  shores?  or,  around 
what  pole  is  it  ? 

Model. — Pacific  Ocean  washes  the  western  shores  of  North  and  South  Amer- 
ica;  Antarctic  or  Southern  Ocean,  around  the  South  Pole. 
Arctic  or  Northern  ?     Antarctic  or  Southern  ?      Atlantic?     Pacific? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays.  —  What  coast  docs  it  indent  or  wash  ?  Of 
what  ocean  or  other  body  of  tvater  is  if  an  arm  t 

Modei.— Hudson  Bay  indents  the  northeastern  coast  of  North  .America,  and 
is  an  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Bafiin  Bay?    Hudson  Bay  ?    Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ?    Gulf  of  Mexico? 
Caribbean  Sea?     Behring  Sea? 

Straits. — Between  what  lands  ?      JFhat  waters  docs  it  connect  ? 

Model. — Behring  Strait,  between  .\sia  and  North  America,  connects  the  Arctic 
Ocean  with  Behring  Sea. 
Behring?     Davis?     Hudson?     Florida?     Magellan? 

Rivers. — /n  what  continent  does  it  rise  ?  In  what  part  of  it  ?  In 
70 hat  mountains  I    In  what  direction  does  it  flow?     Into  what  tvaierl 

MiiDtx. — Missouri  River  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  western  part  of 
North  America,  and  flows  southeast  into  the  Mississippi  River. 
Mackenzie?     St.  Lawrence  ?     Mississippi?     Missouri?     Columbia? 
Orinoco?     Amazon?     La  Plata  ? 

Ocean  Currents. — In  what  ocean  ?     In  what  part  of  it  ?     In  ivhat 

direction  does  it  floic  ? 

Model.— Brazilian  Current,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
flows  towards  the  southwest. 

Polar?  Gulf  Stream?  Equatorial?  Brazilian?  Peruvian?  Japan 
Stream  ? 


-^yi 


O        WfiSTERJV    HEMISPHERE.        >0 


EXPLANATION". 

Low  Plains 

Plateaus 

Very  High  Kind 

Volcanoes 


Direction  of  Currents 


[Copfri^,  1875, &y  Harj^r  ^  £rolAfr».]-R*vttfi  to  Novca.ltr,  lP?i. 


10 


PHYSICAL  EASTERN   HEMISPHERE:    QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP.— REVIEW   EXERCISES. 


PHYSICAL    EASTERN    HEMISPHERE. 

XII. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Continents.— What  four  continents  are  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere? 
Which  three  are  united  into  one  great  land -mass?  What  isthmus 
between  Asia  and  Africa?  Which  is  the  largest  of  these  four  conti- 
nents? The  next  in  size?  The  smallest?  What  ocean  bounds  Europe 
and  .\sia  on  the  north  ?  What  ocean  east  of  Asia  ?  What  three  oceans 
border  on  Australia  ?  What  three  continents  border  on  the  Indian 
Ocean  ?    What  ocean  west  of  Europe  and  Africa  ? 

Islands. — What  two  groups  of  islands  are  east  of  Asia  ?  What  archi- 
pelago southeast?  What  four  great  islands  in  the  Malaysian  Archipel- 
ago? What  island  north  of  Australia?  South?  Southeast  of  Africa  ? 
\V  hat  group  west  of  Europe  ?  What  island  northwest  ?  What  islands 
in  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  What  islands  west  of  Africa  ?  Northwest  ? 
What  lands  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean? 

Peninsulas. — What  peninsula  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Asia?  In 
the  eastern  part  ?  Southeastern  ?  Southern  ?  In  the  southern  part 
of  Indo-China?  What  island  south  of  Hindostan  ?  What  peninsula 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Europe?     In  the  northwestern  part? 

Capes. — What  cape  at  the  northern  point  of  Europe?  At  the  northern 
point  of  Asia  ?  At  the  southern  point  of  Malay  Peninsula  ?  Of  Hin- 
dostan ?  At  the  eastern  point  of  Africa  ?  At  the  northern  point  ?  The 
western  point  ?     The  southern  point  ?     Near  Cape  Agulhas  ? 

Mountains. — What  mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  Europe?  Be- 
tween Europe  and  Asia?  In  the  southern  part  of  Asia?  For  what  are 
the  Himalaya  Mountains  remarkable?  {They  are  the  highest  in  the 
worU.)  How  high  is  the  highest  peak?  {About  h\  mites.)  What 
mountains  near  the  centre  of  Asia?  In  the  northern  part  of  Africa? 
In  the  western  part?  In  the  southeastern  part  of  Australia?  What 
archipelago  contains  many  volcanoes? 

Plains,  Plateaus,  and  Deserts. — What  is  the  chief  plain  in  Europe? 
What  plain  in  the  north  of  Asia?  What  plain  south  of  the  Arctic 
Plain?  What  plain  in  Eastern  Asia?  In  Southern  Asia?  What 
plateau  north  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains?  South  of  the  Altai?  What 
plateau  in  the  westerTl  part  of  Asia?  What  one  southwest  of  the 
plateau  of  Iran?  What  other  peninsula  of  Asia  contains  a  plateau? 
Which  continent  is  nearly  covered  by  plateaus?  What  desert  in  the 
plateau  of  Mongolia?  In  what  part  of  Africa  is  the  great  desert  of 
Sahara?  For  what  is  it  remarkable?  (//  is  the  largest  desert  iti  the 
world.)     In  what  other  part  of  Africa  is  there  a  desert  ? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays. — What  sea  west  of  Kumtchatka  ?  Of  the 
Japan  Islands?  OfCorea?  Of  the  Philippine  Islands?  In  the  Malay- 
sian Archipelago?  West  of  Hindostan  ?  Of  Arabia?  Between  Africa 
and  Europe  ?  East  of  the  British  Islands  ?  Northeast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean ?  East  of  the  North  Sea  ?  What  gulf  west  of  Africa  ?  East 
of  Arabia  ?     What  bay  east  of  Hindostan  ?     West  of  Europe  ? 

Straits. — What  strait  between  Java  and  Sumatra?  Between  Tas- 
mania and  Australia?  Between  Australia  and  New-  Guinea?  At  the 
entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  At  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea  ? 
What  channel  between  Madagascar  and  Africa  ? 

Rivers. — What  three  rivers  of  Asia  flow  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 
What  four  rivers  in  Eastern  Asia?  U'hat  river  flows  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  ?  The  Arabian  Sea  ?  What  river  of  Africa  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea?  The  Atlantic  Ocean?  The  Mediterranean  Sea?  What 
river  of  Europe  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ?  What  rivers  flow  into  the 
Black  Sea  ? 

Lakes. — What  lakes  in  South  Central  Africa  ?  What  two  lakes  in 
Western  Asia  are  called  seas  ?     What  lake  in  Australia  ? 

Ocean  Currents. — What  current  flows  westward  through  the  Indian 
Ocean  ?     \\'hat  current  southwest  of  Africa  ?     Northwest  of  Europe  ? 


Zones.— ^Vhat  circle  crosses  the  northern  part  of  Asia?  What  circle 
crosses  the  desert  of  Sahara?  What  continents  does  it  cross?  What 
great  circle  crosses  Borneo?  What  continent  does  it  cross?  AMiat 
circle  crosses  Australia?  What  other  continent  does  it  cross?  'What 
circle  bounds  the  South  Frigid  Zone?  What  lands  does  it  cross?  In 
what  zone  is  Sumatra?  Nova  Zembla?  Cape  of  Good  Hope?  The 
Mediterranean  Sea?  In  what  zones  is  Africa?  Asia?  Europe?  Aus- 
tralia? 


XIII. 

KEVIEW  EXERCISES. 

(For  method  of  recitation,  see  XI.] 

Continents. — How  bounded  1 

Europe?     Asia?     Africa?     Australia? 

Islands. — In  what  direction  from  the  nearest  land?  By  luhat  waters 
surrounded  ? 

Japan  Islands?  Malaysian  Archipelago?  Philippine  Islands?  Java? 
Celebes  ?  Sumatra  ?  Borneo  ?  New  Guinea  ?  Tasmania  ?  Mada- 
gascar ?  Ceylon?  British  Islands?  Iceland?  Spitzbergen  ?  Nova 
Zembla?     Madeira  Islands?     Canary  Islands  ?     St.  Helena? 

Peninsulas. — From  'what  part  of  the  continent  does  it  project  1  Into 
what  water,  or  between  what  'waters  1 

Kamtchatka?  Corea  ?  Indo-China?  Malay?  Scandinavian?  Hin- 
dostan?    Spanish? 

Capes. — From  what  land  docs  it  project  1  From  'what  part  of  it  ? 
Into  'what  body  of  water  1 

North?  Northeast?  Romania?  Comorin  ?  Bon?  Good  Hope? 
Guardafui?     Verde?     Agulhas?  • 

Mountains. — ///  what  part  of  the  continent  are  they  1  In  what  direc- 
tion do  they  extendi 

Alps?     Ural?     Altai?     Himalaya?     Atlas?     Kong?     Blue? 

Plains,  Plateaus,  and  Deserts. —  Where  situated  1 

Great  Plain  of  Europe  ?  Arctic  Plain  ?  Siberian  Plain  ?  Plain  of 
China?  Plain  of  the  Ganges?  Plateau  of  Mongolia?  Plateau  of 
Thibet  ?  Plateau  of  Iran  ?  Plateau  of  Arabia  ?  Desert  of  Gobi  ? 
.Arabian  Desert  ?     Sahara  Desert  ? 

Oceans. —  Of 'what  continents  does  it  wash  the  shores  1  or,  around  'what 
pole  is  it  2 

Arctic?     Pacific?     Antarctic?     Atlantic?     Indian? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays.  —  What  coasts  does  it  indent  or  7vash  ?  Of 
what  ocean  or  other  body  of  water  is  it  an  arm  i 

Okhotsk?  Japan?  Yellow?  China?  Java?  Bengal?  Arabian? 
Red?  Persian?  Guinea?  Mediterranean?  Black?  Biscay?  North? 
Baltic? 

Straits. — Between  ivhat  lands  1     What  waters  does  it  connect  1 
Sunda?     Bass?     Torres?     Gibraltar?     BabelMandeb?     Mozam- 
bique? 

Rivers.  —  In  what  continent  does  it  rise?  In  7i'hat  part  of  it? 
In  7i<hat  mountains  ?  In  'what  direction  does  it  flow  ?  Into  what 
water  ? 

Obi?  Yenisei?  Lena?  Amoor?  HoangHo?  Yang  tse  Kiang? 
Ganges?  Cambodia?  Indus?  Niger?  Nile?  Congo?  Volga? 
Danube  ?    Dnieper  ? 

Lakes.—  Where  situated  ?     What  outlet  has  it  ? 

Albert  Nyanza?    Victoria  Nyanza  ?    Caspian  Sea?    Aral  Sea?    Eyre? 

Ocean  Currents.—///  what  ocean  ?  In  what  part  of  it  ?  In  ichat 
direction  does  it  florv  ? 

Equatorial  Current  ?     South  Atlantic  Current  ?     Gulf  Stream? 


,^ • ■' ' •    -     - ■■■■        -■■■ " ■        "T     ■■•■•) »■•■ •    '■' M^T^    ^ 


Low  Pljiins 

Plnteans 

Vei-y  Hi-ih  Land 

Vnicauoes . . » 

Direction  of  Cnrrenis  — 


[Gjpyri^jlSTSjftyflar/w^  Bi-rf^^ra-j-Revtaei  to  Norember,  18S5. 


12 


COMPARATIVE  PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY:    CONTINENTS   AND   ISLANDS. 


COMPARATIVE  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

XIV. 

THE  CONTINENTS. 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 


1.  The  Old  World  has  more  than  twice  as  much 
surface  as  the  New  World.  Its  Hne  of  direction,  or  Hne 
of  greatest  length,  is  from  northeast  to  southwest.  The 
Xew  World  extends  from  northwest  to  southeast. 

2.  Each  of  these  great  land-masses  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  larger  being  to  the  north.  Africa  is  joined  to  Asia 
by  the  narrow  Isthmus  of  Suez,  and  South  America  to 
North  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

These  two  isthmuses  are  of  great  commercial  importance,  because 
the  principal  routes  connecting  the  commerce  of  the  great  oceans 
pass  across  them. 

3.  The  southern  continents.  South  America  and  Africa, 
are  much  alike  in  shape  and  direction. 

Their  similarity  is  somewhat  like  that  of  the  two  hands. 

4.  Each  continent  widens  toward  the  north  and  narrows 
to  a  point  at  the  south. 

5.  Nearly  all  the  great  peninsulas  point  in  a  southerly 
direction. 

They  project  from  the  three  northern  continents.  The  principal 
shore-lines  of  the  continents,  nearly  all  of  the  great  mountain 
ranges,  and  most  of  the  great  chains  of  islands  lie  in  a  south- 
easterly or  southwesterly  direction. 

6.  The  three  northern  continents.  North  America,  Eu- 
rope, and  Asia,  are  irregular  in  form.  The  three  southern 
continents  are  South  America,  Africa,  and  Australia ;  the 
first  two  are  peninsular  in  form. 

7.  The  coasts  of  the  northern  continents,  and  particu- 
larly those  of  Europe,  are  much  broken  by  inland  seas. 
Those  of  the  southern  continents  are  nearly  unbroken 
by  peninsulas  or  by  arms  of  the  ocean. 

Each  northern  continent  has  three  great  peninsulas  projecting 
from  its  southern  border.  These  peninsulas  are  curiously  alike 
in  some  particulars  :  Indo-China,  Greece,  and  Florida,  at  the 
southeast,  have   each   a   large   archipelago   southeast  of  them  ; 


Arabia,  Spain,  and  California,  at  the  southwest,  are  very  simple 
in  form,  and  have  no  such  islands;  Hindostan,  Italy,  and  the 
long  isthmus  of  Central  America  correspond  in  position. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  Which  has  the  greater  surface,  the  Old  World  or  the  \cw 
World  ?  How  many  times  as  much  .'  What  is  the  line  of  direction  of  the  Old  World  } 
Of  the  New  World  ? — 2.  Of  what  does  each  of  these  land-masses  consist  ?  Which  part 
is  the  larger?  How  is  Africa  joined  to  Asia?  North  America  to  South  America? — 
3.  In  what  are  South  America  and  Africa  alike  ? — t.  In  what  direction  docs  each  con- 
tinent widen  ?  In  what  direction  does  it  narrow  ? — 5.  In  wh.at  direction  do  nearly  all 
the  great  peninsulas  point  ? — G.  Name  the  three  northern  continents.  What  is  their 
form?  Name  the  three  southern  continents.  What  is  their  form.' — 7.  How  do  the 
coasts  of  the  northern  continents  differ  from  those  of  the  southern  continents  ? 

(II.) — 3.  Why  are  the  two  isthmuses  of  great  commercial  importance  .' — 3.  To  what 
may  the  similarity  of  .South  America  and  Africa  be  compared? — 5.  Which  continents 
have  nearly  all  the  great  peninsulas?  In  what  two  directions  do  the  principal  shore- 
lines, mountain  ranges,  and  island  chains  lie  ? — 7.  What  points  of  resemblance  have 
the  three  northern  continents  ? 


XV. 

ISLANDS. 

1.  Nearly  all  the  islands  lie  in  curved  chains  or  in 
groups.  Some  are  the  tops  of  hills  or  mountain  ranges 
whose  lower  parts  are  under  the  sea. 

2.  Islands  are  of  two  kinds — continental  and  oceanic. 

3.  Continental  i)^1ands  are  those  lying  near  the  con- 
tinents of  which  they  appear  to  have  been  once  a  part. 

The  principal  chains  of  continental  islands  lie  east  and 
southeast  of  Asia  and  North  America. 

4.  Oceanic  islands  are  those  lying  far  out  in  the 
ocean. 

The  principal  chains  of  oceanic  islands  are  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Azores  and  Bermudas  are  oceanic  groups.     St.  Helena  and 
Ascension  are  solitary  oceanic  islands. 


Volcanic  islands  are  those  which  have  been  raised  by  volcanic 
forces  from  the  depths  of  the  ocean.  They  have  bold  shores 
and  lofty  peaks,  and  may  be  either  continental  or  oceanic.    Most 


MOUNTAINS.— PLATEAUS  OR  TABLE-LANDS. 


13 


of  the  coast  islands  of  Asia,  the  Galnpagos  and  Sandwich  groups 
of  the  Pacific,  and  Iceland,  the  Azores,  Cape  V'erde,  St.  Helena, 
and  Ascension  of  the  Atlantic,  are  volcanic  islands. 
Coral  islands  are  those  composed  of  coral,  a  limy  substance  formed 
from  sea-water  by  certain  small  animals,  and  are  found  only  in 
the  warmer  parts  of  the  ocean.  They  are  usually  small  and  low. 
The  Bahamas  and  Bermudas  in  the  Atlantic  and  many  oceanic 
chains  in  the  Pacific  are  coral  islands. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  Hew  .ire  most  islands  arranged?  What  are  some  of  them? 
— ?.  Mow  many  kinds  of  islands?  V/hat  are  tliey  ? — 3.  What  are  continental  islands? 
Where  are  the  principal  chains  of  continental  islands.' — 4.  What  are  oceanic  islands? 
Where  are  the  principal  chains? 

(II.) — 4.  Name  some  oceanic  islands.  What  are  volcanic  islands  ?  What  kind  of 
shores  and  surfaces  have  they  ?  To  which  class  do  they  belong  ?  Name  some  volcanic 
islands  of  the  Pacific.  Of  the  Atlantic  What  are  coral  islands?  Where  found?  Of 
what  si^e  ?    Name  some  coral  islands. 


XVI. 

MOUNTAINS. 

1.  A  monnfain  system  is  a  number  of  nearly  parallel 
ranges  covering  a  wide  belt  of  country. 

2.  The  New  World  has  the  longest  mountain  system ; 
its  length  is  about  ten  thousand  miles. 

It  has  two  principal  divisions — the  Andes  chains  in  South  Amer- 
ica, and  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  parallel  chains  in  North 
America.  Its  highest  point  is  in  South  America,  and  is  about 
25,000  feet,  or  4^  miles,  above  the  sea. 

3.  The  chief  system  of  the  Old  World  begins  on  the 
Atlantic  shores,  and  e.xtends  in  an  irregular  line  to  the 
Pacific.  It  is  about  eight  thousand  miles  long,  and  is 
composed  of  many  smaller  systems. 

Among  them  are  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  which  are  the  highest 
in  the  world,  the  Caucasus,  and  the  Alps.  The  highest  point  of 
the  Himalaya  Mountains  is  about  29,000  feet,  or  oi  miles,  above 
the  sea-level. 

These  two  great  systems  are  not  far  from  the  shores  of  the  conti- 
nents in  which  they  lie.  The  principal  systems  of  .Africa  and 
Australia  lie  near  their  eastern  coasts. 

The  tops  of  many  of  the  great  mountain  chains  are  always  covered 
with  snow,  even  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

4.  Tolcanoes  are  found  chiefly  in  mountainous  islands, 
or  in  mountain  ranges  which  are  near  the  sea.  The  great 
lowland  plains  have  no  volcanoes. 

The  volcanoes  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  are  mostly  found  in  its 
great  mountain  systems  ;  those  of  the  Eastern,  in  the  island 
chains  bordering  the  coasts  of  .\sia.  Many  of  the  oceanic  islands 
in  the  Pacific  contain  volcanoes.  Most  of  the  volcanoes  of  the 
world  are  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  or  near  its  borders. 

5.  IVIonntains  are  of  great  importance :  they  condense 

a  large  part  of  the  moisture  that  falls  from  the  atmosphere 

as  rain  or  snow;  they  contain  the  sources  of  nearlv  all 
6 


the  great  rivers  of  the  globe;  their  cold  summits  temper 
the  fierce  heat  of  the  Torrid  Zone ;  in  them  are  found 
most  of  the  metals  and  other  minerals  so  important  to  the 
well-being  of  man. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  a  mountain  system  ?— 2.  Where  is  the  longest  system? 
How  long  is  it.' — 3.  Describe  the  chief  system  of  the  Old  World.  How  long  is  it? 
Of  what  is  it  composed.' — 4.  Where  are  volcanoes  chiefly  found?  Where  are  none 
found .' — 5.  State  some  of  the  uses  of  mountains. 

(II.) — 2.  How  many  divisions  has  the  great  mountain  system  of  America?  What 
chains  in  each  ?  Where  is  its  highest  point  ?  How  high  is  it .' — 3.  Which  are  the 
highest  mountains  in  the  Old  World  ?  How  high  is  their  highest  peak  ?  What  other 
mountains  in  the  same  system?  Where  are  the  two  great  systems?  Where  is  the 
principal  system  of  Africa?  Of  Australia?  With  what  are  the  tops  of  many  of  the 
great  mountain  chains  covered  .' — 1.  W'here  are  most  of  the  volcanoes  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere  found  ?  Of  the  Eastern  ?  W' hat  oceanic  islands  contain  volcanoes  ? 
Where  arc  most  ol  the  volcanoes  o{  the  world  found  ? 


XVII. 

PLATEAUS  OE  TABLE -LANDS. 

1.  The  great  plateaus  of  each  continent  are  in 

the  same  regions  and  lie  in  the  same  direction  as  the 

chief  mountain  systems. 

These  mountains  either  stand  upon  the  plateaus  or  form  their 
border  walls. 

2.  The  chief  plateau  belt  of  North  America  ex- 
tends from  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean. 

Its  highest  part,  the  plateau  of  Mexico,  is  from  4000  to  8000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Rocky  Mountains  divide  these 
plateaus  into  two  sections:  the  eastern  section  is  known  as  the 
Great  Plains  ;  the  western  section  is  covered  with  numerous 
parallel  chains  of  mountains. 

3.  The  chief  plateau  belt  of  South  America  ex- 
tends in  a  band  parallel  with  the  western  coast 

Its  highest  and  widest  part,  the  plateau  of  Bolivia,  is  more  than 
12,000  feet  above  the  sea.  Its  edges  are  formed  by  two  great 
chains  of  the  Andes.  In  the  eastern  part  of  South  America 
there  are  low  and  broad  plateaus. 

4.  The  plateaus  of  Asia  are  the  highest  and  most 

extensive  in  the  world. 

The  plateau  of  Thibet  is  the  highest ;  it  reaches  an  elevation  of 
1G,000  feet.     It  is  bordered  on  the  south  by  the  Himalayas. 

5.  The  plateaus  of  Africa  cover  nearly  the  whole 

of  that  continent. 

The  highest  is  east  of  the  Nile  River,  and  is  from  6000  to  '7000 
feet  in  elevation.  Africa  is  bordered  on  nearly  ever)'  side  by 
mountains.  The  Atlas,  Kong,  and  the  ranges  near  the  eastern 
coast  are  the  principal  chains. 

6.  The  plateaus  of  Australia  are  comparatively  low. 

This  continent  resembles  Africa  in  its  almost  unbroken  coasts  and 
mountain  borders. 


u 


LOWLAND  PLAINS.— THE  OCEANS.— DRAINAGE  WATERS. 


7.  Europe  has  no  large  plateaus. 

8.  Nearly  all  deserts  are  plateaus. 

Questions  (I.)— I.  Where  are  the  great  plateaus  of  each  continent  found?  In 
what  direction  do  they  lie  ?— 'i.  Where  is  the  chief  plateau  belt  of  North  .America?— 

3.  Of  South  .America  ? — 4.  What  is  said  of  the  plateaus  of  Asia  ?— 5.  What  is  said 
of  the  plateaus  of  .\frica .'— «.  Of  the  plateaus  of  .Australia  ?— 7.  Of  Europe  ?— 8.  What 
is  said  of  deserts  ? 

(II.) — 1.  What  relation  have  the  mountains  to  the  plate.ius  with  which  they  are 
connected  ?— -.  What  name  is  given  to  the  highest  plateau  of  North  .America  ?  How 
high  is  it.'  How  do  the  Rocky  .Mountains  divide  these  plateaus.'  What  name  is 
given  to  the  eastern  section  .'  What  is  the  character  of  the  western  section  .' — 3.  What 
name  is  given  to  the  highest  plateau  of  South  .America  ?  How  high  is  it  ?  What 
mountains  border  the  high  plateaus  of  that  continent  ?    Where  are  its  low  plateaus  ? — 

4.  Wh.it  name  is  given  to  the  highest  pKiteau  of  Asia?  How  high  is  it?  What 
mountains  border  it? — 5.  Where  is  the  highest  plateau  of  Africa?  How  high  is  it? 
How  is  that  continent  bordered?  Name  the  principal  chains. — 6.  In  what  respects 
does  Australia  resemble  Africa  ? 


XVIII. 

LOWLAND  PLAINS. 


1.  The  ^eat  lowland  plains  of  the  Ameriean 
continents  lie  between  the  high  plateaus  and  the  coasts 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  from  which  they  are  partly  sepa- 
rated by  low  plateaus  and  mountains. 

The  great  lowland  plains  of  Europe  and  Asia 

lie  between  the  high  plateaus  and  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 

Ocean. 

These  plains  are  the  most  extensive  in  the  world.  Their  greatest 
lengUi  is  in  the  same  direction  as  the  principal  mountain  systems 
and  the  belts  of  plateaus.  Smaller  but  important  plains  are 
found  in  other  parts  of  these  four  continents. 

2.  The   lowland    plains    of  Australia  lie  in   the 

central  and  southern  portions  of  that  continent. 
The  greater  part  of  these  plains  is  yet  une.xplored. 

Africa  has  no  large  and  important  lowland  plain. 

3.  The  most  fertile  soil  and  the  largest  navigable  rivers 
are  found  in  the  low  plains  of  the  Torrid  and  Temperate 
Zones. 

The  greater  part  of  the  population  of  the  world,  and  the  chief 
seats  of  civilization,  are  found  in  these  plains.  The  most  densely 
populated  are  the  plains  of  China,  of  the  Ganges,  and  the  western 
part  of  the  great  plain  of  Europe. 

More  than  one  third  of  the  population  of  North  .America  inhabit 
its  central  plain. 

4.  The  plains  which  border  the  Arctic  Ocean  are  among 
the  coldest  regions  of  the  globe. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  Where  are  the  great  lowland  plains  of  the  Americin  conti- 
nents? I!y  what  are  they  partly  separated  from  the  Atlantic?  Where  are  the  great 
low  plains  of  Europe  and  Asia  ? — 2.  Of  Australia  ?  Of  Africa  ? — 3.  What  is  said  of  the 
plains  of  the  Torrid  and  Temperate  Zones? — i.  Of  those  bordering  the  Arctic  Ocean? 

(H.)— 1.  Which  are  the  most  extensive  pl.iins  in  the  world  ?  In  wh.it  direction  is 
their  greatest  length  ?  Are  there  any  other  important  plains  in  these  four  continents  ? 
— 2.  What  can  you  say  of  the  lowland  plains  of  Australia? — 3.  What  are  found  in  the 
plains  of  the  Torrid  and  Tcmpcralc  Zones  ?  Name  the  most  densely  populated. 
How  much  of  the  population  of  North  America  inhabits  its  central  plain? 


'  XIX. 

THE  OCEANS. 

1.  The  Pacitic  Ocean  is   about  as  lars^e  as  all  the 

other  oceans  taken  together. 

It  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  its  islands  and  border  seas ; 
these  seas  are  enclosed  or  partly  enclosed  by  curved  lines  of 
islands. 

2.  The  Atlantic  Ocean  is  about  half  as  larse  as  the 
Pacific. 

It  is  remarkable  for  the  many  inland  seas  that  branch  from  it, 
and  for  the  number  of  great  rivers  that  flow  into  it.  Its  north- 
ern half  is  the  chief  theatre  of  the  ocean  commerce  of  the  world. 

3.  The  Indian  Ocean  is  much  smaller  than  the  At- 
lantic. 

It  is  remarkable  for  the  fewness  of  its  seas  and  islands,  and  for  the 
violence  and  frequency  of  its  hurricanes. 

4.  The  Arctic   Ocean  is  much  the  smallest  of  the 

oceans. 

It  is  a  part  of  the  Atlantic  rather  than  a  separate  ocean. 

All  the  great  plains  border  on  the  Atlantic  and  Arctic  Oceans. 

5.  The  Antarctic  or  Southern  Ocean  is  not  prop- 
erly a  separate  ocean,  but  a  combination  of  the  southern 
parts  of  the  three  great  oceans. 

It  is  remarkable  for  the  intensity  of  its  cold,  and  for  the  number 

and  size  of  its  icebergs. 
The  greater  part  of  the  polar  oceans,  and  especially  the  Antarciic, 

has  never  been  explored. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  What  is  said  of  the  size  of  the  Pacific  Ocean? — 3.  Of  the 
Atlantic  ? — 3.  Of  the  Indian  .' — 4.  Which  is  the  smallest  ocean  .' — 5.  Is  the  -Antarctic 
Ocean  a  separate  ocean?     What  is  it? 

(II.) — 1.  For  what  is  the  Pacific  Ocean  remarkable  ?  By  what  are  the  border  seas 
enclosed  ?  Name  four  of  the  border  seas  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  (See  maps  of  hemi- 
spheres.)— 2.  For  what  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean  remarkable?  What  is  said  of  its  com- 
mercial importance  ?  Name  four  inland  seas  of  this  ocean.  Name  two  great  rivers 
flowing  into  it  from  North  America,  Three  from  South  America.  One  from  Africa. 
— 3.  For  what  is  the  Indian  Ocean  remarkable  ?  Name  the  two  great  bays  of  that 
ocean. — 4.  Of  what  ocean  is  the  Arctic  a  part?  Name  the  three  continents  surround- 
ing it.  What  Lands  border  on  these  two  oceans  ? — 5.  For  what  is  the  Antarctic  Ocean 
remarkable?     Have  the  polar  oceans  been  explored?    Why? 


DEAINAGE  WATERS -EIVEKS. 

1.  The  ocean  is  the  source  of  all  the  waters  upon 
the  surface  of  the  land. 

The  winds  and  the  heat  of  the  sun  are  constantly  carrying  away 
invisible  vapor  from  the  surface  of  the  ocean  ;  this  forms  clouds, 
and  falls  upon  the  land  as  rain  or  snow.  This  water  leaves  the 
land  surface  in  three  ways  :  first,  the  greater  part  is  evaporated  : 
second,  a  part  flows  directly  away,  forming  lakes,  rivers,  and 
smaller  streams ;  third,  a  part  sinks  into  the  soil,  and  issues 
i  again  at  a  lower  level  as  springs. 


RIVERS.— LAKES.— GLACIERS   AND    ICEBERGS. 


15 


2.  Many  large  rivers  have  their  sources  in  the  snow- 
covered  mountains  of  the  table-lands. 

Most  rivers  begin  at  springs,  and  are  enlarged  by  rains  and  melted 
snows,  and  by  other  rivers. 

3.  A  riTcr  system  is  a  ri\'er  with  its  branches. 

A  basin  or  valley  is  the  whole  country  drained  by  a 
river  system. 

A  water-shed  is  the  line  of  highest  land  that  di\ides 

two  basins. 

In  the  United  States  it  is  sometimes  called  a  divide. 

An   estuary  is  a  broad  mouth  of  a  river.     Wiion   a  river  enters 

the  sea  by  two  or  more  mouths,  the  land  between  the  mouths 

is  called  a  delta. 
A  canon  is  a  deep  and  narrow  gorge  through  which  a  river  runs. 
Rapids  are  those  parts  of  a  river  m  which  the  current  is  very  swift. 

Falls  are  those  parts  of  a  river  m  which  the  water  flows  over  a 

precipice.     Falls  of  small  streams  are  called  cascades  ;  of  large 

rivers,  cataracts. 

4.  The  rivers  in  the  low  plains  are  the  chief  natural 
channels  of  commerce,  especially  since  the  invention  of 
the  steamboat,  by  means  of  >vhich  their  swift  currents  may 
be  ascended.  Commerce  is  less  expensive  by  water  than 
by  land. 

In  the  hill  countries,  rivers  whose  falls  or  rapids  in- 
terrupt navigation  furnish  valuable  water-power  for  man- 
ufacturing purposes. 

Some  rivers  overflow  their  banks  at  certain  seasons, 
and  by  a  rich  deposit  of  mud  fertilize  the  low  lands 
through  which  they  run. 

Where  rivers  run  through  lands  whjch  are  very  dry 
during  the  summer,  their  water  is  sometimes  used  to  ir- 
rigate the  soil. 

Questions  (T.) — 1.  What  is  the  source  of  all  the  waters  which  are  on  the  surface 
of  the  land  .' — l.  Where  do  many  large  rivers  h.ave  their  sources  ? — 3.  What  is  a  river 
system.'  What  is  a  b.isin  or  valley?  What  is  a  water-shed.' — i.  State  some  of  the 
uses  of  rivers. 

(II.) — I.  How  is  water  constantly  taken  from  the  surface  of  the  ocean.'  In  wh,it 
form  does  it  fall  again .'  In  how  many  and  what  ways  does  it  leave  the  land  snrface 
again .' — 3.  At  what  do  most  rivers  begin  ?  How  are  they  enlarged  ?— 3.  What  is  a 
divide?  An  estuary?  A  delta?  .\  canon  ?  What  are  rapids  ?  Falls?  Cascades? 
Cataracts  ? 


4.  The  plains  of  North  America  and  the  plateaus  of 
Southern  Africa  have  the  largest  fresh-water  lakes  in  the 
world. 

Their  principal  outlets  are  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Nile  Rivers.  Titi- 
caca,  on  the  plateau  of  Bolivia  in  South  America,  is  the  most 
elevated  of  the  large  fresh- water  lakes:  it  is  13,000  feet  above 
the  ocean-level. 

5.  Glaciers  are  vast  river-like  fields  of  ice.  They  are 
formed  from  snow,  which  is  solidified  by  the  pressure  of 
its  own  weight,  and  by  melting  and  freezing. 

They  are  formed  in  the  high  mountain  valleys  in  the  regions  of  per- 
petual snow.  They  mo\e  very  slowly  down  the  valleys — only 
a  few  rods  in  a  year.  In  the  Temperate  Zones  they  are  found 
in  the  highest  part  of  the  highest  mountains,  as  in  the  .Mps  and 
the  Himalayas.  In  the  Frigid  Zones  their  lower  edges  project 
info  the  sea  ;  the  tides  and  waves  here  wash  away  their  bases, 
and  the  overhanging  portions  at  last  break  off  by  their  own 
weight  and  fall  into  the  sea :  they  are  then  called  icebergs. 


XXI. 

LAKES -GLACIERS  AND  ICEBERGS. 

1.  Lakes  are  of  two  kinds — salt  and  fresh. 

2.  A  salt  laiie  is  one  that  has  no  outlet. 

Small  quantities  of  salt  are  washed  out  of  the  soil  by  the  rains  ,  if 
carried  to  a  lake  having  no  outlet,  the  salt  is  left  in  the  lake  by 
the  evaporation  of  the  water. 

3.  The  plains  and  plateaus  of  Asia  have  the  largest  salt 
lakes  in  the  world. 

The  largest  of  these  are  the  Caspian  and  Aral  seas. 


6.  An  iceberg  is  a  large  floating  fragment  of  an  arctic 
or  antarctic  glacier. 

The  great  glaciers  of  Greenland  are  famous  for  the  numerous  ice- 
bergs which  they  send  off,  many  have  been  seen  projecting  more 
than  300  feet  above  the  sea,  seven  eighths  of  tiieir  mass  being 
under  water.  Icebergs  are  largest  and  most  numerous  in  the 
•Antarctic  Ocean  ;  they  are  formed  in  the  unknown  lands  around 
the  South  Pole. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  How  many  kinds  of  lakes?  What  are  they.' — 2.  What  is  a 
salt  lake.' — 3.  Where  are  the  largest  salt  lakes  in  the  world.' — t.  Where  are  the 
largest  fresh-water  lakes  in  the  world.' — 5.  What  are  glaciers?  How  are  they 
formed.' — (>.  What  is  an  iceberg? 

(H.) — 2.  How  is  a  salt  Lake  formed  .' — 3.  Xame  the  two  largest  salt  lakes. — 4.  What 
are  the  outlets  of  the  largest  fresh-water  lakes?  Which  is  the  most  elevated  of  the 
large  freshwater  lakes?  Where  is  it?  How  high? — n.  Where  are  glaciers  formed? 
Describe  the  origin  of  an  iceberg. — fl.  What  can  yon  say  of  the  glaciers  and  icebergs 
of  Gieenland?     Of  the  .\ntarctic  Ocean?     Where  arc  they  formed? 


IG 


OCEAN   CURRENTS.— WINDS. 


XXII. 

OCEAN  CUKRENTS. 

1.  An  ocean  current  is  a  broad  stream  of  water 
flowing  throusfh  the  ocean. 

The  great  ocean  currents  are  so  connected  with  each  other  as  to 
form  a  circulatory  system  ;  some  of  them  are  of  great  depth. 

2.  Constant  currents  are  those  that  always  flow  in 
the  same  direction. 

Some  of  them  have  been  traced  many  thousands  of  miles.  All  the 
rivers  in  the  world  are  insignificant  when  compared  with  some 
of  these  currents.  The  chief  cause  of  ocean  currents  is  the  dif 
ference  of  temperature  of  the  ocean  waters  in  the  Torrid  and 
Frigid  Zones :  the  warmer  and  lighter  water  flows  towards  the 
poles,  an  equal  quantity  of  the  cold  and  heavier  water  flowing  at 
the  same  time  towards  the  Equator.  The  ocean  currents  thus 
assist  to  cool  the  tropical  and  to  warm  the  polar  regions. 

The  direction  and  velocity  of  currents  are  modified,  first,  by  the 
revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis  ;  second,  by  the  constant 
winds  of  the  Torrid  Zone ;  third,  by  being  turned  aside  by  the 
shores. 

3.  The  Equatorial  Currents  are  the  widest  and  long- 
est of  the  constant  currents. 

They  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans,  and  move  from 
east  to  west. 

4.  The  best  known  and  most  important  current  is  the 

Gulf  Stream. 

It  begins  in  a  branch  of  the  Equatorial  Current  of  the  Atlantic, 
sweeps  around  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  again  enters  the  Atlantic 
as  a  swift  and  deep  stream  through  the  Straits  of  Florida.  It 
then  crosses  the  Atlantic  in  a  northeasterly  course,  and,  with 
the  winds  which  sweep  over  its  warm  waters,  gives  a  mild 
climate  to  Western  Europe. 

5.  The  Japan  Ntreain  is  a  current  similar  to  the 
Gulf  Stream,  and  passes  from  Japan  towards  Alaska  and 
California. 

G.  The  Polar  Currents  are  the  cold  currents  passing 
from  the  polar  regions  towards  the  Equator. 

They  bring  vast  quantities  of  ice  from  the  polar  regions.  But  little 
is  known  of  the  cold  currents  which  flow  at  the  bottom  of  the 
ocean.  The  ocean  water  at  great  depths  in  the  Torrid  Zone  is 
nearly  as  cold  as  that  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

The  two  broad  oval  spaces  between  the  Equatorial  Currents  on 
the  south  and  the  Gulf  Stream  and  the  Japan  Stream  on  the 
north  are  called  Sargasso  or  Grassy  seas,  because  C9vered  with 
floating  sea-weeds. 

Questions  (T.)— 1.  Wh.it  is  an  ocean  current?— 2.  What  are  const.int  currents?— 
3.  Which  are  the  greatest  of  the  constant  currents?— t.  Which  is  the  best  known  cur- 
rent?—5.  Describe  the  Japan  Stream. — 6.  Describe  the  Polar  Currents. 

(II.)— 1.  How  are  the  ocean  currents  connected  >  What  is  said  of  their  depth  ?— 
2.  How  far  have  some  been  traced?  How  do  they  compare  with  rivers?  What  is 
their  chief  cau.se  ?  Of  what  use  are  they  ?  How  are  their  direction  and  velocity 
modified  ?— 3.  Where  are  the  Equatorial  Currents  found  ?  What  is  their  general 
direction  ? — t.  Describe  the  origin  and  course  of  the  Gulf  Stream.  How  does  it  affect 
the  climate  of  Western  Europe.'— 6.  What  do  the  Polar  Currents  bring  from  the  polar 
regions  ?  What  is  said  of  the  deep  cold  currents  ?  Of  the  deep  water  in  the  Torrid 
Zone?    Where  are  the  Sargasso  or  Grassy  seas ?     Why  so  called? 


XXIII. 

WINDS. 

1.  The  atmosphere  covers  the  earth  to  a  height  of 
about  fifty  miles. 

The  upper  portions  of  the  atmosphere  press  upon  the  lower,  and 
make  them  denser.  Nearly  all  the  moisture  and  all  animal  and 
vegetable  life  are  found  within  three  and  a  half  miles  of  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Above  this  the  thinness  and  dryness  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  the  intense  cold,  render  plant  life,  and  conse- 
quently animal  life,  impossible. 

The  mountains  of  Thibet  have  been  ascended  above  four  miles. 
A  balloon  has  reached  an  elevation/of  five  and  three-quarter 
miles.  These  are  the  greatest  heights  ever  reached  by  man. 
In  both  cases  the  suffering  was  very  great. 

2.  Heat  causes  air,  first,  to  expand  and  become  lighter ; 
and,  second,  to  absorb  and  render  invisible  large  quanti- 
ties of  water.     Cold  produces  opposite  effects.  _> 

3.  The  heat  of  the  sun  produces  ascending  currents 
of  hot  air,  particularly  in  the  Torrid  Zone ;  other  air  flows 
in  below  to  fill  the  space. 

4.  "Winds  are  currents  of  air. 

The  currents  from  the  polar  regions  tend  at  first  directly  towards 
the  Equator  ;  as  they  pass  towards  and  into  the  Torrid  Zone,  the 
revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis  causes  them  to  turn  more 
and  more  towards  the  west :  these  currents  are  then  called  the 
Trade  Winds. 

5.  The  Trade  Winds  are  constant  winds  between  the 
parallels  of  30°  north  and  south  latitude,  and  always  blow 
from  an  easterly  direction.  They  carry  immense  quanti- 
ties of  vapor  from  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Indian  oceans. 

The  masses  of  heated  air  rise  some  miles  from  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  and  flow  over  in  two  sets  of  currents,  one  towards  each 
pole,  to  fill  the  places  left  vacant  by  the  Polar  Currents  ;  thej^ 
gradually  cool  and  settle  towards  the  surface,  striking  it  beyond 
the  parallels  of  30°:  they  are  then  known  as  the  Return  T»ade 
Winds,  or  Counter  Trade  Winds. 

6.  The  Counter  Trade  W^inds  are  the  prevalent 

winds  beyond  the  thirtieth   parallels.     In   the  Northern 

Hemisphere  they  blow  from  the  southwest,  and  in   the 

Southern  from  the  northwest.  ,'-' 

The  Trade  Winds  and  Counter  Trade  Winds  are  similar  to  the' 
ocean  currents  both  in  cause  and  general  direction. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  To  whet  height  does  the  atmosphere  extend.' — 2.  What  are 
the  effects  of  heat  upon  air  ?  Of  cold  ? — 3.  What  are  the  effects  of  the  sun's  heat  ? 
In  what  zone  is  this  effect  most  marked?  What  other  effect  follows? — 4.  What  are 
winds? — .5.  What  and  where  are  the  Trade  Winds?  What  is  their  direction?  What 
do  they  carry? — 6.  What  and  where  are  the  Counter  Trade  Winds?  In  what  direc- 
tion do  they  blow  ? 

(II.) — 1.  How  do  the  upper  portions  of  the  atmosphere  affect  the  lower  ?  What  art- 
found  only  within  three  and  a  half  miles  of  the  level  of  the  sea?  Why  is  there  no 
life  above  this  height  ?  What  are  the  greatest  heights  ever  reached  by  man?  What 
was  the  effect.' — i.  In  what  direction  do  the  Polar  Currents  at  first  flow?  In  what 
direction  afterwards  ?  What  causes  this  change  ?  What  are  they  then  called  .' — .5.  De- 
scribe the  cour.se  of  the  ascending  currents  of  the  Trade  Winds.  Where  do  they  .ngain 
strike  the  surface  of  the  earth  ?  What  are  they  then  called.' — 0.  In  what  respects  are 
the  Trade  Winds  similar  to  the  ocean  currents? 


CLIMATE:   WINDS,  OCEAN    CURRENTS,  AND   RAIN-FALL. 


17 


CLIMATE. 

1.  The  climate  of  a  country  is  the  general  condition 
of  its  atmosphere  in  regard  to  heat  and  moisture. 

2.  CUmate  depends  upon  distance  from  the  Equator, 
elevation  above  the  sea  level,  the  prevailing  winds  and 
ocean  currents,  and  distance  from  the  sea. 

3.  The  Frigid  Zones  have  an  intensely  cold  climate. 

4.  The  low  plains  in  and  near  the  Torrid  Zone  are 
very  hot.  If  they  are  open  to  the  ocean  winds,  their 
climate  is  moist ;  if  not,  it  is  dry. 

5.  The  high  plateaus  within  and  near  the  tropics 
have  a  mild,  spring-like  climate. 

6.  The  high  mountains  in  the  same  regions  have  their 

tops  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

The  lower  limit  of  perpetual  snow  is  called  the  snow-line ;  it  is 
of  less  and  less  elevation  towards  the  poles. 

7.  Winds  and  ocean  currents  mod- 
ify climate.  The  winds  have  by  far 
the  more  marked  effect. 

When   a  warm  ocean  7i'iii(l  strikes  the 

sides    of   a    \\\g\\    mountain    chain,   it 

passes   up  the   slope,  growing  colder 

and  gradually  losing   its   moisture   in 

rain  or  snow  as  it  ascends,  and  at  last 

passes  over  the  range  and  down  the 

opposite  slope  as  a  cold  and  dry  wind. 
The    warm    and    moist    Return    Trade 

Winds    of   the    Atlantic    blow    upon 

Western  Europe,  and  the  warm  waters 

of  the  Gulf  Stream  reach  its  shores  ; 

in  the    same    latitude,  the    shores   of 

Greenland  and  Labrador  are  washed 

by  the   icy  waters  of  the   arctic  cur- 
rents and  swept  by  the   polar  winds. 

The  one  region   has  a  mild  climate, 

and  is  occupied  by  the  most  enlight- 
ened nations  of  the  world  ;  the  others 

are  frozen  wastes,  sparsely  inhabited 

by  degraded  savages  and  a  few  Eu- 
ropean traders. 

8.  The  rain-rail  of  a  country  is  the  quantity  of  water 
that  falls  upon  it  as  rain  or  snow. 

In  the  Torrid  Zone  the  average  annual  fall  is  about  100  inches, 
but  in  some  places  in  that  zone  it  is  four  or  five  times  as 
much.  In  the  Temperate  Zones  it  is  from  35  to  40  inches,  or 
little  more  than  one  third  as  much  as  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  In 
the  Frigid  Zones  it  is  much  less. 

The  rain -fall  usually  diminishes  as  the  distance  from  the  sea 
increases. 

9.  The  tropical  rain-belt  is  a  broad  movable  belt 
of  rain  extendins:  around  the  world.     It  is  about  1000 

miles  wide  from  north  to  south. 

7 


The  sun  is  vertical  to  a  place  when  it  is  directly  over  that  place. 
This  can  happen  only  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

As  the  sun  passes  from  one  tropic  to  the  other,  the  parts  of  the 
zone  over  which  it  is  vertical  have  their  greatest  heat,  and  conse- 
quently their  greatest  evaporation.  In  those  regions  which  arc 
open  to  the  Trade  Winds,  a  heavy  thunder-storm  begins  early  in 
the  afternoon,  and  continues  until  near  sunset ;  the  sky  then 
becomes  cloudless  until  the  next  day  about  the  same  hour. 
After  some  weeks,  the  sun  being  no  longer  vertical,  the  rains 
become  less  frequent,  and  at  last  cease  for  months,  till  the  sun 
again  returns. 

The  only  seasons  of  the  Torrid  Zone  are  the  wet  season  while 
under  the  rain-belt,  and  the  dry  season  during  its  absence. 
Places  near  the  Equator  have  therefore  two  rainy  seasons  and 
two  dry  seasons  ;  other  parts  of  the  Torrid  Zone  have  one  rainy 
season  and  one  much  longer  dry  season. 

The  heat  and  moisture  of  the  tropical  rain-belt  produce  the  most 
lu.xuriant  vegetation  in  the  world. 

A  great  belt  of  deserts  stretches  across  the  Old  World  from  the 
Atlantic  nearly  to  the  Pacific  Ocean :  it  is  caused  by  the  ab- 
sence of  rain-bearing  winds. 

These  rains  of  the  Torrid  Zone  are  called  periodical  rains ;  the 
more  irregular  ones  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  called  variable 
rains. 


THE   TROPICAL   RAIN   BELT   AND    THE    DISTRIBUTION    OF    RAIN. 


AwTABCTie  Circle 


kKfKfKTlt     C1WC1.C 


Questions  (I.l— 1.  What  is  climate.'— 3.  Upon  what  does  it  depend?— 3.  What  is 
the  climaic  o.''  the  Frigid  Zones  ? — i.  Of  the  low  plains  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  When  is 
it  moist  ?  When  dry  ? — 5.  Of  the  high  plateaus  in  that  zone  ?— 6.  Of  the  high  mount- 
ains ?_7.  W'hat  effect  have  winds  and  ocean  currents  ?  Which  have  the  greater  effect  .> 
—8.  What  is  the  rainfall  of  a  country  ?— 9.  The  tropical  rain-belt  ?    How  wide  is  it  .> 

(n.>— 6.  What  is  the  snowline.'  How  does  its  height  vary?— 7.  Describe  the 
effects  of  high  mountains  upon  ocean  winds.  What  two  principal  causes  modify  the 
climate  of  Western  Europe  ?  Of  Greenland  and  Labrador  ?  W'hat  are  the  effects  ?— 
8.  What  is  the  average  annual  rain-fall  in  the  Torrid  Zone  .'  In  the  Temperate  Zones  ? 
In  the  Frigid  Zones?  What  effect  has  distance  from  the  sea  ?— 9.  When  is  a  place 
said  to  have  a  vertical  sun  ?  In  what  zone  can  this  occur  ?  How  does  it  affect  the 
heat  ?  The  evaporation  ?  Describe  the  tropical  rains.  Which  are  the  only  seasons 
in  the  Torrid  Zone?  What  seasons  at  the  Equator?  In  other  parts  of  that  zone? 
What  effects  do  the  heat  .and  moisture  produce  ?  Where  is  the  great  belt  of  deserts? 
By  what  is  it  caused  ?  W hat  are  periodical  rains  ?  Variable  rains?  Where  do  they 
occur  ? 


18 


RACES   OF   MEN.— CONDITIONS   OF   SOCIETY.— GOVERNMENT. 


XXV. 

RACES  OF  MEN. 

1.  The  nnniber  of  inhabitants  upon  the  earth  is 
estimated  at  about  1380  millions. 

2.  They  are  divided  into  five  great  races — the  Cauca- 
sian, the  Mongol,  the  Ethiopian,  the  Malay,  and  the  Amer- 
ican or  Indian. 

3.  The  Caucasian  or  white  race  is  the  most  widely 
spread.  It  occupies  Western  y\sia,  Europe,  Northern  Af- 
rica, and  large  parts  of  North  and  South  America  and 

Australia. 

It  is  the  most  restless,  intelligent,  and  poweiful  of  the  races,  and 
includes  all  the  great  historic  nations. 

4.  The  9lon&:ol  or  yellow  race  is  found  chiefly  in  East- 
ern and  Northern  Asia. 

5.  The  Ethiopian  or  black  race  is  found  chiefly  in 
Central  and  Southern  Africa. 

G.  The  Malay  or  brown  race  inhabits  Southeastern 
Asia  and  most  of  the  islands  of  the  Great  Archipelago 
and  the  Pacific. 

7.  The  American  or  red  race  inhabits  portions  of 
the  American  Continents  from  Cape  Horn  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean. 

The  Caucasian  and  Mongol  races  are  about  equal  in  numbers. 
Together  they  constitute  more  than  four  fifths  of  the  whole  hu- 
man family.  The  Ethiopian  race  comprises  about  one  seventh, 
the  Malay  about  one  twenty-fifth,  and  the  American  about  one 
one-hundredth  of  manUind. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  number  of  inhabitants  upon  the  earth? — 2.  Into 
how  many  races  are  tliey  clivided  ?  What  are  they  ? — 3.  Which  is  most  widely  spread  i' 
What  regions  does  it  occupy  ? — i.  Where  is  the  Mongol  or  yellow  race  found  ? — ^5.  The 
Ethiopian  or  black  race? — 6.  The  Malay  or  brown  race? — 7.  The  American  or  red 
race? 

(II.) — 3.  For  what  is  the  Caucasian  race  distinguished  ? — 7.  What  part  of  mankind 
is  comprised  in  each  race  ? 


POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

XXVI. 

CONDITIONS  OF  SOCIETY. 

1.  Xations  and  tribes  may  be  divided,  in  respect  to 
their  social  condition,  into  five  classes :  savage,  barbarous, 
half  civilized,  civilized,  and  enlightened. 

2.  Havages  are  those  w-ho  live  in  tribes,  and  obtain 
their  food  by  hunting  and  fishing. 

3.  Barbarians  are  those  who  possess  flocks  and 
herds,  and  practice  a  rude  agriculture. 

Those  who  live  in  tents,  like  the  Bedouin  Arabs,  are  called  nomads. 

4.  Half  -  civilized  nations    are    those    that    depend 


chiefly  upon  agriculture,  have  made  considerable  advance 
in  the  mechanic  arts,  and  have  towns  and  cities. 

0.  Civilized  nations  are  those  that  encase  in  com- 
merce,  practice  the  art  of  writing,  and  have  made  con- 
siderable progress  in  knowledge  and  morality. 

G.  Enli$;°litened  nations  are  those  civilized  nations 
that  possess  a  thorough  division  of  labor,  have  established 
general  systems  of  education,  and  have  made  the  greatest 
progress  in  knowledge  and  morality. 

Many  nations  are  partly  in  two  or  more  of  these  classes. 

The  enlightened  and  civilized  nations  are  nearly  all  Caucasian. 

Questions  (I.) — 1-  Into  how  many  classes  may  nations  be  divided  in  respect  to 
social  condition  ?  What  are  they.' — 3.  What  are  savages? — 3.  What  are  barbarians? 
— 4.  What  are  half-civilized  nations? — 5.  What  are  civilized  nations.' — 0.  What  are  en- 
lightened nations  ? 

(II.) — 3.  What  are  nomads?  Name  some  nomads.— G.  Does  each  nation  belong 
exclusively  to  one  of  these  classes  ?  To  which  race  do  most  of  the  civilized  and  en- 
lightened nations  belong  ? 


XXVII. 

GOVEENMENT. 


1.  The  principal  forms  of  government  are  the  repnba 
lican  and  the  monarchical. 

2.  A  republic  is  a  country  governed  by  men  who  are 

chosen  by  the  people.     The  chief  magistrate  is  usually 
called  a  president. 

Nearly  all  the  governments  of  the  New  World  are  republican. 

3.  A  monarchy  is  a  country  in  which  one  person 
succeeds  to  the  chief  power  by  inheritance,  and  holds  it 
for  life. 

Nearly  all  the  governments  of  the  Old  World  are  monarchical. 
An  unlimited  monarchy  or  despotism  is  one  in  which  the  will  of 

the  monarch  is  the  supreme  law. 
A  limited  monarchy  is  one  in  which  the  power  of  the  ruler  is 

limited  by  a  system  of  laws  called  a  constitution. 

4.  A  kingdom  is  a  country  governed  by  a  king  or 
queen. 

5.  An  empire  is  a  monarchy,  usually  of  great  extent. 
Most  empires  are  unlimited  monarchies. 

The  sovereign  is  called  an  emperor,  sultan,  shah,  czar,  or  mikado. 

G.  Tlie  capital  of  a  country  is  the  seat  of  its  govern- 
ment. 

7.  The  metropolis  is  the  largest  city. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  arc  the  princip.-\l  forms  of  government  ? — 2.  What  is  a  re- 
iniblic  ?  What  is  the  title  of  its  chief  magistrate  ? — 3.  What  is  a  monarchy  ? — *■  What 
is  a  kingdom  ? — 5.  An  empire  ?  Is  it  limited  or  unlimited  ? — 6.  What  is  the  capital  of 
a  country  ? — 7.  The  metropolis  ? 

(II.) — 3.  What  is  the  form  of  most  of  the  governments  of  the  New  World  ? — 3.  Of 
the  Ukl  Wiirld?  What  is  an  unlimited  monarchy.'  What  is  a  limited  monarchy.' — 
5.  What  title  has  the  sovereign  of  an  empire? 


1.  The  surface  of  Xorlh  America  is  naturally  di- 
vided into  four  parts  :  the  Western  Highland,  the  Eastern 
Highland,  the  Low  Central  Plain,  and  the  Atlantic  Plain. 

2.  The  Westeru  Highland,  or  Great  Plateau  Belt, 
extends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuan- 
tepec.  The  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  ranges  are  on  its 
western  border,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  divide  it  into 
two  nearly  equal  parts. 

These  ranges  are  the  highest  in  North  America,  and  reach  their 
greatest  elevation,  about  14,000  to  l.'>,000  feet,  in  the  broad,  mid- 
dle region  of  the  table-land  ;  the  table-land  itself  is  quite  low  in 
the  north,  but  rises  gradually  to  nearly  8000  feet  in  the  plateau 
of  Mexico.  At  the  ends  of  this  highland  are  many  volcanoes. 
Of  these,  St.  Eiias  in  the  north  and  Popocatepetl  in  the  south  are 
the  highest  peaks  on  the  continent. 

The  long  and  mountainous  isthmus  of  Central  .Vmerica  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  continuation  of  this  plateau  belt. 

3.  Tiie  Eastern  Highland  extends  from  Labrador 
nearly  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  mountains  are  the  low 
ranges  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

The  highest  peaks  are  from  COOO  to  6T00  feet  in  elevation.  It  has 
very  little  table-land. 

4.  The  Atlantic  Plain  is  the  strip  of  low  land  be- 
tween the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  the  ocean. 

5.  The  liOW  Central  Plain  lies  between  the  two 
highlands,  and  extends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

It  is  crossed  nearly  midway  by  a  low  swell  called  the  Height  of 
Land,  which  divides  it  into  two  gentle  and  opposite  slopes:  the 


northern  slope  is  the  Arctic  Plain ;  nearly  all  of  the  other  slope, 
or  Southern  Plain,  lies  in  the  basin  or  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Questions  (I.)— I.  How  is  the  surface  of  North  America  naturally  divided  ?  Name 
them.— 2.  Where  is  the  Western  Highland?  What  and  where  are  its  principal  mount- 
ain.s.'— 3.  Where  is  the  Eastern  Highland?  What  mountains  has  it.' — i.  Where  is 
the  Atlantic  Plain  .'—.5.  The  Low  Central  Plain  ? 

(11.)— 2.  Which  are  the  highest  ranges  in  North  America  ?  Where  is  their  greatest 
elevation?  How  high  are  they?  Describe  the  table-land.  Where  are  volcanoes  found? 
Name  two.  For  what  remarkable?  What  is  .said  of  Central  America?— 3.  How  high 
are  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Appalachian  system  ?  Has  the  Eastern  Highland  any 
table-land.'— .5.  By  what  is  the  Low  Central  Plain  divided?  Into  what?  What  name 
has  each  ?    In  what  basin  is  the  southern  slope  ? 


•XXX. 

CLIMATE,  VEGETATION,  AND  ANIMALS. 

1.  The  West  Indies,  Central  America,  and  a  large  part 
of  Mexico  have  a  tropical  or  constantly  warm  climate. 

The  season  of  tropical  rains  lasts  many  weeks,  the  rest  of  the  year 
being  dry. 

The  vegetation  is  luxuriant — coffee,  sugar,  maize,  cotton,  and  to- 
bacco are  extensively  cultivated,  and  the  banana,  pine-apple, 
lemon,  orange,  and  other  tropical  fruits  are  produced  with  little 
labor.  European  grains  are  grown  on  the  plateaus.  The  forests 
abound  in  mahogany,  rose-wood,  and  palm-trees. 

2.  The  northern  third  of  the  continent  has  a  very  cold 
climate,  excepting  a  strip  along  the  western  coast. 

The  Polar  Current  passes  along  the  eastern  coast  to  Newfoundland. 

Ice  nearly  closes  the  broad  entrance  to  Baffin  Bay,  and  Hudson 

Bay  is  open  only  about  six  weeks  in  the  year. 
The  western  coasts,  from  Alaska  to  the  Columbia  River,  have  a 


Lontritiidc        "West       31)        from       "WaaMngton. 


!0ir1r^(}^,li^!>,h  If^fp"'^  av^vA-t..]— i;i-\i»e'i  i*i.Suvt>iihor,  iiO'S. 


QUESTIONS    ON   THE    MAP.— CLIMATE,  VEGETATION,  AND    ANIMALS. 


21 


JtAL-  —  -      ——'-—--»-  T^TTJ!S=^,  "  POLAR    8EA 

[For  continuation  of  page  iC,  see  next  co'umn.] 


XXVIII. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Outlines. — What  three  oceans  wash  the  shores  of 
North  America?  What  great  ishiiul  northeast  of  the 
continent?  What  archipelago  between  them?  What 
is  the  general  direction  of  the  Arctic  coast?  What 
great  bay  breaks  this  coast?  What  island  at  its  en- 
trance ?  What  strait  ?  What  bay  south  ?  What  island 
near  the  eastern  point  of  the  continent  ?  What  gulf 
and  strait  cut  it  off?  What  is  the  general  direction 
of  the  Atlantic  coast  ?  What  two  peninsulas  partly 
enclose  the  Gulf  of  Me.\ico?  What  strait  and  what 
channel  lead  to  that  gulf?  What  island  at  the  en- 
trance? In  what  archipelago  ?  What  ocean  current 
passes  through  these  waters?  What  is  the  general 
direction  of  the  Pacific  coast?  What  peninsula  near 
its  northern  extremity?  What  peninsula  and  gulf 
break  the  southwest  shore?  What  long  isthmus  con- 
nects North  and  South  America?  Between  what 
smaller  isthmuses  does  it  extend  ? 

High  Surface.  —  What  two  great  highlands  in 
North  America?  Which  is  the  greater?  What  is 
its  general  direction  ?  At  what  ocean  does  it  end  on 
the  north  ?  At  what  isthmus  on  '.he  south  ?  {Teliiian- 
tepee.)  What  mountains  near  its  western  border? 
What  high  plain  forms  its  eastern  part  ?  \Vhat 
mountains  separate  this  plain  from  the  rest  of  the 
highlands  ?  What  high  plateau  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  highland?  What  plateau  basin  near  the  cen- 
tre? In  what  direction  does  the  Eastern  Highland 
extend  ?  What  moimtain  system  does  it  contain  ? 
Near  which  coast  of  North  America  are  there  volca- 
noes ?  Near  what  river  is  the  central  group?  Where 
is  the  greatest  group?  Where  the  northern  ?  Name 
one  in  each  group.     What  volcano  in  Iceland? 

Lowlands  and  Drainage.— What  plain  between  the 
two  highlands?  What  ocean  north  of  it  ?  What  gulf 
south  ?  What  name  is  given  to  its  northern  portion  ? 
What  name  to  its  southern  portion?  What  low  swell 
of  land  separates  the  Southern  from  the  Arctic  Plain? 
What  low  plateau  north  of  the  Arctic  Plain?  What 
rivers  drain  the  Arctic  Plain  ?  What  lakes  connected 
with  them  ?  What  river  drains  the  greater  part  of 
the  Southern  Plain?  Name  its  four  chief  branches? 
What  chain  of  lakes  in  the  Southern  Plain  ?  What 
river  drains  them  ?  What  lowland  plain  between  the 
Eastern  Highland  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean?  Name 
the  chief  rivers  which  drain  the  Western  Highland. 


much  milder  climate  and  frequent  rains,  the 
effect  of  the  warm  ocean  currents  and  counter 
trade-winds  of  the  Pacific. 

3.  The  remaining  portions  of  the  conti- 
nent have  a  more  varied  climate — warm  in 
the  south,  colder  in  the  north,  and  very  dry 
in  the  Western  Hit^hland. 

o 

Moist  winds  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  cause  frequent  rains  in  the 
Southern  and  Atlantic  Plains  and  in  the 
Eastern  Highland.  Excepting  the  prairies, 
these  regions  were  originally  one  vast  forest 
of  oak,  chestnut,  pine,  and  other  trees,  of 
which  a  large  part  in  the  lowlands  has  been 
cleared  away.  This  forest  extends  into  the 
southern  part  of  the  Arctic  Plain,  where  the 
trees  are  mostly  pines  and  firs  ;  farther  north 
the  trees  are  small,  and  at  last  disappear, 
and  mosses  and  lichens  are  the  only  vege- 
tation. 

In  winter  the  tropical  rain-belt  passes  to  the 
south  and  the  counter  trade-winds  of  the  Pa- 
cific shift  in  the  same  direction  (see  pages  IC 
and  17).  This  gives  a  rainy  season  of  sev- 
eral months  to  the  region  between  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
greater  part  of  the  moisture  falls  between  the 
summits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  coast, 
and  is  a  chief  cause  of  the  vast  crops  of 
wheat  and  other  grains  grown  in  that  region. 

The  moist  regions  in  the  Rocky  Moimtains,  on 
the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and 
from  the  Columbia  River  to  .Maska,  are  cov- 
ered with  forests  of  gigantic  pines,  cedars,  and 
other  evergreens. 

4.  The  polar  bear,  reindeer,  musk-ox, 
moose,  walrus,  grizzly  bear,  and  many  fur- 
bearing  animals,  are  found  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  continent,  and  great  herds  of  the 
bison,  or  buffalo,  roam  over  the  high  plains 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Among 
other  wild  animals  are  the  deer,  wolf,  fox, 
beaver,  and  alligator.     Great   numbers  of 


oo 


VEGETATION.— POLITICAL   NORTH   AMERICA:   QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP.— REVIEW  EXERCISES. 


domesticated  animals,  such  as  the  horse,  ox,  sheep,  and 
hog,  are  possessed  by  the  civiUzed  inhabitants ;  these  were 
originally  introduced  from  Europe. 

5.  Cotton  is  the  chief  production  of  the  lowlands  near 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  maize  of  the  central,  and  wheat 
of  the  northern  portions  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

The  rain-fall  upon  the  slopes  of  the  lofty  mountains  bordering  the 
Western  Highland  leaves  but  little  moisture  to  be  carried  over  to 
the  table-lands ;  these,  including  those  parts  of  the  plateau  of 
Mexico  that  are  not  visited  by  the  tropical  rain-belt,  are  there- 
fore extremely  dry.  Though  scattered  trees  border  many  of  the 
streams,  and  some  of  the  higher  mountains  are  covered  with 


forests,  by  far  the  larger  part  of  this  vast  region  is  nearly  desti- 
tute of  vegetation — the  sage-bush  and  cactus  are  the  principal 
plants  which  the  parched  soil  produces. 

Questions  (I.) — I.  Wh.it  p.irts  of  North  America  have  a  tropical  climate? — 
2.  Wh,it  pans  have  a  cold  climate?  What  exception  to  this? — X  What  is  the  climate 
of  the  rest  of  the  continent? — ♦.  What  wild  animals  are  found  in  the  Arctic  I'lain.' 
In  the  high  western  plains?  What  other  wild  animals  are  found?  What  is  said  of 
domesticated  animals? — ."i.  Where  is  cotton  the  chief  production?     Afaize?     Wheat? 

(11.) — 1.  What  is  said  of  the  tropical  rains  ?  Of  the  vegetation  ?  What  staples  are 
cultivated?  What  fruits  ?  Wh.at  grains?  Name  some  of  the  forest  trees. — 2.  How 
do  the  polar  currents  afifect  the  northeastern  coasts  of  the  continent?  What  is  the 
climate  of  the  western  co.ast  north  of  Columbia  River?  Whv  .' — 3.  What  are  the 
chief  sources  of  the  rains  of  the  southeastern  portions  of  the  continent?  l)escril>e 
these  regions.  What  is  said  of  the  vegetation  of  the  Arctic  Plain  ?  What  is  the  cause 
of  the  r.ainy  season  in  the  region  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Rocky  Mounlains? 
What  is  its  effect?  What  is  said  of  the  forests  of  the  moist  regions.' — j.  Why  is  the 
Western  Highland  so  dry  ?     How  docs  this  affect  the  vegetation  ? 


POLITICAL    NORTH    AMERICA. 


XXXI. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

(Capital  cities  are  primed  in  Gothic  t;-pe,  as  WASHINGTON.] 

Countries. — What  two  countries  occupy  the  greater  part  of  North 
America?  Which  is  farther  north?  What  country  northeast  of  British 
Ainerica?  Northwest?  Southwest  of  the  United  States?  Southeast 
of  Me.xico?     Name  the  countries  of  North  America. 

Danish  America.— To  what  countrj'  in  Europe  does  it  belong? 
(Denmark.)  Name  its  two  principal  islands.  What  is  the  capital  of  Ice- 
land ?     Whicii  is  the  most  northern  town  in  North  America? 

British  America.  —  To  what  countrv  in  Europe  does  it  belong? 
{Great  Britain.)  What  islands  off  the  western  coast  of  British  Amer- 
ica? What  peninsula  in  the  eastern  part?  In  the  southeast?  Name 
four  capes  of  British  America.     What  mountains  in  the  western  part  ? 

What  name  is  given  to  the  greater  part  of  British  America?  {T/te 
Dominion  of  Canada.)  What  is  the  capital?  What  two  cities  on  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  ?     What  city  in  Nova  Scotia  ? 

United  States. — What  country  north  of  the  United  States  ?  South- 
west? \Vii.it  gulf  south?  What  islands  southeast  of  Florida?  Name 
the  capes  on  the  east  coast  of  the  United  States.  What  cape  at  the  south- 
eastern point  of  the  United  States  ?     What  capes  on  the  west  coast  ? 

What  mountains  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada?  What  two  bays  on  the 
east  coast  of  the  United  States?  What  river  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  near  Sandy  Hook?  What  river  between  Me.xico  and  the  United 
States?  Into  what  does  it  flow?  What  mountains  does  the  Columbia 
break  through?     AVhat  lake  between  the  Colorado  and  the  Columbia? 

What  two  cities  near  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay  ?  W'hat  is  Wash- 
ington ?  {The  capital  of  the  United  States.)  What  city  northeast  of 
Baltimore?  Northeast  of  Philadelphia?  Northeast  of  New  York  ?  At 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi?  Near  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri?  On 
Lake  Miciiigan  ?  On  the  Pacific  coast  ?  On  the  north  bank  of  the 
Ohio? 

To  what  country  does  Alaska  belons;  ?  What  is  the  name  of  its  chief 
river?  Into  what  does  it  flow?  What  islands  in  the  southern  part? 
What  town  on  Baranoif  Island  ?     What  town  on  Kodiak  Island  ? 

Mexico. — What  peninsula  and  gulf  in  the  northwest  of  Me.xico? 
What  cape  at  the  end  of  the  peninsula?  ^Vhat  bay  west  of  Yucatan  ? 
What  mountains  in  Northern  Me.xico?  What  is  the  capital  ?  What 
volcano  near  it  ?     What  'city  east  of  Mexico  ? 

Central  America.— What  waters  wash  the  shores  of  Central  America  ? 
W'hat  lake  in  Central  America  ?  What  city  in  the  northwest  ?  Name 
the  four  principal  islands  in  the  West  Indies.     What  city  in  Cuba? 


XXXII. 

KEVIEW  EXEECISES. 

[For  models,  see  Review  of  Western  Hemisphere,  page  9.] 

Countries.  —  Where  is  iti     How  bounded?     What  is  the  capital? 
Model. — Mexico  is  in  the  southwestern  part  of  North  America.     It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  United  .States,  on  the  e.ast  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the 
south  by  Central  .America  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific 
The  capital  city  is  Mexico. 

Danish  America?  British  America?  United  States?  Mexico?  Cen- 
tral America  ? 

Islands. — Arctic  Archipelago?  Southampton,  B.  ?  Greenland,  D.  ?  Ice- 
land, D.?  Newfoundland,  B.  ?  Bermuda  Islands,  B.  ?  West  Indies? 
Bahama  Islands,  B.  ?  Jamaica,  B.  ?  Cuba,  S.  ?  Hayti,  I.  ?  Porto  Rico, 
S.  ?    Vancouver,  B.  ?    Queen  Charlotte,  B.  ?     Baranoff,  U.  S.  ? 

Note. — The  countries  to  which  they  belong  .ire  thus  indicated  :  Denmark,  D. ; 
Great  Britain,  B. ;  Spain,  S. ;   United  States,  U.  S. ;  Independent,  I. 

Peninsulas. — L.ibrador?   Nova  Scotia?    Florida?  Yucatan?  Alaska? 

California  ? 

Capas,— Farewell  ?  Race?  Sable,  iV:?  Cod?  Sandy  Hook?  Hat- 
teras?    Sable,  5. .?    St.Lucas?    Prince  of  Wales?    Mendocino?    Flattery? 

Isthmuses.  —  What  countries  does  it  connect  ? 
Tehuantepec?     Panama?     Isthmus  of  Central  America  ? 

Mountains. — Appalachian?   Rocky?   Sierra  Madre?   Sierra  Nevada? 

Cascade?     Coast  ranges?     Popocatepetl  (v.)?     Hecla(v.)? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays.— Baffin  ?  Hudson  ?  James  ?  St.  Lawrence  ? 
Delaware?  Chesapeake?  Mexico?  Campeachy?  Honduras?  Behr- 
ing?     Caribbean?     California? 

Straits.— Davis ?     Hudson?     Belle  Isle?     Florida?     Behring? 

Rivers. — Yukon  ?  Mackenzie  ?  Churchill  ?  Nelson  ?  Severn  ?  St. 
Lawrence?  Hudson?  Mississippi?  Missouri?  Arkansas?  Ohio? 
Rio  Grande  ?     Red  ?    Colorado  ?    Columbia  ? 

Lakes.  —  Where  situated  ?     What  outlet  has  it  ? 

Great  Bear?  Great  Slave?  Athabasca?  AVinnipeg?  Superior? 
Michigan?     Huron?     Erie?     Ontario?     Great  Salt?     Nicaragua? 

Cities  and  Towns.—  ///  what  country  is  it  I  In  zvhat  part  of  it?  On 
or  near  what  water  ? 

Reykjavik?  Upernavik?  Halifax?  Ottawa?  Montreal?  Quebec? 
Washington?  Philadelphia?  Boston?  New  York?  Baltimore?  New 
Orleans?  Cincinnati?  St.  Louis?  Chicago?  San  Francisco?  Mexico? 
Vera  Cruz?     Guatemala?     Havana? 


^Ot/yrufk:,  IS75,ty //a/7,.tri  frUAt^.J-Krvi^-a  U  Kctirui.rj,  lfW6. 


24 


PHYSICAL  UNITED  STATES:   QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAR— POSITION,  AREA,  AND  SURFACE. 


W 

H 
< 
H 
OQ 

Q 
W 

H 

1 — ( 

< 

o 

CO 

X 


•a 

c 

"5 

o 


01 

3 
O 

V    n. 


4J  '^-  "O 

«  i:  « 

§  g^ 

(J  *j 

3  5)  U 

rt  "^ 

«  2  rt 


OS  S 

,v.    O   Oh 
C     >-    .^. 

rt    rt    w 

—   a  oj 


c 

1-1 


'-^  5  ^ 


C    ■!> 


0) 

4)  -5 


-a 

J5 


M      U     ^    ~ 


g:;^ 


rt    a 


O)    J= 

o   o 


o 

-  O    c 

1)  t;  u 

rt  B.  t: 

rt  £  = 

—  ji  u 

>  •£  .= 

m^  *-"     ^J 


rt  j;  a, 

a    o  -r 


/v.    rt 

o  i2 


?-   1-1    o 


£  ■£  U 


rt    ^ 

(-•     rt 
""■  ~   J= 


i  £^ 


■^.   c 

O      IT.    -^ 


:<; 


rt  "^ 
—   c 

to  c 

S  ■  rt 

£  = 

in    ^ 

^2 


tn  ^  'rt 


«    cj    t; 
u  j=    rt 

^   w    a 


'^l 


+_, 

rt 

rt 

H) 

4J 

hr 

u 

J= 

j= 

^ 

a> 

B 

c: 

0)    2 
^  -V.  " 

rt    in    ^ 


il  ^  S 

rt  tn 

p  ^. 

OJ  ^  ^ 

*^  c/i  :3 

c  ^  o 

^  (11  ri 


^^ 


n 

& 

c^   .2 

o     >* 

en  -G 

r^ 

a  < 

> 

bBC^ 

_  _rt    rt    J.    C 


O 


"    s    <u  "^ 


o  pq 


—  ^  >  _ 


o    o 


BO 


K  -S      ^  .2  & 


H 

H 
H 


Ph 

H 
W 
E-t 

o 
o 

I— I 
E-* 

ZQ 

M 
l=> 
©■ 


(L)  -rl     1-. 
•-    "     0) 

U    rt    t/l 


«  c 

—  _c  W 
C    rt    (11 


<- 

<._ 

1« 

k-H 

n 

•o 

N— ^ 

c 

c 

IV. 

r^ 

J= 

1) 

C 

(/I 

^ 

rt 

rt 

+_i 

J= 

lU 

rt 

o 

bO 

0) 

.--J 

^ 

c 
rt 


o 


rt 

(55 


=  o  a 
2  Z  *- 

S  rt 

^  o  > 
rt  a" 
r-    rt 


sj   u  ■-: 


o 

c 

rt 


nt 

OJ 

*u 

U 

'Ui 

f, 

TJ 

> 

r-- 

v- 

^ 

rt. 

."ti 

rt 

^ 

J= 

> 


■C  ^   J3 

«  .  s 

£i  g  2 

*^  O      4J 

rt  c    rt 

s:  n  JS 

?:  XI  > 


o 

I — I 

H 

Ph 

t — ( 
OQ 

w 


fS     rt 

<L)     ►^ 

c 

rt     rt 
>-i     :-i 

(/)    •-; 

o 

o    *^ 
rt 

rt     c     ^ 

oj     ^     c 

'age 
^^   <«    o 

<u    .S    ^ 
<U      2      <u 

x:  -5  'O 

-k-     "     rt 

C     -tV     t/5 

(U    bO   rt 

|-^  U 
m  -5  rt 


C  1> 

'rt  r" 

c  ' 

3 

■I  rt 

o  <; 

•^  x: 

-a  Z 

c  o 

rt  12 


^ 

3 

rt 

3 

a 

rt 

C 

JZ 

O 

a 

^ 

J= 

-n 

"7^ 

c 

'rt 

s 

c 
n 

ITS 

c 

■a 

(U 

uT 

e 

4-J  (/I  -T3        U 

J-  1*  OJ     -C 

rt  ^  w    « 

1^  ct  rt   ^„ 

~  -50 

rt  i:  a.  0) 

j_j  (/I  ^'     r? 


o 


i*  -^ 


0)       4--       ^ 

^  1-1  jS^ 
o         o 


0 

■n 

*- 

rt 

u 
tn 

rt 

0) 

u 

rt 

rt 

^ 

-0 

(ft 

>    <u 


°   2 


O    4J 

o    u 

el 


^     3 

■♦-»     ^ 


•5   a  — 

■?   « 

^    a 


1)     (U 

rt    Ji 


rt    r^ 

c    S 

g-u 

E  :S 

—  '^ 
"3    rt 

~      4) 
rt     ci 

rt     rt 

^  o 


OJ 


o 
o 
o 


-c  rt  _^ 

rt    u 

O  >, 

.J    -  rt 


^     >   ^   ^ 


■"  £  ^ 

tn  ■-  ,1) 

3  —  vh 

o  c  -a 

S  S^  c 

R  S  rt 


s 

CO 

0 

^ 

3 

« 

4-> 

^_i 

0 

■a 

es 

n 

rt 

:'; 

a 

n 

» 

m 

0 

1) 

0 

■i^ 

-1 

!.J 

rt 

(U 

rt 

aj 

rt 

Oh 

c 

"u 

E 
0 

4) 

e: 

(i; 

.fl 

aj 

H 

■5 

o 

.   <u 
(ft  jr 

c    — 

■rt'o 
c    _^ 

3      u 

o    > 

:s  ^ 

rt 

(ft     4) 

-=   5; 

rt    o 

>  -^ 


3 
O 
c/i 

(U 

<u 

'a, 
3 
o 
o 
o 

S 

» 


c 

o 

Q, 

O 


e 

cS 

u 
o 

© 

V 

H 


rt 
O, 

C 
I. 
o 

c« 
rt 
<L> 


.2    J3 
-=    S    c 

.^'^  :  u 

J=     _!?      OJ 

-4-1 

o 
c 

u 

-4-1 

en 

(U 

"S- 

3 
(J 
O 

o 


■a 
c 
rt 

c" 

rt 

V 

c  g 

'o    n 


11 

JZ 


o 
o 
o 


e 

■9 
e 


O    -G 

^    — 


.a 

o 
o 
o 

<N 


> 

o 

Xi 
rt 


.v 


O 

o 

3  O 

O  — 

^  *j 

rt  3 

o 

(ft   JD 


> 

M 
^ 
M 


H 


H 

EH 

< 

EH 
OQ 

W 

EH 

I— I 
!zi 
i=> 

M 
W 

EH 

Fm 
o 

Ph 
vA 
<t) 
M 

^ 
P=3 
H 

EH 
JZ2 

W 


1^1 

•5:3  5^ 

2  o 

^   -     i 


«     rt  C 

-a  2  ■" 

£  5 

rt 

«  o    S 

S  ^  .2 

ml  ^    ifi 


bX) 

-5 

o 

-a 

-^    2 

c  a 
o  •■ 
biD   « 


(ft 

>> 

<U 

4-) 

(ft 

n 

rt 

^?^ 

c 

fcJO 

c 
0 

rt 

0 

0 
0 

rt 

bi) 

^_, 

■X" 

5J 

0 

(ft 

rt 

0 

< 

c 
0 

_rt 

0 

0 

OJ 

(ft 

0) 

(U 

'ft 

0 

0 

u 
0 

3 

n 

0 

E 
0 

~B 

(U        4J 

c  ^t: 


bJ3   o" 

.E  •-  .E 
x:  O  ^ 


be  « 


°  8 


bo  (ft 


rt    o 

p-1  6 

C 
O 


^  cii  ^^ 


rt 


-^.2- 


f-l      D 


.t:  j3   ~  j= 


u  -i; 


QJ 


■S     -c 


—    T3 


c/)        OJ 

^     O 


r-     ^+-'       Qj       —     ^ 


"3     o    ■<-•   i«    —     (u    — 


.a 


c 
0 

:• 

t 

» 

c 
0 

0 

GJ 

0 

-4-» 
0 

be 

0 
CI 

0 

(LI 
(fl 

(U 

(ft 

rt 

rt 

c 

^-» 

"i". 

<*- 

0 

U-. 

rt 

0 

(ft 

C 

C 

rt 

> 

lU 

<U 

H 

a 

^ 

rt 

(U 

0 

hn 

-C 

c 

y 

0 

H 

OJ 

< 

(?i 

0 

rt  bO  ■ 

^  rt 

J=  > 

*-■  'a  . 


rt     -2 
bo  ~ 


~    > 


r^     O 


rt   J^ 
£ 


be  ^ 

.£  i^ 
-a 

"o 

c 


O    j2 

O       -rt 


en 

(L> 
:-i 
O 

1/1 


-  •=  H    -e 


J-1   1) 
o  -5 


c 


.y  & 

be  j;    o 


J:;  "S 


bO 
—  ::=  .S    o  Is 


9; 
rt 

be 
u  ^  'E 

(Z)     rt     rt 

—    >< 

rt     O     rt 


s 


tj 

<u 

en 

C 
u 
(U 
+-» 
(/3 

<u 

«-'  r 

H  a; 
.   ^ 

CO  ->-• 
(/] 
rt 


rt    >+., 
<U      o 


tn 

(L> 

to 

c 

a 


o 
c  o 


rt 


3 
O 


^      ° 


H 

0 

<*j 

-*-» 

fM 

c/5 

^ 

(L) 

13 

cu 

ou 

3 
0 

0 

0 

!Z! 

0 

<*1 

as 

<*l 

ni 

M 

-•• 

0 

P^ 

C/J 

kH 

< 

-0 

flj 
P 

fe 

< 

0 
1— 1 

s 

EH 

1.^ 

-4-' 

1— 1 

n 

0 
/I . 

2 

O     rt 

1)  •- 


2  e 

_    o 


o  -S 
^    to 

^  J-  = 
=  c  <u 
_rt     O   — 

bo 


^      3      rt 


rt 

3 

cr 

(U 


•-rt  £      2 


o  " 

c  c- 

c 

0)  o 

•s  -^ 

°  5 

rt 

"3  -s 

rt  S 

-'  V 

E  :S 
o 

*  § 

•a  = 

c  .H 


rt     > 


be  •"  '^ 

«     (ft  o 

>-     1)  o 

^  :=  S 

rt    E  ^ 

4-1 

(ft    o  3 

"    o  o 

•^     CO  ^ 


t/1 

en 

OJ 

-4-> 

n 

-4-t 

C/) 

.4-» 

'c 
D 

OJ 


V4-I  4J     -=* 


tC  o 

rt  rt 

0-.  (ft 

"  i^ 

j=  ■£ 

"  3 

o  P 


rt     e3 

o        " 


c 
rt 

3 

cr 

t/1 

o 
o 

o 

o 

C 
a 


o 
o 

o 

o" 
o 
o 

!-. 
OJ 

> 
o 

tn 

c 


>^  h  -c 


rt      =    « 


rt     U 
C     15 


C 

(LI 


rt    .5 


"   to 


1^ 


C 

o 
u 


rt 

tn 
rt 


H    ^    15 


<  3 
bc  •-=: 
.£    E 


0 

-rt 
tn 

-rt 

0 

0 

0 

< 

0 

X 

C 

V 

3 

.2 

rt 

.4-* 

r 

(L> 

c 

^ 

c 

s 

T 

-a 

^. 

11 

,<" 

H) 

<y 

r::; 

'^ 

a 

tn 

« 

c 

0 

u 

Q. 
0 

0 
« 

c 

rt 

rt 
c 

a 

c 
0 

C5 

t:! 

0 

to 

> 

rt 

^ 

•n 

fa 

^ 

n 

> 

0 

7 

OJ 

i 

A.. 

«-rt 
0 

c 

OJ 

1 

J^ 

t 

rt 

rs 

H 

H 

C 
0 

CJ 

a: 

< 

3 
rt 

■X. 

a 
0 
B 
n 

0) 

1/5 

rt 

pi 
T 

1 

d 

_tn 

'3 

3 
0 

P 

^ 

rt 

M 

--^^^^•^^ 


X,- 


^ 


s* 


26 


WESTERN    HALF   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES.— EASTERN    HALF   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


4.  Three  large  and  rapid  rivers  drain  the  greater  part 
of  this  Plateau  Belt:  the  Columbia  River  on  the  north 
breaks  through  the  lofty  Cascade  range,  and  flows  into 
the  Pacific ;  the  Colorado  on  the  south  reaches  the  Gulf 
of  California  after  passing  through  a  number  of  great 
caiions,  which  are  a  series  of  the  most  frightful  mountain 
gorges  in  the  world ;  the  Rio  Grande  flows  from  the  mount- 
ains bordering  the  Colorado  Plateau  through  a  long,  nar- 
row, and  elevated  valley  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  beds  of  nearly  all  the  rivers  of  the  entire  high- 
land region  are  far  below  the  general  level  of  the  country 
through  which  they  flow. 

5.  The  "Western  Highland  has  a  warm  and  very 
dry  climate. 

The  warm  southwest  winds  from  the  Pacific  discharge  most  of 
their  moisture  as  rain  or  snow  on  the  high  cold  slopes  and  sum- 
mits of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  ranges,  and  much  of  the 
remaining  portion  upon  the  lofty  sides  and  tops  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  plateaus  are  consequently  dry  and  barren, 
while  the  coast  regions  have  abundant  rain  and,  particularly  to- 
wards the  north,  are  covered  with  dense  forests.  In  like  manner, 
the  winds  from  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  lose  their 
moisture  before  they  penetrate  so  far  inland,  and  in  conse- 
quence  a  large  part  of  the  Great  Plains  at  the  foot  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  is  one  of  the  most  desolate  and  arid  regions  of  the 
continent.  The  cactus  and  the  sage-bush  are  the  characteristic 
vegetation  ;  they  indicate  a  very  dry  climate.  Wherever  the 
streams  from  the  melting  snows  of  the  mountains  can  be  used 
for  irrigation  abundant  crops  can  be  raised,  but  the  greater  part 
of  the  entire  highland  is  hopelessly  barren. 

6.  The  chief  wealth  of  the  Western  Highland  is  in 
the  exhaustless  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  other  valuable 
minerals  with  which  the  entire  mountain  district  abounds. 

Nowhere  else  on  the  globe  is  there  known  to  be  so  extensive  a  de- 
posit of  the  precious  metals.  There  are  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  square  miles  rich  with  ores  of  gold  and  silver. 

7.  The  most  remarkable  animal  is  the  bison,  or  Amer- 
ican buffalo. 

Vast  herds  of  these  animals,  sometimes  numbering  scores  of  thou- 
sands, still  roam  the  Great  Plains,  feeding  on  the  short  dried 
buffalo-grass,  the  growth  of  the  brief  spring  rains.  They  are 
eagerly  hunted  for  their  skins,  and  must  ere  long  be  exterminated. 

8.  Between  the  Western  Highland  and  the  Pacific  lies 
the  small  rich  lowland  of  the  California  Basin. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  What  is  the  character  of  the  western  half  of  the  United  States  > 
By  what  and  liow  is  it  divided?— 3.  What  and  where  are  the  Great  Plains?— 3.  What 
is  the  western  half  of  the  highland  called?  What  mountains  border  it  ?  What  high 
mountains  parallel  and  close  to  the  Coast  ranges?  Where  is  the  Great  Basin? 
Where  is  the  Colorado  Plateau?  Where  is  the  plain  of  the  Columbia?— 4.  How 
many  great  rivers  drain  the  Plateau  Belt?  What  is  said  of  the  Columbia?  Of  the 
Colorado?  What  are  the  canons?  Which  is  the  third  great  river?  What  is  said 
of  most  of  the  river  beds?— 5.  What  is  the  general  character  of  the  climate  of  the 
Western  Highland .>— 6.  In  what  is  the  chief  wealth  of  the  highland?— 7.  Which  is 
the  most  remarkable  animal?— «.  What  and  where  is  the  California  Basin? 


(II.)— 3,  What  is  said  of  a  large  part  of  the  Great  Plains?  Where  are  the  plains 
highest?  How  high  are  they?  Which  of  their  rivers  are  navigable?  Which  are 
not?  Why? — :i.  Which  are  the  highest  mountains  in  North  America?  How  high  are 
they?  How  many  principal  plateaus?  With  what  is  the  whole  tract  ribbed?  To 
what  has  it  been  likened?  What  does  the  Great  Basin  enclose?  By  what  separated 
from  the  Colorado  Plateau?  How  high  is  it?  How  high  is  the  Colorado  Plateau? 
How  high  is  the  plain  of  the  Columbia? — 5.  What  kind  of  a  climate  has  the  Plateau 
Belt  of  the  Western  Highland?  Why?  The  Great  Plains?  Why?  The  Coast  re- 
gions? Why?  What  plants  are  characteristic?  W'hat  do  such  plants  indicate? 
What  is  said  of  irrigation?  What  is  the  source  of  the  water  that  may  be  used  for 
this  purpose?  What  portion  of  the  region  is  barren  ?— C.  What  is  said  of  the  quan- 
tity of  gold  and  silver? — 7.  What  is  said  of  the  buffaloes  and  their  food? 


XXXVI. 

EASTEEN  HALF  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  The  eastern  half  of  the  United  States  presents  a 
strong;  contrast  to  the  western  half.  It  is  fertile  and  well 
watered  throughout. 

It  contains  the  Eastern  Highland  and  two  important 
lowland  plains. 

2.  The  Eastern  Highland  is  small  and  low  in  com- 
parison with  the  Western. 

It  consists  of  the  several  parallel  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  system, 
and  extends  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada  almost  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Its  highest  peaks  are  about  as  high  as  the  plains  at 
the  foot  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  contains  many  fertile  ele- 
vated valleys,  but  no  extensive  plateaus.    • 

This  highland  is  rich  in  water-power  and  in  mines  of 
coal  and  iron.  At  its  nearest  approach  to  the  Atlantic 
coast  it  is  intersected  by  a  remarkable  depression,  which 
contains  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  the  Mohawk,  and 
forms  the  most  important  natural  highway  of  commerce 
on  the  whole  continent. 

3.  The  Eastern  Highland  divides  the  lowlands  into  two 
unequal  plains — the  Atlantic  Plain  on  the  east,  and  the 
Great  Central  or  Mississippi  Plain  on  the  west. 

4.  The  Great  Central  Plain  lies  between  the  two 

highlands. 

It  extends  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where  it  joins  the  Atlantic 
Plain,  to  the  Great  Lakes,  where  it  unites  with  a  narrow  belt  of 
lowland  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 
The  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  includes  not  only  most  of  the  Great 
Central  Plain,  but  all  of  the  land  between  the  crests  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  on  one  side  and  those  of  the  AUeghanies  on  the  other. 
It  therefore  embraces  a  large  part  of  both  highlands.  It  has  been 
likened  to  a  broad  trough,  the  Mississippi  lying  in  the  lowest  part. 

5.  The  ]flississippi  and  its  branches  together  con- 
stitute the  most  extensive  system  of  navigated  ri\crs  in 

the  world. 

The  Amazon  system,  in  South  .-Vmerica,  is  larger,  but  is  as  yet  but 
little  navigated. 
The  Hissonri  is  by  far  the  most  important  of  the  trib- 
utaries, being  longer  than  the  entire  course  of  the  Missis- 
sippi itself,  and,  like  it,  navigable  almost  to  its  source. 


EASTERN    HALF   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES:    CLIMATE,  VEGETATION,  ETC. 


27 


6.  The  Atlantic  Plain  is  a  long  belt  of  lowland  be- 
tween the  Eastern  Highland  and  the  ocean. 

It  is  widest  at  the  south,  but  narrows  rapidly  towards  the  mouth 
of  the  Hudson  River,  where  it  almost  disappears.  Farther  east 
it  again  widens  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

The  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  Plain  cross  it  at  right  angles 

to   the  line   of  the   highland,  in   which  they  have   their 

sources. 

Most  of  them  are  navigable  till  interrupted  by  falls  or  rapids  at 
some  distance  from  the  sea.  These  falls  furnish  valuable  water- 
power,  and  have  determined  the  location  of  many  important 
cities. 

The  Atlantic  Plain  is  drained  by  numerous  short,  separate,  and 
parallel  rivers,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  country  by  a  few  great  river 
systems. 

7.  The  climate  of  the  low  eastern  half  of  the  United 
States  is  in  general  much  cooler  than 
that  of  the  Western  Highland  in  the 
same  latitude. 

Frequent  rains  are  brought  at  all  seasons 
by  the  moist  winds  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  rain-fall  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  increases  towards  the  south  ;  on 
the  Pacific  coast  towards  the  north ; 
Lower  California  in  Me.xico  is  almost 
rainless.  The  winters  of  the  eastern 
half  are  long  and  severe  in  the  north, 
but  mild  in  the  south  ;  the  summers  are 
generally  hot. 

8.  The  fertile  soil,  warm  summers, 
abundant  rains,  and  great  range  of 
latitude  make  the  eastern  half  of  the 
United  States,  in  the  quantity,  variety, 
and  value  of  its  agricultural  produc- 
tions, the  richest  large  section  of  the 
globe  inhabited  by  a  single  nation. 

The  value  of  these  advantages  is  greatly  increased  by  the  other 
physical  conditions  already  considered.  The  average  fall  of  the 
Mississippi,  the  Missouri,  and  their  chief  branches  in  the  Central 
Plain,  is  only  about  four  inches  to  the  mile  ;  that  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, including  the  Great  Lakes,  is  still  less:  this  opens  the 
whole  region  to  steam  navigation.  The  generally  level  face  of  the 
country  makes  it  easy  to  construct  railroads,  canals,  and  common 
roads.  Of  railways  there  were  at  the  close  of  1879  more  than 
86,000  miles  in  operation,  or  two  thirds  as  many  as  in  all  the 
rest  of  the  world.     It  will  therefore  be  seen  that — 

9.  The  physical  geography  of  the  eastern  half  of 
the  United  States  gives  it  agricultural  and  commercial 
advantages  unequalled  by  those  of  any  other  country  on 
the  globe. 

10.  The  eastern  half  of  the  United  States  may  be 
divided  into  two  regions  differing  remarkably  in  vegeta- 
tion, in  consequence  of  difference  in  rain-fall. 


Dense  forests  cover  the  Atlantic  Plain,  the  Eastern 
Highland,  and  the  neighboring  parts  of  the  Great  Cen- 
tral Plain,  except  where  cleared  for  the  purpose  of  cultiva- 
tion. 

If  from  Toledo  on  Lake  Erie  two  lines  be  drawn,  one  to  Galveston 
on  the  Gulf  of  Me.xico,  and  the  other  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  nearly  all  the  forests  in  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  will  be  east  of  these  lines. 

The  southern  portions  of  both  plains  constitute  the  region  of 
abundant  summer  showers  ;  without  these  cotton  could  not  be 
cultivated.  Rice,  sugar-cane,  Indian  corn,  and  tobacco  are  also 
characteristic  agricultural  productions.     (See  Rain  Map.) 

Immense  prairies  occupy  the  rest  of  the  Great  Central 

Plain. 

The  prairie  region  is  broad  in  the  north  and  narrow  in  the  south. 
It  has  long  and  frequent  summer  droughts.     These  do  not  pre- 


vent the  extensive  cultivation  of  wheat  and  other  grains,  which 
are  produced  in  enormous  quantities.  The  prairies  are  rapidly 
being  converted  into  farms  covered  with  hedge-rows,  orchards, 
and  forest  trees. 

1 1 .  Large  wild  animals,  such  as  wolves,  wild-cats,  pan- 
thers, bears,  and  deer,  once  abounded.  Though  still  found 
in  some  districts,  they  are  greatly  reduced  in  numbers. 
The  country  now  contains  millions  of  domesticated  ani- 
mals, among  which  are  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  horses. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  What  is  the  character  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  United 
States?  In  what  two  particulars?  What  subdivisions  does  it  contain? — 2.  How  does 
the  Eastern  Highland  compare  with  the  Western?  In  what  is  it  remarkably  rich? 
By  what  is  it  intersected?     What  valleys  in  this  depression?    What  does  it  form? — 

3.  How  does  this  highland  divide  the  lowlands?    What  name  is  given  to  each.' — 

4.  Where  is  the  Great  Central  Plain? — .5.  What  is  said  of  the  Mississippi  River?  Of 
the  Missouri  River? — 0.  What  and  where  is  the  Atlantic  Plain?  How  do  its  rivers 
cross  it? — 7.  What  is  said  of  the  climate  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States? — 

[For  the  remaining  questions  on  this  section,  see  page  29.] 


POLITICAL   UNITED    STATES:    DIVISIONS    AND    SUBDIVISIONS. 


29 


O  "-  4J  O 

"Z  V  ^  > 

■f  (J  ^«  ^ 

^  u,  nt  a 

T3  a  >  J= 

'k  ^  Ji  > 

.£  w-  ^  d 

*-  X  -^  7 

ai  O  2  2 


o    X  .=  j= 


c 
?   o 
E? 


o    u 


g  ^  i 


4^         OJ 


'  ?3  •-  i" 

;  fc,  C  rt 

I  j£  -a  o 

■  ■-  rt  ^ 

'  — ,  ^  "^ 

■  ^  rt  i; 

>  a. 


o  ^  -=  ;s  o 
"1   S;   o        rt 


>>  "  r    i;  '«> 


I  .2  t»  £ 

'  tn  —  S 

I  «*  O  2 

:  (u  -^ 

■  jz  ^ 

I  w,  in  ^ 

,  o  i'  C 

i  =  j:  c 

■  •s  -  § 

i  «)  .2  u 

•  S»  -  u 


J    ■=:  a    V    a 


a  •- 

W      1,      !U 


=  •5- 
S   <3 


c  ^2 


.^■-  .22  ^   S 
E  .^   «   o 

si  ,•  i 

:=:  /v.    u  .s 
2    «i    "  5 


"o 

Cft 

^_, 

u 

.c 

o 

j= 

o 

rt 

n 

5  „ 


1^      —      —      "5 

"    C     -     rt 


-  -  S  I 

»-<    u    c    > 


/v.  j2    o  J5 

-^^-5  2 


J.  e 


"  3 


'rt   'E. 


j3     C 


^   -5;    O 


=  1^-2 


rt   .' 


-^^    -^ 


r:   '«   ^   ^ 

eg" 

u  —  3  -S 
O  2  ^  S 
.2  -a  ^  .5 

°  -s  :^  f^ 
=  «  1-- 

.S  ^  c  "^ 
t:  "■•   u    u 

.2  ~  .a  -S 


? 

,b: 

•" 

-a 

rt 

0 

Ci. 

- 

rt 

J= 

r1 

4» 

> 

0 

<!' 

rt 

W 

to 
n 

ji: 

<L» 

0 

t- 

7J 

2 

T3 

1 

-^ 

QJ 

n 

Ml 

■^ 

::i 

> 

a> 

w 

C 

-a 

u 

w 

:a  c 


T  " 


.2^ 
It 


t:     *—    c: 


M      «   T3     £   2 


a. 

0 

J= 

> 

'K 

0 

1 

0 

rt 

I*' 

u 

0 

.— 

"" 

u 

n.. 

-T3 

-a 

OT 

•> 

h 

— 

c 

0 

c 

JZ. 

(J 

c 

0 

2 

TS 

B 

u 

^ 

to 

X  > 


> 

X 


022 


o     .£  ' 


2    S 


"O   TJ 


<u 


^ 


n       "«   *i 


^  = 


(/)  1-4       *rf 


.2    i 


> 

^        t/5 

rt 

+-» 

c^ 

-^3  §>.y 

.4-> 

0 

g 
0 

-mark 
to  gro 
clima 

t/J 

s 

OJ 

OJ 

3 
|rt 

a, 

rt 

■4-* 

0 

OJ 

-C 

3rm  a  well 

rn  belts  in 

different 

en 

J5 

■4-t 

0 
■*~» 

OJ 
J3 

c 

rt 

TJ 

U 

•->-       <L>       >\ 

aj 

'c5 

>\     (/I      QJ 

D 
0 

rt 

0 

pg     CD   -g 
(U     0 

CL 

-a 

J 

I—* 

-i^     ^     1; 

rl 

0 

G 

■u 

0 

S    "     rt 

'0 

c 

'rt 

3 

(U 

S-^  -^ 

0 

OJ 

rt 

i-, 

le  Ches 

ivides  t 

which 

-0 

C 

1 

0 
> 

3 
0 

r^ 

•t:  -a    «3 

-Q 

tn 

<: 

tN 

4-» 

C/3 

^ 

3 
CJ 

-13 

3 

X 

•i.s 

-4— » 

«3 

OJ 

1 

en 

-«— 1 

C      0 

0 

,__ 

OJ 

0 

0 

3    '..S 

CA 

CJ 

,*-; 

0 

0 

;     ; 

-*-» 

4-* 

P 

CO 

6    S 

ri 
ri 

0 
4-> 

in 

OJ 

S-. 

c 

0 

(L) 

r-* 
■*-• 

0 

lines  of  the  coasts 
the  Mississippi  Ri 

c 
0 

'-3 

3 
0 

rt 

c 

3 

0 

en 

0 

C 

in 
rt 

OJ 

Si 

ri 

OJ 

a 
m 

rt 

£ 

r* 
"^ 

> 

13 

ri 

-r! 

>^ 

-13 

r- 

kJ 

c 

:£  H  ^ 

-4-J 

0 

0 
0 

rt 

< 

U 

0 

c 

0 
0 

rn 

c5 

4-) 

0 

.S 

^ 

ther  h 

Sccof 

lateau 

2 

c 

0 
> 

"rt 

a, 

'en 
en 

H 

0         a, 

tc 

■  <j 

in 

t-H 

4-» 

a 

g 

0 

a. 

Ph 

0 

'c 

0 

1- 

C 

■*-> 

>- 

3 
3 

CQ 

ri 

u 

0 

0     CQ 

4) 

3 
0 

0 
OJ 

H 
H 

>     < 

rt 

c« 

a,  -3 
3   *- 

TS       0 

•—1   Ph 
0    OQ 

3 

0 

OJ 
tn 

>» 

0 

0 

tn 

0 

rt 
_tn 

r- 

n  ^ 

rt 

bO 

^ 

Pi  hH 

c 

^4-* 

3 

3 

0 

OJ 

to 

'(.; 

> 

c 

0 

OJ 

> 

rt 
"35 

0 

0 

>^ 

1— 1 

t— 4 

0 

0 

J2 

r- 

H 

t-H 
0 

I-H 

^ 

<m" 

-4^ 

f^' 

-  ffi 

1          .!^ 

s  s 

^ 

B.     M 

^S55 

•-•  01  03  ■* 

««1 

K 

OQ 

0 

2  5 

^  -s  '^  1 

•1   g  -s  .§ 

< 

«  £ 

1  S  2   i^i  ^ 

X 

1^ 

i 

r-'       IN       TO       •<<<■ 

M 

*: 

f^ 

ffi 

0 

p<4  i  X  It 

s    5    0    a 

w 

OQ 

1 

—    (N    ra"    ■*■ 

^'  i?   .  ^; 

fe   * 

^   i?    s   s 

Ci      fc«       (rt       ?>• 

1  -s  g  ^ 

C)  Z   UJ  <; 

X 

s 

^      O)      TO      -* 

0 

ti3 

rt" 

.^                       •        CO 

ri 

ii 

0                 —        B 

c 

5      «      In      rt 

S     ^     S     < 

rt 

"5 

0 

!C 

, 

U 

■-i       (M       «       ■* 

0 

H 

V 

rt 

&^ 

X 

^ 

c 

■5. 

r/3 

S    E- 

•-  ^    «    « 

e.  te 

l>    0    w    E 

«u     K     S    J3 
^    fc<i   H    < 

^ 

*crt 

tn 

S 

g 
U 

r-'      IN      CO      •* 

1.-5 

ce 

H 

c 

C 
rt 

tc 

n  £2 

,.4              .           ^ 

1- 

d  .2    °    8 
~   -a   -S    ■" 

"o 

^ 

P. 

u 

0     r— 1     M     P- 

s 

•-    CI    ro    ^ 

10 

^ 

u 

< 

^ 

S      ri 

.s   ^ 

ffi 

5 

1    2 

■     rt     a 
.5    U    U    .2 

rt 

©   ?^ 

C        r-        r-        tX) 

T) 

^ 

.h        0        g        4) 

0 

0 

6- 

•< 

>    2    c«    0 

fo 

"3 

a 

OQ 

.« 

s 

«  5 

rt 
.     >^  "c 

1 

a 

^      '^      rs        ■ 

0 
R 

5K 

^      ^      >      a 
'^     ^     >^     <^ 

S      S      g    J 

OJ     OJ     S     aj 

2   iz;    fL,   Q 

C 
rt 

"b 

rt 

2, 

^      IM      05      ^ 

>o 

lU 

en 

vm 

u 

^      s 

•0 

s.      « 

c 
rt 

4-» 

3 

1 

n 

1  -  s 

■J} 

4) 

0 

0 
1) 

c     .^      p     w 

1 1 1 1 

■a 
0 

C 
C 
0 

^    1 

-"       IJ4       CO       ■«< 

"0 

«, 

■£  c 

<^  09 

a  s 

2  S 


«   ° 

<    c 

(4 

•a 

is  s 

■^  I 

♦-  tn 

•i"  E 
c    w 

™  s 

CO   w 

5  2 


rt  rt 

Is 

13  -G 

ii  3 

o  •£ 

O  OT 

1-  U       , 

^  H  ii 

en  _j    « 

-M  C      (A 

rt  rt    w 


V2    rt    iS 
o 


rt   iS 


111 


'^  J!  en 

£  ^  = 

.  ?  o 

til  — 

tcS  &-S 

.E  tn  '■?  - 

0  i;  •- 

i  g  S  - 

*-  0*3 

C  "5  rt     o 

.2:  X  u  .c 

1  5;  «•= 

rt  •*  *     ^ 

--  4>  «      "" 

"  _  S    6 

>  C  ^     1-' 

tc  rt 

•o 


'5;  .5 


j:    K    D. 
o 

CO 


rt    j_, 


£  r  «  t 

qj  w  C 

£;  <  .  2  ^ 

-^  -r?  rt  ■" 


•"eg    g-S 

&"  2  g 


^   -5       & 


U  tf)       £J       U 

h  3    V    ai 

I  en   s   V 

H  "5 

I  s 


Sk  tf)  HO  <» 

•"woe 

so  rt  rt  "rt 

g>  v'  *^  —• 

1;  ^  y-  ft. 

tn  -x:  rt  «i 

_  c  i  •£ 

E  rt  c 

..'"  —  ■£  £ 

^  S  I  2 

^  2:  ^  en 


« 


Eg 


■«  rt  .i;  — • 


1-2  1 

O  rt 

rt  rt  -c    ^ 

^  c  -    *; 

•o  •;;  =^-  ^ 

S  "  5i  " 

rt  •r  jC   j; 

rt  >^      . 

s  £  S 

o  3  o 


I  =   is  ~ 

tfi  rt     "     fc- 

S  E   «  £ 

s  >  a  a 

t«  o  2  „ 

"  K  "  ■" 

!S  «j  « 

"  »_    -^  J= 

ft.  g  ^  ? 

£  2  =^'-- 

t^  .—    c    « 

>-  rt  u 

^  5  s  g  . 

ii  :.   .- 
"  C     O     J- 

:  "^  £;  .^  J 

!  i  I  ■=  -5  i 

I    *-  o     rt   .^ 

> 


"  f*  i  So 


rt     o 

C     rt  ,^.  ^ 

o    ■■"  -  i: 

C  k.  £ 

>^  rt  »;  ^ 


•=£.50 


'  s:  S  rt  o 

I  H  «•  ^  .£ 


0.-4 


en  ^ 


S   6 


ci    P 


o    u 


c 


T3     o 

.|H 
"o  „. 
o  tj 
"^  <5 

(rt    .^ 

S  " 
en 


.0  £  j= 


i;  £  c  « 


-^  V, 


V    ^ 


o 
c  •- 

c;   J= 


c  u 

rt  ^.  .0 

C  —  c 

2^  *-  rt 


0 

< 
0 

E 

A 

0 

j= 

S 

c 

rt 

c 

c: 

>, 

E 

HN 

0 

n 

B 

0 

s 

'rt 

tn 

c 
(1 

X 

rt 

0 

0 

^ 

i^ 

bc  Ji 

•a 

0 

rt 

rt 

-a 

^, 

■■ 

^ 

% 

!C 

T3 

3 

r 

-a 
c 
rt 

0 

0 

>* 

r* 

> 

E 

& 

c 

r 

0 

CJ 

rt 

E 

rt 

•=  >-  -^  ^ 


■-.    c  -c    d. 


•^   *- 
o    5 


E    c    ° 
=    S    - 


.5   2" 


o  E  <-' 
■"  u 

ii     rt 
O    "    c. 

u  y  o 

«■:  & 
ill 

•£  en    S 


en 

o    o 


u  en 

3 

*-  J= 

en  -" 


OJ 

*-  rt 

.5  ~ 

^  % 

ca  I3 


en      OS 


-3  to 


en 


3     = 


o     . 

^     rt 

3  S 


ti    c    4>  j^     "2 


3    -T3 


OJ 
rt 

eu 

H 


rt 

CJ 


OJ 

J2 


3 
QJ 
> 
OJ 
en 


rt 

en 
_iJ 

O 


U    es 


3 


13 
S 

_3 

"o 


rt    U 


3     -^ 

.^       OJ 
, ,        r- 


O     n 

2; 


QOESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

What  sronp  of  slalcs  lies  fanheslcasl?  What  is 
the  capital  of  cacli?  Wliete  situated?  Na.m  o„e 
other  city  .0  each.  Wliete  situated?  Which  of 
these  states  has  t»o  capitals  >  Name  the  capital  and 
Ohe  o,  ,„„  other  cities  in  each  of  the  Middle  Atlau- 
IK  States.  „  the  South  Atlantic  Stales,  I„  ,he 
Notll,  Central  Stales.     In  the  South  Central     1,,    he 


C",lral.     In  the  Slates  of  the  Plaiits.     In  IlK! 
Rocky  Mountain  States.    In  the  Basin  States.     In  the 

the  Atlantic  Ocean?  The  Gulf  of  Mexico?  On  the 
hC>  a^L  m'  '^"''  Chatnplain?  On  the  Ohio 
K.e?    On  the  Mississippi  Rive,?    On  the  Missouri 

tie  R„ckl"M°'  "'"  '^'  ?°'''^  Mountains?  Between 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cas- 
cade Mountains  ?    West  of  these  las.  chains? 


In  what  direction  from  '"•"'"^P"''*  '  ,^i,t1 
Cincinnati?    Pittsburgh?   Cleveland?  U«™  . 
cage?    Milwaukee?    In  what  direction  trom 
is   Milwaukee?      Davenport?      ^'J     .'.j; 
Buffalo ?    In  what  direction  from  Sr.  ^'""      „■ 
F.vansville?     Memphis?     Louisville?    •■, . 
what  direction  from  New  Orleans  is  L.ai» 


bile?    Vicksbtirg?     Montgomery. 
Which  is  the  largest  state  c 


Tin' 


est-'  The  most  northeasterly  ?  Southeasterly?  South- 
■^rly?  Southwesterly?  Northwesterly?  Which  state 
has  the  longest  sea  coast ?  Lake  coast?  What  states 
arc  separated  by  the  Mississippi  River?  By  the  Ohio 
Missouri  River? 
What  parallel  hounds  the  United  Stales  on  the 
north?  H90.I  On  the  south?  (25°.|  In  what  longi- 
tude from  Greenwich  is  its  eastern  point  ?  Its  western 
^ '     What  states  are  crossed  by  the  meridian  of 


Washington  >  What  is  the  longitude  of  Washington  .»• 
Of  Boston?  NewVork?  Philadelphia?  Charleston? 
Cincinnati?  Chicago?  St.  Louis  ?  New  Orleans? 
What  cities  on  or  near  the  parallel  ■10°  N.  ?  In  what 
zone  is  the  United  States  ? 

What  is  the  general  direction  of  the  rivers  east  of 
the  Appalachian   Mountains?     Name 
river  of  the  North  Atlantic  States.     Name  three  in  tl 
•  Um  lungnudc  fr"m  Greeo«ich. 


Middle  Atlantic  States.  Seven  in  the  South  Atlantia 
Three  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  cast  of  Missis- 
sippi River.  Five  west  of  it.  Name  four  cistern 
br.inclies  of  Mississippi  River.  Five  western  branches. 
Four  southern  branches  of  the  Ohio.  Three  northern 
branches.  Three  western  branches  of  the  Missouri. 
TwobranchesofthcColiimbia.  The  chief  branchof  the 
Colorado.  Two  river*  in  California.  Whatriverfornia 
part  of  the  boundary  l)ct ween  Minnesota  and  Dakota? 


J 


D 


J 


32 


REVIEW  OF   THE    POLITICAL   MAP   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Northern 
Division. 


5.  Rhode  Island. . 


}.. 


.  Providence. 


Middle 
Division. 


Southern 
Division. 


XXXVIII. 

EEVEEW  OF  POLITICAL  MAP  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Bound  the  state.     Name  the  capital.     The  largest  city. 
THE     LOW    HALF. 

ATLANTIC   STATES. 

Capital.  Largest  City. 

1.  Maine Augusta Portland. 

2.  New  Hampshire.   Concord Manchester. 

3.  Vermont Montpelier Rutland. 

4.  Massachusetts. . .   Boston Boston. 

(  Providence  1 
(  Newport 

6.  Connecticut Hartford New  Haven. 

f\.  New  York Albany New  York. 

2.  New  Jersey Trenton Newark. 

3.  Pennsylvania Harrisburg Philadelphia. 

4.  Delaware Dover Wilmington. 

5.  Maryland Annapolis Baltimore. 

1.  Virginia Richmond Richmond. 

2.  North  Carolina.  .  .Raleigh Wilmington. 

3.  South  Carolina.  .  .Columbia Charleston. 

4.  Georgia Atlanta Atlanta. 

-5.  Florida Tallahassee Key  West. 

CENTRAL  STATES. 

1.  Ohio Columbus Cincinnati. 

2.  Indiana Indianapolis  ....  Indianapolis. 

3.  Illinois Springfield Chicago. 

4.  Wisconsin Madison Milwaukee. 

5.  Michigan Lansing Detroit. 

1.  West  Virginia Charleston Wheeling. 

2.  Kentucky Frankfort Louisville. 

3.  Tennessee Nashville Nashville. 

4.  Alabama Montgomery ....  Mobile. 

t5.  Mississippi Jackson Vicksburg. 

1.  Minnesota St.  Paul Minneapolis. 

2.  Iowa Des  Moines  ....  Des  Moines, 

3.  Missouri Jefferson  City . . .  St.  Louis. 

4.  Arkansas Little  Rock. .  . .    Little  Rock. 

L5.  Louisiana .Baton  Rouge.. . . New  Orleans. 


Northern 
Division. 


Southern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


States  of 
the  Plains. 


Rocky 

Mountain 

States. 


Basin 

States. 


Pacific 
States. 


J 


THE     HIOH   HALF. 

WESTERN    or   HIGHLAND   ST.\TES. 

Capital.  Largest  City. 

f  \.  Dakota  T. Bismarck Fargo. 

2.  Nebraska Lincoln Omaha. 

3.  Kansas Topeka Leaven worlli. 

4.  In./ian  T.. . . .  '{'i^i^^m—   Vinita. 

5.  Texas Austin Galveston. 

\.  Montana  T. Helena Helena. 

2.  Wyoming  T. Cheyenne Cheyenne. 

3.  Colorado Denver  ...    ...    Denver. 

4.  AWf  Mexico  T. .  .  .  Santa  Fd Santa  Fe. 

1.  Idaho  T. Boise'  City Bois^  City. 

2.  Nevada Carson Virginia  City. 

3.  Utah  T. Salt  Lake  City. .  Salt  Lake  City. 

4.  Arizona  T. Prescott Tucson. 

Alaska  T. .-^±^'i St.  Paul. 

Washington  T. Olympia Walla  Walla. 

3.  Oregon Salem Portland. 

4.  California Sacramento San  Francisco. 


w 


Mountains. — Where  situated  i 

Appalachian?  White?  Adirondack?  Catskill  ?  Alleghany?  Blue 
Ridge?  Cumberland?  Rocky?  Wahsatch  ?  Sierra  Nevada?  Cas- 
cade ?     Coast  range  ? 

Rivers. —  Where  does  it  rise  ?  In  what  direction  does  it  flow  i  Through 
what  states  t     Into  what  body  of  water  ? 

Atlantic  System. — St.  Lawrence  ?  Connecticut  ?  Hudson  ?  Del- 
aware ?  Susquehanna  ?  Potomac  ?  James  ?  Roanoke  ?  Cape  Fear  ? 
Santee  ?     Savannah  ?     Altamaha  ? 

Gulf  System. — Appalachicola  ?  Mobile  ?  Pearl  ?  Mississippi  ? 
Sabine?     Trinity?     Brazos?     Colorado?     Rio  Grande? 

Mississippi  System. — Yazoo?  Ohio?  Illinois?  Wisconsin?  Min- 
nesota ?     Des  Moines  ?     Missouri  ?    Arkansas  ?     Red  ? 

Ohio  System. — Tennessee  ?  Cumberland  ?  Kentucky  ?  Monon- 
gahela?     Alleghany?     Scioto?    Wabash? 

Missouri  System. — Yellowstone?     Platte?    Kansas? 

Pacific  System. — Columbia?  Willamette?  Snake?  Sacramento? 
San  Joaquin  ?     Colorado  ?     Gila  ? 

Lakes. —  Where  situated  ? 

St.  L.wvRENCE  System. — Champlain  ?  Ontario?  Erie?  Huron? 
Michigan?     Superior? 


LARGEST  CITIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.    (CENSUS  OF  1880.) 


Albany,  N.  Y 00,758 

Allegheny,  Pa 78,682 

Atlanta,  Ga 37,409 

Baltimore,  Md 332,313 

Boston,  Mass 302,839 

Bridgeport,  Conn 27,643 

Brooklyn,  N.Y 566,663 

Buffalo,  N.Y •.  ..  155,134 

Cambridge,  Mass 52,669 

Camden,  N.J 41,659 

Charleston,  S.C 49,984 

Chicago,  111 503,185 

Cincinnati,  0 255,139 

Cleveland,  0 100,146 

Columbus,  0 51,647 

Covington,  Ky 29,720 

Dayton,  0 38,678 

Denver,  Col 35,629 

Detroit,  Mich 110,340 


Elizabeth,  N.  J 28,229 

Erie,  Pa 27,737 

Evansville,  Ind 29,280 

Fall  River,  Mass 48,961 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind 26,880 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . .  32,0 1 6 

Harrisburg,  Pa 30,762 

Hartford,  Conn 42,015 

Hoboken,  N.  J 30,999 

Indianapolis,  Ind 75,056 

Jersey  City,  N.J 120,722 

Kansas  City,  Mo 55,785 

Lawrence,  Mass 39,151 

Louisville,  Ky 123,758 

Lowell,  Mass 59,475 

Lynn,  Mass 38,274 

Manchester,  N.  H 32,630 

Memphis,  Tenn 33,592 

Milwaukee,  Wis 115,587 


Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Mobile,  Ala 

Nashville,  Tenn. . . . 

Newark,  N.  J 

New  Bedford,  Mass. 
New  Haven,  Conn. . 
New  Orleans,  La. . . 
New  York,  N.  Y. . . . 

Oakland,  Cal 

Omaha,  Neb 

Paterson,  N.  J 

Peoria,  111 

Philadelphia,  Pa   .  . 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 

Portland,  Me 

Providence,  R.  I. .  .  . 

Quincy,  111 

Reading,  Pa 

Richmond,  Va 


46,887 

29,132 

43,350 

130,508 

26,845 

62,882 

216,090 

1,206,299 

34,655 

30,518 

51,031 

29,259 

847,170 

150,389 

33,810 

104,857 

27,268 

43,278 

63,600 


Rochester,  N.  Y 89,366 

Salem,  Mass ■.  27,563 

•San  Francisco,  Cal..  . .  233,959 

Savannah,  Ga 36,709 

Scranton,  Pa 45,850 

Springfield,  Mass 33,340 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 32,431 

St.  Louis,  Mo 350,518 

St.  Paul,  Minn .  41,473 

Syracuse,  N.Y 51,792 

Terre  Haute,  Ind 26,042 

Toledo,© 50,137 

Trenton,  N.J 29,910 

Troy,  N.Y 56,747 

Utica,  N.Y 33,914 

Washington,  D.  C 1 47,293 

Wheeling,  W.  Va 30,737 

Wilmington,  Del 42,478 

Worcester,  Mass 58,291 


POLITICAL     UNITED     STATES. 


XXXIX. 

DESCEIPTION. 

1.  The  United  States  consists  of  thirty-eight  states, 
ten  territories,  and  a  federal  district. 

2.  The  population  in  ISSU  was  more  tlmn  50,000,000. 
Over  48,000-000  were  in  the  low  and  fertile  eastern  half 
of  the  country;  and,  of  the  remainder,' about  1,400,000 
were  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3.  The  white  race  numbered  about  43,500,000. 

They  are  chiefly  the  descendants  of  emigrants  from  England,  Ire- 
land, and  Germany.  Negroes  and  mulattoes,  the  descendants 
of  slaves  brought  from  Africa,  nui^bered  nearly  6,500,000.  Of 
Indians  there  were  about  350,000  ;  they  are  nearly  all  in  the 
Western  Highland.     The  Chinese  numbered  about  100,000. 

4.  Agriculture  is  the  leading  industry.  Its  chief  seats  are 
the  Central  and  Atlantic  Plains  and  the  California  Basin. 

Among  the  principal  agricultural  products  are  the 
grains,  which,  in  the  order  of  their  latitude,  are  rice,  maize, 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  barley ;  maize  and  wheat  are  t!ie 
most  abundant.  The  other  chief  products  in  the  same 
order  are  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  hemp,  hay,  and  potatoes ; 
of  these  cotton  is  commercially  the  most  important. 

5.  Grazing  is  an  important  occupation  in  the  agri- 
cultural regions. 

The  prairie  and  the  maize  districts  of  the  Central  Plains  furnish 
lO 


large  quantities  of  live  stoclc,  beef,  pork,  and  wool.  The  chief 
supplies  of  butler  and  cheese  are  from  the  northern  half  of  the 
Eastern  Highland. 

G.  mining  is  an  industry  of  great  and  growing  impor- 
tance. 

The  principal  mines  of  coal  and  iron  are  in  the  Eastern  Highland  ; 
those  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  mountains  of  the  Western  High- 
land ;  those  of  lead  in  Nevada,  Utah,  and  the  valley  of  the  Upper 
Mississippi ;  and  those  of  copper  in  Arizona  and  on  the  shores 
of  Lake  Superior.  -Agriculture,  grazing,  and  mining  supply  most 
of  the  raw  materials  for  manufactures. 

7.  Manufacturing  industry  has  its  chief  seats  in  the 
states  north  of  the  Potomac  and  the  Ohio.  This  is  be- 
cause of  their  abundant  water-power,  fuel,  and  labor. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  cotton  and  woollen  goods, 
leather,  tools  and  machiner}^  flour,  lumber,  and  salt. 

Fishing  Is  a  leading  interest  in  some  of  the  Atlantic 
States. 

8.  Commerce  is  of  two  kinds — dom.estic  and  foreign. 
The  domestic  commerce  of  the  United  States  is  the 
distribution  within  its  own  limits  of  imported  articles  and 
domestic  manufactures  in  exchange  for  agricultural,  graz- 
ing, mining,  and  forest  products. 

9.  Three  great  water  routes  to  the  sea  and  many  lines 
of  railway  are  the  principal  channels  of  this  commerce. 

The  first  water  route  is  by  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  St 
Lawrence  to  the  ocean. 


84 


POLITICAL  UNITED   STATES:    DESCRIPTION. 


The  second  water  route  is  by  the  Great  Lakes,  the  Erie 
Canal,  and  the  Hudson  River  to  New  York.  This  is  the 
principal  commercial  route  of  the  continent. 

The  port  of  New  York  is  reniarkabfe  for  the  peculiar  advantages 
of  its  position  and  for  its  excellent  harbor.  It  is  the  chief  natu- 
ral doorway  to  the  populous  eastern  half  of  the  United  States. 
It  lies  at  the  outlet  of  a  narrow  valley  which  is  the  only  deep 
cleft  and  water-way  entirely  crossing  the  Appalachian  Highland. 
By  the  broad  and  deep  Hudson  and  the  canal  through  the  Mo- 
hawk Valley  it  has  easy  access  to  the  group  of  inland  seas 
known  as  the  Great  Lakes.  By  the  Chaniplain  and  Hudson 
Canal  it  connects  with  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence. 

Through  this  valley  the  tide  of  emigration  from  Europe  and  the 
Atlantic  States  has  rolled  for  more  than  half  a  century,  spreading 
out  over  the  fertile  plains  south  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  changing 
a  wilderness  into  the  home  of  industrious  millions.  As  one  of 
the  results  of  their  industr}',  the  commerce  of  this  region  al- 
ready greatly  exceeds  in  value  the  entire  foreign  coininerce  of 
the  nation. 

The    third  water  route    is  by  the    Mississippi    and  its 

branches  to  New  Orleans.     By  this  route  the  grain,  flour, 

pork,  beef,  coal,  and  machinery  of  the  North  find  a  market 

in  the  Cotton  States,  the  West  Indies,  and  Europe. 

AH  these  water  routes  radiate  from  or  converge  towards  the  low 
plains  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  its  branches,  so  rich  in 
grains  and  live  stock. 


CANAL  AND   LOCKS. 


10.  The  railway  routes  are  much  more  numerous  and 
complicated. 

The  principal  lake-ports,  seaports,  and  other  cities  are  connected 
by  railroads.  These  railroads  and  their  branches  cover  the  low 
half  of  the  country,  and  especially  its  northern  part,  like  a  net- 
work of  iron.  The  navigation  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  is  prevented  for  several  months  of  each  vear  by  ice : 
this  gives  still  greater  importance  to  the  railway  system.  Four 
great  railroads  across  the  Western  Highland  already  unite  the 
commercial  system  of  the  East  with  that  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and 
others  are  in  process  of  construction. 

Thousands  of  vessels  ply  between  the  principal  ports,  and  thus 
complete  the  means  for  the  transportation  of  goods,  passengers, 
and  mails.  This  coasting  trade  is  much  greater  than  the  entire 
foreign  commerce. 


1.11,11  r-HnL:b,E   AND    PILOT-BOATS. 


At  the  entrance  of  harbors,  on  capes,  and  at  dangerous  shoals  of 
the  ocean  and  the  lakes,  the  General  Government  maintains 
light-houses  to  guide  and  warn  vessels  at  night. 

Thousands  of  miles  of  telegraph  wires  convey  the  information  by 
which  this  great  commercial  system  is  regulated,  and  the  news- 
papers promptly  report  the  state  of  distant  markets. 

Domestic  commerce  is  the  chief  means  by  which  the  different  parts 
of  the  United  States  are  firmly  and  peaceably  united  through 
mutual  interests  and  mtitua!  dependence.  It  is  itself  dependent 
upon  the  physical  geography  of  the  country. 

11.  Foreign  coininerce  is  the  exchange  of  commodi- 
ties between  different  countries.  The  foreign  commerce 
of  the  United  States  is  chiefly  with  England,  Germany, 
and  France  in  Europe ;  with  Canada,  the  West  Indies, 
and  Brazil  in  America;  and  with  China  and  Japan  in  Asia. 

12.  The  principal  exports  are  cotton,  breadstuffs, 
provisions,  petroleum,  gold,  and  tobacco.  The  greater  part, 
especially  of  the  cotton,  goes  to  England.  South  America 
and  the  West  Indies  take  large  amounts  of  provisions, 
flour,  lumber,  and  other  manufactures. 

13.  The  leading  imports,  and  the  principal  countries 
from  which  they  come,  are  dry  goods  from  England  and 
France,  sugar  froin  the  West  Indies,  coffee  from  Brazil, 
hides  from  South  America,  tea  from  China  and  Japan,  and 
iron  and  tin  from  England. 

The  greater  part  of  the  foreign  commerce  centres  in  the  sea-ports 
of  the  northern  half  of  the  Atlantic  coast ;  these  have  the  best 
harbors.  At  least  two  thirds  of  all  the  imports  and  nearly  one 
half  of  all  the  exports  of  the  United  States  pass  through  the  port 
of  New  York. 

Other  leading  sea-ports  are  Boston,  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  New 
Orleans,  and  San  Francisco. 

This  foreign  commerce  is  chiefly  carried  on  by  means  of  large 
steam  vessels.  It  is  in  large  part  directed  and  controlled  by 
means  of  several  submarine  telegraph  lines,  tiie  cables  lying 
upon  the  bed  of  the  ocean.  One  line  is  to  England  by  way  of 
Newfoundland  and  Ireland  ;  another  is  to  France  by  way  of 
Massachusetts  and  the  island  of  St.  Pierre,  near  Newfoundland. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  Of  wliat  does  the  United  States  consist? — 2.  Wlmt  w.is  the 
population  in  l,SH(i.'  How  distriljiited ? — 3.  How  many  belonged  to  the  white  r.icc? — 
4.  Wliat  is  the  le.ndinp;  industry  ?  Where  are  its  chief  seats  .'  Name  tlie  grains  in  the 
order  of  tlieir   latitude.      Wliich   are  the  most   abundant?      Name  the  other  chief 


GOVERNMENT   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


35 


products  in  the  same  order.  Which  is  the  most  important  ? — .5.  What  is  said  of  graz- 
ing?—  0.  What  of  mining? — 7.  Where  are  the  chief  seats  of  manufacturing  industry? 
Why?  Name  the  principal  manufactures.  Where  is  fishing  a  leading  interest? — 
8.  How  many  kinds  of  commerce?  What  is  domestic  commerce? — 9.  What  are  its 
principal  channels?  Which  is  the  first  water  route?  The  second?  What  is  said  of 
it?  The  third?  What  is  said  of  it? — 10.  What  is  said  of  the  railway  routes? — 11. 
What  is  foreign  commerce?  With  what  countries  in  Europe  is  the  greater  part  of  the 
foreign  commerce  ?  With  what  countries  in  America  ?  In  Asia .' — 1'2.  Name  the  prin- 
cipal exports.  What  share  is  taken  by  England?  By  South  America  and  the  West 
Indies.' — 13.  What  are  the  chief  imports?     From  what  countries? 

(11.) — 3.  From  whom  are  the  white  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  descended.' 
How  many  negroes?  From  whom  descended?  How  many  Indians?  Where  are 
they?  How  many  Chinese.' — 5.  Where  are  the  chief  supplies  of  animal  food  and  of 
wool  obtained?  Of  butter  .ind  cheese.' — 6.  Where  are  the  principal  coal  and  iron 
mines?  Of  gold  and  silver  ?  Of  lead?  Of  copper?  What  industries  supply  tlie  raw 
materials  for  manufactures? — 9.  What  is  said  of  New  York?  Of  the  valleys  of  the 
Hudson  and  Mohawk?  Of  the  Chami)lain  and  Hudson  Canal?  Of  emigration? 
What  is  one  of  the  results?  From  what  part  of  the  country  do  the  great  w.iter  routes 
radi.ate  ? — 10.  What  is  said  of  the  railroads?  Why  is  the  railroad  system  important? 
What  is  said  of  the  railroads  to  the  Pacific?  Of  the  coasting  trade?  How  does  it 
compare  with  the  foreign  commerce?  What  is  said  of  light-houses?  Of  telegraphs 
and  newspapers?  What  is  said  of  domestic  commerce  ?  Upon  what  is  it  dependent? 
— 13.  Where  does  the  greater  part  of  the  foreign  commerce  centre?  Why?  What 
part  of  the  imports  are  received  at  New  York  ?  Of  the  exports  ?  Name  other  leading 
ports.  How  is  the  foreign  commerce  chiefly  carried  on?  How  is  it  directed  and 
controlled?     Where  are  the  ocean  cables? 


XL. 

GOVERNMENT. 


THE    CAflTUL   AT   WASHINGTON. 


1.  The  General  CJovernineiit  of  the  United  States 
and  the  several  state  governments  are  all  republican,  or 
representative,  in  form. 

The  United  States  is  the  most  extensive  and  powerful 
republic  in  the  world. 

A  republican  government  is  one  under  which  those  who  make  the 
laws  and  those  who  execute  them  are  elected  for  limited  periods 
by  the  people. 

A  state  is  a  division  of  the  United  States,  controlling  its  own 
internal  affairs,  but  united  with  the  other  states  under  the  Gen- 
eral Government. 

A  territory  is  a  portion  of  the  country  not  yet  admitted  as  a  state, 
because  it  has  not  sufficient  population. 

2.  The  General  Government  has  tliree  distinct  depart- 
ments— the  legislative,  the  executive,  and  the  judicial. 

3.  The  legislative  department,  or  Congress,  consists  of 
two  distinct  bodies — the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

lO* 


A  law  is  made  by  the  consent  of  both  Houses  and  the  approval  of 
the  President  of  the  United  States.  If  the  President  returns  a 
bill  without  his  approval,  he  is  said  to  veto  it ;  it  may  afterwards 
become  a  law  if  two  thirds  of  each  House  again  approve  it. 

4.  The  Senate  consists  of  two  members  from  each 
state. 

The  senators  are  chosen  by  the  State  Legislatures,  and  hold  office 
for  six  years.  'I'heir  present  number  is  70.  The  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States  is  the  presiding  officer. 

5.  The  Honse  of  Representatires  consists  of  mem- 
bers chosen  directly  by  the  people  of  the  several  states. 

They  are  the  only  officers  of  the  General  Government  so  chosen. 
They  hold  office  for  two  years.  There  are  at  the  present  time 
325  members,  each  state  being  entitled  to  one  for  every  151,912 
of  its  inhabitants.  The  representatives  elect  one  of  their  own 
number  as  presiding  officer  or  Speaker.  Each  organized  terri- 
tory has  a  delegate  in  this  House ;  he  may  take  part  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  all  matters  relating  to  his  territory,  but  has  no  vote. 

fi.  The  President  of  the  United  States  is  the  chief 

executive  officer. 

The  President  and  the  Vice-President  are  chosen  by  electors.  The 
people  of  each  state  choose  as  many  of  these  electors  as  there 
are  members  of  Congress  from  that  state.  The  President  and 
the  Vice-President  hold  office  for  four  years.  The  President  is 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Army  and  the  Navy.  By  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate  he  appoints  the  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court  and  certain  other  civil  and  military  officers, 
concludes  peace,  and  makes  treaties  with  other  nations. 

7.  The  Supreme  Court,  or  judicial  department,  con- 
sists of  a  Chief-Justice  and  eight  Associate  Judges. 

8.  The  complete  statement  of  the  plan  or  arrangement 
of  the  orovernment  is  called  the  constitution. 

i>.  Each  state  has  a  complete  political  organization  or 
constitution,  similar  in  most  respects  to  that  of  the  United 
States.  It  has  a  Governor  elected  directly  by  the  people, 
a  Legislature  in  two  departments,  and  a  Supreme  Court. 

Neither  the  General  Government  nor  any  state  government  can  make 
a  law  which  is  contrary  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

An  organized  territory  has  a  government  similar  to  that  of  a  state, 
except  that  the  governor  and  the  judges  are  appointed  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  form  of  the  government  of  the  United  States? 
Of  the  several  state  governments?  How  does  the  United  States  compare  with  other 
republics  ? — 3.  How  many  and  wh.at  departments  has  it  ? — 3.  Of  what  does  the  legisla- 
tive department  consist  ?  What  are  they  called  ? — i.  Of  what  does  the  Senate  consist  ? 
— 5.  How  are  the  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  chosen? — 6.  Who  is  the 
chief  executive  oflSccr.' — 7.  Of  what  does  the  Supreme  Court  consist? — 8.  What  is 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.' — 9.  What  is  said  of  the  state  governments? 

(IT.) — 1.  What  is  a  republican  government?  What  is  a  state?  What  is  a  terri- 
tory?— 3.  How  are  laws  made?  When  is  a  bill  said  to  be  vetoed?  How  may  it  af- 
terwards become  a  law.' — i.  How  are  the  senators  cho,sen?  For  how  long  a  time? 
What  is  their  present  number?  Who  is  President  of  the  Senate? — 5.  In  what  par- 
ticular is  the  election  of  tnemliers  of  the  House  peculiar?  How  long  do  they  hold 
office?  How  many  members  are  there  at  the  present  time?  What  is  the  basis  of 
representation?  Who  is  the  Speaker?  What  is  said  of  territorial  delegates? — 6.  By 
whom  are  the  President  and  the  Vice-President  of  the  United  -States  chosen  ?  By 
whom  are  the  electors  chosen?  How  many  are  there?  How  long  do  the  President 
and  the  Vice-President  hold  office  ?  Who  is  the  he.ad  of  the  Army  and  Navy  ?  What 
other  powers  and  duties  has  he  ? — 9.  What  laws  can  not  be  made?  What  can  you  say 
of  territorial  governments  f 


,  lOj^Li 


,4r^-  -or    i' 


\55 


^ 


o 


V 


^ 


•a- 


,yi 


■M'^ 


fV     A^l 


dV /*-$<» 


,-;■  *#5 


iL 


I  H«|ulton> 


fEsn'imsMjGou,'  '■ 


|Mt.  Kafbhdinl 


/;  i   W''iiJ»«.AIbans  ,^fJ 


€"5^1 


LynOnn  j 


•'i^-^ 


ir 


^^^'^0/!luuTc?S^''^C-C!I,'^^     Washington    "^^^ri^ 


\/ 


(jRanddlph 


SkMv°  *'"''  W^ST!/^ 


^' 


™iiv.?jgooM„,^'>a'™^°,,i»W^^^^^^^ 


%: 


Lacoiijii       'eiT    giddeford, 

Kenm-bi 


CAPE  ELIZABEIB 


'"J- 


T'Lat/^a^  KenneljuDkport 


N 


I 


^^ ,^^^ 


[|fewburyport 

■'laveVitHI 


t>J 


Mt.  Evere^ 


Ji'JK'  Wat 

jV-i          MlproqM  Holyd 
'f    \     I       4**^«-,.. r< 


CArE_iNN 
(Gkiucester 


„     -Derry 
JS!*.-. ^lasl 

F,„,,,',?i,£f„'",^:^^?;TOOSTON       s^r 


rblehL'ad 
^LASSACSVSE  TTS 


<V^  "«  dUuuckl. 


3^  XU^      ^^^K^"^'*!'"*/^-^^ 

3fe  /       Kirn.iA.'Trf      Itflew  Havi;n 


V 


<% 


\ 


4 


■?>■,.        qVINKVAUIJI. 


'monomoy  point 


MAP  or  THE 


NORTH  ATLAIN^TIC  STATES. 


WANTUCKEt  I. 


OR 


i  Ix>iigituiUi     ia»t  6  from.    'Wnshiiiitou. 


NEW  ENGLAND. 


lOOSciuart-  AIlli-9- 
Scale  of  'SU\Ke. 


-I — i — I — r 


[O'pyril/fil,  \mh,  hj/  Uarptr  Ji  flfw(/i»rjr.]  — Ri-vuuil  to    Nov.iii.b«r,  lH?t5, 


NORTH    ATLANTIC    STATES:    QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP.— REVIEW  EXERCISES.— DESCRIPTION. 


37 


XLI. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

General. — Name  the  North  Atlantic  States.  Which  is  the  largest? 
Which  is  the  smallest?  Which  has  no  sea-coast?  Which  has  the  most 
broken  coast  ?  What  mountain  system  covers  a  large  part  of  New  Eng- 
land ?  (See  Physical  Map  of  U.  S.,  page  2-5.)  Which  state  has  no 
mountains?  In  what  general  direction  do  the  rivers  flow?  Which  is 
the  largest  river  ?  What  states  does  it  separate  ?  What  states  does  it 
cross  ?    Which  state  has  the  greatest  number  of  lakes  ? 

Maine. — What  river  forms  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Maine  ? 
Vpf  the  eastern  ?  Of  what  lakes  is  it  the  outlet  I  Name  four  other 
principal  rivers.  From  what  lake  does  the  Kennebec  flow  ?  What  bays 
on  the  southern  coast  ?  What  cape  ?  What  island  ?  What  city  on 
Casco  Bay?  On  the  Saco  River?'  On  the  Androscoggin?  On  the 
Kennebec?     On  the  Penobscot?     Which  is  the  capital? 

New  Hampshire. — What  mountains  in  the  northern  part  of  New 
Hampshire?  What  celebrated  peak?  What  lake  near  the  centre  of 
the  state?)  Which  is  the  principal  river  in  the  state?  In  what  state  is 
the  moutli  of  the  Merriniac?  What  three  cities  in  New  Hampshire  are 
on  the  Merrimac?  Which  is  the  capital?  What  sea-port  in  the  south- 
east?   At  the  mouth  of  what  river?     What  city  near  the  Piscataqua? 

Vermont. — What  parallel  forms  the  northern  boundary  of  Vermont  ? 
What  lakes  does  it  cross?  A\'hich  of  these  forms  part  of  the  western 
boundary?  In  what  direction  do  its  waters  flow?  Through  what 
branch  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  What  mountains  in  this  slate?  Into 
what  other  stales  do  they  e.vtend  ?  Name  the  two  highest  peaks  in 
Vermont.     What  town  is  the  capital?     What  city  on  Lake  Champlain' 

1  What  town  north  of  Burlington  ?     What  town  southwest  of  Montpelier  ? 

Massachusetts. — What  two  large  islands  belong  to  the  state  ?     What 

bay  east  ?     What  two  bays  southeast  ?     What  three  capes  on  the  coast  ? 

I  What  peak  in  the  southwest  ?  In  the  northwest  ?  What  two  near  Con- 
necticut River?,  What  river  enters  the  state  from  New  Hampshire? 
VVhat  cities  on  the  Merrimac  ?  Which  of  these  is  a  seaport  ?  '\\hat 
city  is  the  capital  ?  What  city  northwest  of  Boston  ?  What  two  cities 
northeast  ?  What  town  on  Cape  Cod  Bay  ?  What  city  on  Buzzards 
Bay  ?  What  city  northwest  of  New  Bedford  ?  '  What  city  on  tire  Con- 
necticut ?     Midway  between  Springfield  and  Boston  ? 

Rhode  Island. — Name  the  two  capitals  of  Rhode  Island.  On  what 
island  is  Newport  ?  {Rhode?)  On  what  bay  ?  What  two  towns  north 
of  Providence  ?     What  cape  on  the  coast  ? 

Connecticut. — What  water  south  of  Connecticut  ?  What  three  rivers 
enter  it  from  this  state?    What  city  is  the  capital?     What  two  cities 


on  the  Thames  ?    What  two  on  or  near  Long  Island  Sound  ?    What  city 
northwest  of  New  Haven  ?    What  three  cities  near  the  centre  of  the  state? 

Voyages  and  Travels. — What  cities,  capes,  rivers,  and  islands  would 
you  pass  in  a  coasting  voyage  from  Bridgeport  to  Providence  ?  From 
Providence  to  Boston?  Boston  to  the  St.  Croix  River?  Through  what 
cities  by  railroad  from  Bridgeport  to  Boston  by  way  of  Springfield  ?  By 
way  of  Providence  ?  Boston  to  Bangor  ?  Boston  to  St.  Albans  by  way 
of  Nashua? 


XLII. 

EEVIEW  EXEKCISES. 


States. — How  bounikd  I     W/iat  is  the  capital  I     The  largest  city  f 


Area  in      Popi'Iation                „    _ 
S"">=-               |Sq.M,les-      inissu.      |            Stales. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

PopulalioD 
in  ISSu. 

Maine 33,040 

G+8,!)3G  !'  Massachusetts   . 
340,991      Rhode  Island.   . 
332,280   '  Connecticut .  . . 

8,31.-. 
1,250 
4,990 

1,783,085 
27G,531 
622,700 

New  Hampshire. .      9,305 

Cities  and  Towns. — /;/  what  part  of  the  state  i     How  situated? 
AuGUST.\  ?     Portland  ?     Lewiston  ?     Bangor  ?     Biddeford  ? 
Concord  ?     Manchester  ?     Nashua  ?     Dover  ?     Portsmouth  ? 
Montpelier?     Rutland?     Burlington?     St.  Albans  ? 
Boston  ?     Lowell  ?    Worcester  ?     Cambridge  ?     Fall  River  ?     Law- 
rence ?     Lynn  ?     Springfield  ?     Salem  ?     New  Bedford  ?     Plymouth  ? 
Providence?     Newport?     Pawtucket  ?     Woonsocket? 
H.\RTFoRD ?     New  Haven?     Bridgeport?     Norwich?    Waterbury? 

Islands  —  Jl'here  situated? 

Nantucket?      Marthas  Vineyard  ?     Mount  Desert? 

Capes. — J^rom  what  coast  docs  it  project! 
Elizabeth?     Ann?     Cod?    Monomoy  ?    Judith? 

Mountains. —  Where  are  they? 

Green'  \Vhite?  Mount  Washington  ?  Mount  Mansfield?  Mount 
Everett?     Mount  Tom'     Mount  Holyoke? 

Bays,  etc. —  Jl'here  is  it  ? 

Passamaquoddy  ?  Massachusetts?  Cape  Cod  ?  Buzzards?  Narra- 
gansett  ?     Long  Island  Sound  ?     Penobscot  ?    Casco  ? 

Rivers. —  Where  docs  it  rise  ?  In  what  direction  does  it  flow  ?  Through 
li'hat  states  ?     Into  what  body  of  water  1 

St.  John  ?  St.  Croi.v  ?  Penobscot?  Kennebec?  Androscoggin? 
Merrimac  ?     Connecticut  ?     Thames  ?     Housatonic  ? 

Lakes. —  Where  situated?     What  outlet? 

Moosehead  ?     Winnipiseogee  ?     Champlain  ?    Grand  ? 


NORTH     ATLANTIC     STATES. 


XLIII. 

NORTH  ATLANTIC  STATES,  or  NEW  ENGLAND: 
DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Position  and  area. — The  North  Atlantic  States 
extend  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  Lake  Champlain  and 
the  valley  of  the  Hudson.  Their  area  is  about  two  fifths 
of  that  of  California. 

Maine  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  five  other  states  taken  together. 

2.  Surface.  —  The   surface   is  generally  rough,  being 


broken  by  the  mountains  and  numerous  hills  of  this  part 
of  the  Eastern  Highland. 

There  are  two  principal  ridges  forming  the  sides  of  the  long  val- 
ley of  the  Connecticut  River.  The  Green  Mountains,  near  the 
western  border,  are  the  only  continuous  range.  The  irregular 
eastern  ridge  contains  the  White  Mountains,  the  highest  in  New 
England. 

The  Atlantic  shores  are  low  in  the  south,  and  bold  and  rugged  in 
the  east.     They  furnish  many  good  harbors. 

3.  Lakes  and  rivers. — The  lakes  and  rivers  are  very 
numerous.     Some  of  the  lakes  are  celebrated  for  their 


38 


NORTH   ATLANTIC   STATES:    DESCRIPTION. 


beauty.  The  frequent  rapids  and  falls  render  the  rivers 
unnavigable  beyond  a  short  distance,  but  furnish  the  ex- 
tensive water-power  which  has  made  New  England  one  of 
the  greatest  manufacturing  districts  in  the  United  States. 

4.  Climate  and  soil. — The  winters  are  long  and  se- 
vere; the  summers  are  short,  but  hot. 

The  soil  is  stony,  and  not  very  fertile,  except  in  the 
valleys. 

5.  A^ricnltnre. — The  agricultural  products  are  not 
sufficient  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  population. 

The  greater  part  of  the  breadstuffs  and  provisions  used  by  the 
people  of  this  section  is  brought  from  the  Great  Centra!  Plain. 
Large  quantities  of  live  stock  and  wool  are  produced. 

6.  Occnpatioiis. —  Manufactures  and  commerce  are 
the  leading  pursuits. 

The  manufactures  comprise  fabrics  of  cotton,  wool,  leather,  metal, 

and  wood,  together  with  machinery,  tools,  and  other  articles  in 

great  variety. 
The  fire-arms,  cutlery,  sewing-machines,  and  boots  and  shoes  of 

New  England  find  a  market  in  a  large  part  of  the  civilized  world. 

The  forests  of  hemlock  and  pine,  especially  in  the  southeast  of 

Maine,  furnish  valuable  lumber. 

7.  Commerce. — rThe  many  excellent  harbors,  the  com- 
parative nearness  to  Europe,  and  the  abundance  of  ship- 
timber  have  contributed  to  establish  an  extensive  foreign 
commerce. 

The  domestic  commerce  consists  in  the  exchansre  of 
lumber,  marble,  granite,  ice,  and  manufactured  articles  for 
coal,  breadstuffs,  provisions,  and  cotton,  iron,  wool,  and 
other  raw  materials.  For  this  purpose  Southern  New 
England  possesses  more  coasting  vessels  and  more  miles 
of  railroad  than  any  other  equal  area  in  the  United 
States. 

8.  People. — The  people  of  New  England  are  chiefly  of 


English  descent.     They  are  distinguished  for  industry  and 
intelligence,  and  for  the  general  diffusion  of  education. 

The  numerous  colleges,  high-schools,  normal  and  common  schools 
are  unsurpassed  in  excellence  by  any  in  the  Union. 

Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island  are  the  most  dense- 
ly peopled  portion  of  the  United  States. 


SHIP-BUILDING. 


KAILKUAU   HI-  MOUNT  WAliHINUTOH. 


9.  Maine. — Maine,"  the 

Pine-tree  State,"  is  noted 

for    its    ship-building,   for 

its   trade    in   lumber  and 

ice,  and  for  its   excellent 

harbors. 

It  has  more  good  harbors  than  all  the  coast  from  the  Chesapeake 
Bay  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

Portland,  the  largest  city,  is  at  the  termination  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada,  and  is  noted  for  its  ex- 
cellent harbor  and  its  extensive  commerce.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal eastern  gateway  to  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley  in  the 
winter.  Lewiston  is  largely  engaged  in  manufacturing. 
Dangor  is  a  great  lumber  depot.     Augusta  is  the  capital. 

10.  IVeiv  Hampshire. — New  Hampshire,  "the  Granite 
State,"  is  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  lakes  and  for 
the  grand  scenery  of  its  mountains. 

'J'hese  mountains  and  lakes  are  much  visited  by  tourists  in  sum- 
mer. Mount  Washington,  the  highest  peak  of  the  White  Mount- 
ains, is  0288  feet  high  ;  the  view  from  its  summit  is  more  exten- 
sive than  any  other  east  of  the  Mississippi.  Of  the  lakes,  Win- 
nipiseogee,  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  is  the  most  beautiful. 

Concord,  the  capital,  is  famous  for  its  manufacture  of 
coaches  and  wagons.  Manchester,  the  largest  city,  and 
Nashua  are  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  wool- 
len goods. 

The  Merrimac  River  is  said  to  be  more  extensively  used  for  manu- 
facturing purposes  than  any  other  river  in  the  world. 


NORTH    ATLANTIC    STATES:    VERMONT,  MASSACHUSETTS,  RHODE    ISLAND,  CONNECTICUT. 


39 


11.  Vermont. — Vermont,  "  the  Green  Mountain  State," 
is  chiefly  a  grazing  country.  It  is  also  noted  for  its  rich 
quarries  of  marble,  soapstone,  and  slate. 

Rutland  is  the  largest  town.  Burlington,  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  is  a  great  lumber  market.    Montpelier  is  the  capital 

12.  JMassacIinsetts. — Massachusetts,  "  the  Bay  State," 
is  the  third  in  the  Union  in  the  value  of  its  manufactures; 
it  is  also  noted  for  its  extensive  fisheries. 

Its  area  is  less  than  one  thirtieth  of  that  of  Texas.     The  popula- 
tion of  the  two  states  is  nearly  equal. 

Boston,  the  capital,  situated  at  the  head  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  is  the  largest  city  in  New  England.     In  foreign 
commerce  it  ranks  next  after  New  York  and  New  Orleans. 
It  is  the  centre  of  a  railway  system  which  includes  the  Bos- 
ton and  Albany  Railroad  and  many  other  important  lines. 
In  the  suburbs  are  many  beautiful  towns,  large  and  small,  connect- 
ed with  the  city  by  railroads:   such  towns  may  be  called  resi- 
dential /owns,  as  they  contain  the  homes  of  many  thousands  of 
the  mercantile  population  of  the  city. 
It  has  sometimes  been  called  the  "  American  Athens,"  on  account 
of  the  excellence  of  its  literary  institutions. 

Lowell,  Lawrence,  and  Fall  River,  famous  for  cotton 
manufactures ;  Worcester,  a  great  railroad  and  manu- 
facturing centre ;  Cambridge,  the  seat  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, the  oldest  and  richest  in  America ;  Lynn,  famous 
for  its  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes ;  New  Bedford, 
the  first  sea-port  in  the  world  in  the  extent  of  its  whale 
fisheries;  and  Springfield,  containing  the  greatest  arsenal 
in  the  United  States,  are  among  its  chief  cities. 


13.  Rhode  Inland. — Rhode  Island,  the  smallest  state 
in  the  Union,  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  m.anufacture 
of  cotton,  wool,  iron,  and  jewelry. 

This  state  contains  a  limited  supply  of  antiiracite  coal. 


FI:iHiNG-SClluON£IiS. 


A  MANUFACTURING  TOWN. 


Plymouth  is  celebrated  as  the  landing-place  of  the  Pilgrims,  who 

formed  a  settlement  there  in  1G'20. 
Lexington  and  Concord  are  famous  for  the  opening  eng.agements 

of  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  April  19,  17 To. 
1 1 


Providence,  the  second  city  in  New  England,  is  one  of 
the  capitals.  Newport,  the  other  capital,  is  famous  as  a 
summer  resort.  Pawtucket  and  Woonsocket  are  impor- 
tant manufacturing  towns. 

14.  Connecticut. — Connecticut  is  noted  for  a  greater 
variety  of  manufactures  than  any  other  state,  and  for  its 
extensive  coasting  trade. 

New  Haven,  the  seat  of  Yale  College,  is  the  largest  city. 
Hartford,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Connecticut,  is 
the  capital. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  position  of  the  North  Atlantic  Slates.'  How  do 
New  England  and  California  compare  in  size? — 2.  What  is  the  cliav.actcr  of  the  sur- 
face ?  Why  .' — ^5.  What  is  said  of  the  number  of  the  lakes  and  rivers  .'  For  what  are 
some  of  the  l.ikes  celebrated  ?  What  is  the  effect  of  the  falls  and  rapids  of  the  rivers  ? 
Why  are  they  valuable? — 4,  What  is  the  character  of  the  climate?  Of  the  soil.' — 
5.  What  is  said  of  the  amount  of  agricultural  products.' — 0.  What  are  the  leading 
pursuits  .' — 7.  What  is  said  of  the  foreign  commerce  ?  Of  domestic  commerce  ?  Of 
the  number  of  coasting  vessels?  Of  railroads.' — 8.  Of  what  descent  are  the  people 
of  New  England  ?  For  what  arc  they  distinguished? — 9.  For  what  is  Maine  noted? 
Portland?  Uf  what  is  it  the  principal  gateway?  What  is  said  uf  Lcwiston?  Hangor.' 
Augusta? — 10.  New  Hampshire?  Concord?  Manchester  and  N.ashua? — 11.  Ver- 
mont? Rutland?  Burlington?  Montpelier? — 12.  Massachusetts?  Which  is  the 
largest  city  in  New  England?  What  is  its  rank  in  foreign  commerce?  Of  what  is  it 
the  centre  ?  Name  one  of  the  most  important  lines  of  railroad.  Name  some  of  the 
other  chief  cities.  For  what  is  Lowell  noted  ?  Lawrence?  Fall  River?  Worcester? 
Cambridge?  Lynn?  New  Bedford?  Springfield.' — i:l  Rhode  Island?  Providence? 
Newport?    Pawtucket  and  Woonsocket? — U.  Connecticut  ?    New  Haven?    Hartford  ?yl 

(II.) — 1.  What  is  the  relative  size  of  Maine.' — 2.  What  form  the  sides  of  the  Con- 
necticut Valley  ?  Which  is  the  only  continuous  range  ?  What  is  said  of  the  eastern 
ridge?  What  is  the  character  of  the  surface  near  the  Atlantic' — 5.  Where  arc  the 
breadstuff's  and  provisions  obtained  ?  Name  the  chief  grazing  products. — 6.  Name 
some  of  the  principal  manufactures  of  New  England.  The  forest  product — 8.  What  is 
said  of  the  colleges  and  schools?  What  is  said  of  the  population  of  the  three  smaller 
states.' — I).  What  is  said  of  the  harbors  of  Maine  ? — 10.  What  is  said  of  the  mountains 
and  lakes  ?  Of  Mount  Washington  ?  Of  Lake  Winnipiseogee  ?  Of  the  Merrimac 
River.' — 12.  How  does  M.i.ssachusetts  compare  with  Texas  in  area  and  population? 
What  is  said  of  the  suburbs  of  Boston  ?  What  may  these  be  called  ?  What  is  Boston 
sometimes  called?  For  wh.at  is  Plymouth  noted?  Lexington  and  Concord.' — 
13.  What  mineral  in  Rhode  Island? 


LoQ^todfi    AVest    77    from    Gret-nftlch. 


*V<C' 


,j,  , 0      .     Scale  of  Miles     , 

'fV<^'       V     '^  MAP  OF 

^    T   J-    ^    '       I^ONG  ISLAND 


^ 


.,4i; 


\ 


iU 


"^^ 


A 


\r^ 


'swego 

F  niton 


uo'^^Art^ 


Bochester  ^i- 


^ 


:*,        OlenflFaUs. 


/Hill 
J^Fort 
7  Edward. 


•^ara  toga 
^princr   ' 


"^  ■^''^itle  Falls        oGl(.vc^SE^"5 


^ 


Elmira 


I  L«%v-''''  Scienecradi 

'  OUcgo  VfF*  >i\ 

^       J?J^  I         ALBA 

^.        s 


t; 


i. 


-^^   <i 


§   BradTord 


Henovo      ..■>>  *• 


)/ilkesba 


_    ii™Bi:»i^'''e»Hr'el"»tt       /^      '••noing 


route  .^P'VSunl.w         fe!«OT^^'»'^'^21^-^^=^ 


-W^5^5~ 


AUoon:* 


■"^l 


A»^J 


[Wheeling  .5^    ^  ii^^^ 


SchurlldllHaTm^^^^^     Catasru^ia 

Allentowif 

r,^   Lcbnrion 
FilsBURG 


jReading 

PottMownN 


Lancaster 

l&roluHfUia-i 


Bcd;B^^t»         BlUTirh 

©jroN  /    /  ~ 


Falrmmil 

t 

4. 

yj 

( 

/ 

V    If 

r^ 

/ 

#3 

v/ 


S    T/    ()V  fl    R  G    I 


Georgetow^ 

Washington; 

<i  Alc\.iii.lriac; 


YoTK^^fe,  iS"-^    PmladeiDhianmCainden 


tt  City 


fflnUt 


]M  T  D  I)  I.  E 
ATLANTIC   STATES. 


Scale  of  Miles. 


_lft js 


l^ngihiile    AV-ist    2     from    WasldngUin. 


Luiigiiiuic     £u3t 


[rv/-yrt'/t/,  U::,&r  ifc'i-rr  -i  BrUketi.]-Vvv\%^  M  Ftbninry,  IMS. 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC   STATES:  QUESTIONS   ON  THE   MAP.— REVIEW  EXERCISES.— DESCRIPTION. 


41 


XLIV. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

General. — Name  the  states  of  this  group.  Wliich  two  are  the 
largest?  Which  is  the  smallest?  What  mountain  system  covers  a 
large  part  of  the  group  ?  Which  state  has  the  most  mountains  ? 
Which  h.is  none?     Which  state  has  many  hikes? 

New  York. — What  two  large  islands  belong  to  this  state?  What 
strait  between  them?  What  mountains  in  the  north?  The  southeast? 
Tlie  east?  AVhat  river  flows  into  New  York  Bay?  Its  most  important 
branch?  What  two  rivers  partly  separate  New  York  from  Canada? 
What  two  lakes?  Wiiich  way  does  Niagara  River  flow?  \Vhat  falls  in 
that  river?  What  lake  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state?  Name 
four  lakes  in  the  central  part.  What  river  drains  them?  s\Vhat  river 
west  of  the  Oswego?/  \Vh<-tt  river  flows  into  Delaware  Bay?  Chesa- 
peake Bav?  Ohio  River?  What  lake  forms  a  part  of  the  northeastern 
boundary?  What  lake  south  of  Lake  Chaniplain?  What  city  at  the 
month  of  the  Hudson?  On  Long  Island?  Name  the  chief  cities  on 
the  Hudson.  Which  is  the  capital  ?  What  city  at  the  mouth  of  the  Os- 
we20  ?  The  Mohawk  ? ,  On  the  Genesee  ?  Lake  Erie  ?  Near  the  Penn- 
sylvania  line?  \A'!iat  two  cities  between  Elniira  and  Oswego?)  What 
city  east  of  Syracuse?     What  canal  extends  tVom  Albany  to  Buffalo? 

New  Jersey. — What  cape  at  the  southern  point  of  New  Jersey  ?  At 
the  northeast  point?  What  mountains  in  the  northwest?  What  city  is 
the  capital?  On  what  river?  What  city  on  ^the  Delaware  opposite 
Philadelphia?  (\\'hat  six  cities  in  the  northeast) 

Pennsylvania. — \\  hat  parallel  on  the  nortlr?;  What  river  forms  the 
eastern  boundary?  ^ame  its  principal  branches.  Name  the  chief 
mountain  ranges  of  the  state.  What  river  crosses  the  state  ?  Name 
its  chief  branches.  What  river  in  the  western  part  ?  What  two  rivers 
form  the  Ohio?  What  ci(y  on  the  Delaware  ?  pn  the  Schuylkill  ?  On 
the  Lehigh  ?  AVhat  two  on  the  Susquehanna  ?  i  What  one  on  its  west 
branch?  VVhich  is  the  capital  ?  What  city  near  Wilkesbarre^  ^Between 
Harrisburg  and  Philadelphia  ?  ^  What  two  cities  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio  ? 
What  one  on  Lake  Erie?     Between  Pittsburgh  and  Harrisburg? 

Delaware. -=^What  river  flows  into  Delaware  Bay?  What  cape  op- 
posite Cape  May?  What  city  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state?  What 
city  is  the  capital  ? 

Maryland. — What  river  separates  Maryland  from  Virginia?  What 
federal  district  on  that  river?  What  mountains  in  the  state?  In  what 
part?  What  great  bay  divides  the  state  into  two  parts  ?  What  two  cities 
on  or  near  the  bay?  Which  is  the  capital?  [What  city  west  of  Balti- 
more ?     Near  the  western  border  ?  ^ 

District  of  Columbia. — What  large  city  in  the  District  of  Columbia? 
What  is  Washington?     What  suburb  has  it? 


Voyages  and  Travels. — In  sailing  from  Troy  to  Brooklyn,  what  towns 
would  you  pass  ?  What  cities,  capes,  bays,  etc.,  from  Jersey  City  to  Phil- 
adelphia? Philadelphia  to  Baltimore?  What  by  raiboad  from  New 
York  to  Washington  by  way  of  Trenton  ?  Philadelphia  to  Erie  ?  Phila- 
delphia to  Pittsburgh?     Pittsburgh  to  Annapolis? 


XLV. 

REVIEW  EXERCISES. 

States. — How  bounded  1     What  is  the  capitall     The  largest  city? 


Suies. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Population 
in  ISWl. 

Area  in 
S""*^                 Sq.  Miles. 

Population 
in  ISSO. 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania. . . 

49,170 

7,815 
4.5,215 

5,082,871 
1,131,116 
4,282,891 

Delaware '     2,0.-.0 

Maryland 12,210 

Dist.  of  Columbia.  1           70 

146,608 
934,943 
177,624 

Cities  and  Towns. — ///  -what  part  of  the  state  7     How  situated! 

Albany?  New  York  ?  Brooklyn?  Buffalo?  Rochester?  Troy? 
Syracuse  ?     Utica  ?     Auburn  ?     Oswego  ?     V  Imira  ? 

Trenton  ?  Newark  ?  Jersey  City  ?  Paterson  ?  Camden  ?  Hobo- 
ken  ?     Elizabeth?' 

Harrisburg?  Philadelphia?  Pittsburgh?  Allegheny?  Scranton? 
Reading  ?     Erie  ?     Lancaster  ?' 

Dover  ?    Wilmington  ? 

Annapolis?     Baltimore?  (Cumberland  ?     Frederick? 

Washington  ?     Georgetown  ? 

Islands. —  Where  situated? 
Long  ?     Staten  ? 

Capes. — Frotn  what  coast  does  it  project? 
Sandy  Hook  ?     May  ?     Henlopen  ? 

Mountains. —  Where  are  they  ? 
Adirondack  ?     Catskill  ?      Highlands  ? 
carora  ?     South  ? ' 


Blue  ?    Alleghany  ?     Tus- 


Bays. —  JVhere  is  it? 

New  York  ?     Delaware  ?     Chesapeake  ?     Long  Island  Sound  ? 

Rivers.  —  JVhere  does  it  rise  ?  In  what  direction  does  it  flo^o  1 
Through  what  states  ?    Into  what  Iwdy  of  water  ? 

Hudson?  Mohawk?  Delaware?  Schuylkill?  Susquehanna?  Al- 
leghany?    Potomac?    Genesee?     Monongahela?     Oswego? 

Lakes. —  U 'here  situated ?      What  outle'  ? 

George  ?  Oneida  ?   fcayuga  ?   Seneca  ?   Canandaigua  ?   Chautauqua  ? 


MIDDLE     ATLANTIC     STATES. 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC  STATES:  DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Area. — The  area  of  the  Middle  Adantic  States  is 
more  than  twice  that  of  New  England. 

2.  Sarrace. — The  greater  part  of  this  group,  being 
situated  within  the  mountain  region  of  the  Eastern 
Highland,  has  a  rough  surface.  The  principal  mountain 
ranges  are  the  Adirondack  and  the  Catskill  in  New  York, 
and  the  Blue  and  the  Alleghany  in  Pennsylvania. 

12 


The  mountains  lie  in  the  great  forest  belt  ;  they  are  covered  with 
pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  and  other  evergreens  in  the  north,  and 
with  deciduous  trees  in  the  south.  The  only  lowlands  are  a  nar- 
row belt  on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  another  on  the  Atlantic,  con- 
nected by  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  the  Mohawk. 

3.  Climate. — The  winters  are  long  and  severe  in  the 
Adirondack  region,  but  milder  in  the  south ;  the  summers 
are  hot. 

4.  Agriculture. — Potatoes  and  all  the  grains  except 
rice  are  produced  in  large  quantities,  but  the  population 
is  so  large,  and  so  many  are  engaged  in  mining,  manu- 


42 


MIDDLE   ATLANTIC    STATES  :    DESCRIPTION.-NEW  YORK,  NEW  JERSEY. 


facturing,  and  commerce,  that  all  of  these  states  except 
Maryland  buy  a  large  part  of  their  breadstuffs. 

5.  9Iinerals. —  Iron  is  abundant  in  all  the  states  of 
this  group  except  Delaware,  coal  in  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland,  zinc  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  salt  in 
New  York,  and  petroleum  in  Pennsylvania. 

t).  Maniiractnres. — In  the  value  of  its  manufactured 
articles  this  group  of  states  ranks  first  in  tlie  Union, 
The  falls  of  the  numerous  rivers  which  drain  the  high- 
land, and  the  abundant  coal,  give  unusual  advantages  to 
this  form  of  industry. 


Mississippi,  excluding  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  California.  The 
common-school  system  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  United  States. 
The  cataract  of  Niagara,  in  the  Niagara  River,  is  the  grandest  water- 
fall in  the  world,  'i'he  water  from  the  broad  basin  of  four  of  the 
Great  Lakes  here  fiills  over  a  precipice  104  feet  high,  producing 
a  scene  of  wonderful  sublimity. 

The  City  of  New  York,  sometimes  called  the  Metro- 
politan City,  is  the  richest  and  most  populous  city  in 
America. 

It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  commerce,  the  number  of  its  mag- 
nificent hotels,  banks,  churches,  and  private  dwellings,  and  for  its 
Central  Park.  In  1880  only  two  cities  of  Europe — London  and 
Paris — exceeded  it  in  population. 


FRC^.     BROOKLYN    HEIGHTS. 


r.  Commerce. — The  Middle  Atlantic  States  are  the 
principal  commercial  section  of  the  Union. 

.  The  chief  routes  of  the  vast  domestic  commerce  of  this 
group  of  states  are  Hudson  River,  the  Erie  Canal,  the  New 
York,  Lake  Erie,  and  Western,  and  the  New  York  Central 
and  Hudson  River  Railroads,  in  New  York ;  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Bays,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  in  Penn- 
sylvania ;  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  in  Maryland  ; 
and  the  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad  in  New  Jersey. 

Into  these   few  channels  are   gathered  the   extensive 
coasting  trade  and  the  immense  system  of  railway  and 

river  lines  of  the  West  and  South. 

The  three  great  bays  and  the  excellent  harbors  of  the  Atlantic  coast, 
the  navigable  rivers,  and  the  easy  access  to  Europe  and  to  the 
rich  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Great  Lakes,  give  remark- 
able advantages  both  for  foreign  and  domestic  commerce.  The 
Hudson  is  navigable  to  Troy,  the  Delaware  to  Trenton,  and  the 
Potomac  to  Georgetown. 

8.  New  York.  —  New  York,  "the  Empire  State,"  is 
the  first  in  the  Union  in  population,  wealth,  and  com- 
merce. 

Its  population  in  1P80  was  more  than  a  million  greater  than  that 
of  New  England,  and  equal  to  that  of  all  the  states  west  of  the 


Brooklyn,  the  third  city  of  the  United  States,  is  closely 
connected  with  New  York  by  the  largest  suspension  bridge 
in  the  world  and  by  many  short  ferries.  The  two  really 
constitute  one  great  city. 

There  are  also  many  other  manufacturing  and  resideittitil  toiviis  con- 
nected with  New  \ork  by  rivers  and  railroads.  So  numerous  are 
tliese  towns  that  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  within  a  circle  of 
thirty  miles'  radius  around  New  York  is  not  less  than  2,500,000 ; 
the  population  of  the  city  itself  by  day  is  at  least  1,500,000. 

Among  other  important  places  are  Buffalo,  on  Lake 
Erie,  the  third  city  of  the  state,  and  Albany,  the  capital 
and  fourth  city;  these  are  important  depots  of  grains 
and  other  produce;  Buffalo  also  supplies  large  quanti- 
ties of  the  anthracite  coal  of  Pennsylvania  to  the  Lake 
States  and  Canada.  Syracuse  is  noted  for  its  salt-works ; 
Rochester,  Oswego,  Troy,  Utica,  Auburn,  and  Cohoes  for 
water-power  and  manufactures.  The  village  of  West 
Point,  beautifully  situated  on  the  Hudson,  is  the  scat  of 
the  United  States  Military  Academy, 

9.  Xew  Jersey. — New  Jersey,  lying  betn-ccn  the  great 
cities  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  is  largely  engaged 
in  market-gardening  and  fruit-raising. 

Newark,  the  largest  city;  Jersey  City,  a  suburb  of  New 


MIDDLE   ATLANTIC    STATES:   PENNSYLVANIA,  DELAWARE,  MARYLAND. 


43 


York;   Paterson,  at  the  Passaic  Falls;  and  Trenton,  the 

capital,  are  extensively  engaged  in  manufacturing. 

10.  Pennsylvania. — Pennsylvania,  "the    Keystone 

State,"  is   remarkable   as   the  chief  mining  state  in   the 

Union.     It  produces  one  half  of  the  iron,  nearly  all  of 

the  petroleum,  and  about  two  thirds  of  the  coal  mined  in 

the  United  States. 

The  coal  of  this  state,  with  that  of  Maryland,  supplies  domestic 
fuel  and  the  steam-power  of  vessels,  locomotives,  and  factories 
for  a  large  part  of  the  United  States.  The  abundance  of  fuel 
and  iron  shapes  the  industries  of  its  leading  cities. 

Philadelphia  is  the  second  city  of  the  United  States  in 
manufactures  and  population,  and  the  fifth  in  foreign 
commerce. 

It  also  has  an  extensive  domestic  commerce,  and  is  the  greatest 
coal  depot  in  America.  It  is  noted  for  its  Fairmount  Park,  its 
well-supplied  markets,  and  its  abundance  of  cheap  and  comforta- 
ble dwellings  :  it  is  sometimes  called  the  "  City  of  Homes."  Its 
most  famous  public  building  is  the  State  House,  where  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  was  adopted,  July  4,  1776. 


ttsburgh,  the  second 
of  the  state,  is  the 
chief  centre  of  the  iron 
interest,  and  is  one  of  the  greatest  petroleum  markets  in 
the  world.  It  has  a  large  trade  with  the  Mississippi  \'al- 
ley  in  bituminous  coal,  glass,  iron,  and  machinery.  Alle- 
gheny is  the  third  city  in  the  state. 

Scranton,  Pottsvillc,  and  Wilkcsbarre  are  large  "coal" 
towns  in  the  anthracite  region,  which  has  numerous  rail- 
ways and  canals  for  the  transportation  of  this  product. 
Harrisburg  is  the  capital. 

11.  Delaware. — Delaware  is  the  smallest  state  in  the 

Union  except  Rhode  Island,  and  is  noted  for  its  fruit  trade. 

VVilmino;ton,  the  chief  citv,  is  noted  for  the  construction 


COAL -.Ml. Mi. 


of  iron  ships,  and  for  its  manufacture  of  gunpowder  and  a 
great  variety  of  other  articles.     Dover  is  the  capital. 

12.  Maryland. — Maryland  is  noted  for  its  mild  cli- 
mate, and  for  its  production  of  tobacco,  coal,  and  iron. 

The  peninsula  between  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlan- 
tic is  the  great  peach-growing  district  of  the  United  States. 

Baltimore  is  the  sixth  city  of  the  United  States  in  for- 
eign commerce  and  the  seventh  in  population. 

It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  tobacco,  canned  fruit,  and  oysters. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  a  trunk  railway,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  which 
connects  it  with  St.  Louis,  and  with  Chicago  and  other  lake-ports. 

Annapolis,  the  capital,  is  the  seat  of  the  Naval  School 

of  the  United  States. 

13.  Distriet  of  Colombia. — The  District  of  Colum- 
bia, situated  on  the  Potomac,  has  an  area  of  seventy 
square  miles.  It  contains  Washington,  the  capital  of 
the  United  States. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  area  sf  this  gr»up? — 2.  What  is  the  character  of 
its  surface?  Why?  Name  the  principal  mountain  ranges. — 3.  What  is  the  character 
of  its  climate? — 4.  What  are  the  agricultural  products?  What  is  said  of  the  bread- 
stuffs? —  .5.  What  and  where  are  the  chief  minerals?  —  G.  What  is  said  of  the  manu- 
factures? Of  the  natural  advantages  for  manufacturing? — 7.  What  is  said  of  the 
commerce?  Name  the  principal  routes.  What  is  said  of  them? — 8.  For  what  is  the 
State  of  New  York  remarkable?  The  City  of  New  York?  What  is  said  of  Brook- 
lyn and  the  suspension  bridge?  For  what  is  IJuff.do  noted?  Albany?  Syracuse? 
W'est  Point?  What  cities  are  noted  for  water-power  and  manufactures? — 'J.  What 
are  the  chief  occupations  in  New  Jersey?  What  cities  are  engaged  in  manufacturing? 
Which  is  the  largest  city?  The  capital?  — 10.  For  what  is  Pennsylvania  noted? 
What  is  said  of  its  mineral  products?  For  what  is  Philadelphia  noted?  For  what 
is  Pittsburgh  noted?  Which  is  the  third  city  in  the  state?  Which  are  the  coal- 
towns?  What  city  is  the  capital?  —  II.  What  is  the  comparative  size  of  Delaware? 
For  what  is  it  noted?  Wilmington?  What  city  is  the  capital? — 12.  For  what  is 
Marvlnnd  noted?  What  is  said  of  the  peninsula?  lialtimore  ?  Annapolis? — 13. 
What  is  the  area  of  the  District  of  Columbia  ?     What  city  does  it  contain? 

(ir.)  —  2.  In  what  belt  do  the  mountains  lie?  With  what  are  they  covered? 
Where  are  the  lowlands? — 7.  What  are  the  commerci.il  advantages  of  this  section? 
How  far  is  (he  Hudson  navigable?  The  Dekiware  ?  The  Potomac?  —  8.  What  is 
said  of  the  popnlation  ?  Of  the  common-school  system?  Of  the  Falls  of  Niagara? 
For  what  is  New  York  City  noted  ?  What  is  said  of  its  population  ?  Of  the  manu- 
facturing and  residential  towns  ? — 10.  Of  the  coal  of  Pennsylvania  ?  What  determines 
the  industries  of  the  leading  cities?  What  is  said  of  Philadelphia?  For  what  is  it 
noted  ?  What  is  it  sometimes  called?  What  is  its  most  famous  public  building.' — 1 1. 
What  is  said  of  the  trade  of  Baltimore  ?     Of  what  great  railway  is  it  the  terminus  ? 


44 


ATLANTIC    AND   CENTRAL   STATES:   QUESTIONS    ON    THE   MAP.— REVIEW   EXERCISES. 


H 
H 
H 


^ 


^ 

_ 

r/j 

"5^ 

W 

tZ2 

1— 1 

C3 

rt 

^ 

M 

t*: 

M 

S 

H 

0-. 

^ 

■Kj 

M 

S 

1— 1 

t> 

■^ 

H 

pci 

?> 

5 


t^  o 

S5 

«   t* 

cc 

•=s 

•.^  ^ 

« 

.^  h-;  ! 

« 

^i 

CO     X 

M 

Cl    " 

s:i 

l-= 

i.*: 

™  — ■" 

X  r 

c   S 

C    O 

o 

o  o 

CO    o 

o    - 

S2 

Tl    X 

^1 

<c^ 

rt 

--       3 

Z  X 

« 

in 

:   S. 

rt    — 
E  '35 

y 

en 

>  S 

;= 

u 

^  u: 

<  s 

..•5    O 

O    CO    . 

j-j 

■2  => 

f5£ 

t- 

CO    o 

jj 

cf   3^ 

rf  cT 

<2 

Cl 

ir:    oi 

a. 

_^ 

0^ 

c  S 

C     O 

o 

>;:   c 

lo 

*-^- 

-*    10 

CO 

O    lO 

^2 

rt 

5i 

.2    o 
MO 

.2    rt 

<! 

>:z 

X 

O  fe  1 

s 

X 

^ 

< 

c 

o 

<^-. 

bJO 

W 

^ 

3 

^ 

J3 

CJ 

';j 

o 

2: 

V, 


<; 


a 
& 


bJi 

3 


C     3 


3 

£ 

_3 

O 

U 


c 
o 


ii  <5 


U 


3 


c 
o 

o  ^. 

tt 

11    rt 

;; 

rt     c 

— 

SI    n 

^ 

^    S 

^-" 

Crt 

/%.. 

o-. 

<  '^- 

s  ^ 

w 

^  < 

J 

J   ij 

< 

O     H 

f^ 

CJ   < 

^     L*z 


c 
o 


b    c 


o 


I  Ls'li 


CJ    bf:^ 


g^ 


rt 


J  -a 


3 

o 


^    g 

<    < 


o 

c 


o 


t/j 

o 
o 

c 


5 


W 

1-1 
►4 

> 


rt 


OJ 

in 


O 


o 
o 

H 
2 

O 


O 

U 


Pm 


S  <  -  _ 


z 

o 

CJ 

< 


14 


3 
O 

o 


1^ 


S^. 


rii 


cu 


1) 


tS    —     r! 

O    U     C 

rt 

U 


_rt 


c 
o 


-a 
c 

rt 


t''^  6 


Pi 


fej  < 


.2  -^  " 
'S  ■-,  \~. 


•a 

c 

3   '^• 

O   T3 

3 


CO  _CJ 

I- 

—     <LJ 


Si  rt 


-         o   o  _    . 


o      .5 


"S 


CI 

c 
'o 


i-^ 


c« 


S 


^    1— >n..     o 


0    <u  <; 


S 


o   o 

p   T3 


S    ?:    S         --•    <" 


11 

0 

rt 

"rt 

E 

r  •» 
/v. 

rt 
Si 
rt 

< 

5 

0 

rt 

C 

r: 
< 

OJ 

c 

rt 

a> 

!>-l 

0 

0) 

tf  s  ;:^  = 


-^       E   guu 


c 
o 


u 

"(J 
o 

O   "•• 

J3     rt 

rt  « 

U  <! 
<u   o 


dJ     £1. 


_o 


Ji    O  " 
O    4-    a 


i„    ^    i"    rt 


0 

I) 

J3 

3 

n 

0 

[ft 

u 

tn 

a 

-a 

rt 

c 

0 

1) 


III 
c    o 
°    k    u 

'->    rt 


.1^  '^-  o 

«  tr  " 

rt  u  w 

1)  >  rt 


en    3 
"rt 


3^t*-  -n 
c    o 

rt  n 

=:  •£  o 

in   V.  ':!: 

—   . .   o  <-| 


rt    V, 


rt  s:, 


_^  j::  .^    -yi  XI 


C3 
O 


rt     rt 


71      rt     '*- 


rt 


0)    O    i;    u 


1;  _rt    "^  -C 


h   o 


o   o 

I-  _ 
(u  c 
>    >- 

en 

•7;  ■" 
rt     > 

Q.   ^ 

C    ~ 


O.     O        rt       ^ 


0 

rt 
C 

4-> 

rt 

c 

(n 

?: 

s 

.c 

r^. 

0 

'^ 

rt 

rt 

c 

=§ 

■5, 

rt 

rt 

fll 

j:3 

(J 

j:    E 
1     >" 


•s  ^ 

><  JJ 


rt 

1)  ■-* 


>-:0 


i;  ?;  -  t:  c  c«  -ii 


+3   rt 

ta  ■  — 


.2 


;n     O 


3  .S    biS  « 


o  s 

en  O 

OJ  r- 

"0  3 


O     ri 


IS    en 
o    rt 

^   -3 


o 

en 


w    rt 

rt  — 


»j    1) 


rt  ^ 
If 


rt       -r: 


•*-'  ^    o 
o  'q,-S 

•B  SO 

OJ 


I     rt., 
OJ      5 


o   <u  "•• 

>    bX)  in 


^ 

c 

0 
q=; 

;:; 

rt 

J3 

C  ) 

rt 

p 

11 

.ti 

H 

<u 
tn 

j:3 

« 

«j 

o 

fe  o 

r^  en 

\;2  OJ 


-     W  Ji 


.*_ 

i^ 

en 

0. 

V 

0) 

0 

ri 

0 

1-, 

.4-) 

0 

-C 

rt 

J3 

c 

en 

:S 

■^ 

"" 

c 

0 

.?o 


fc-    ■*-;    ^    OJ 


,3  «  ?: 


^^ 
.S- « 

en     OJ 

_en     ^ 

*en  s^ 

e/)     4-i 

■^     en 
aj 


c 
rt..     c 

T3  ,=" 


OJ    rt 

■2  W 


E-i 


,3     >- 
.3-S    ^^-S 


OJ  r^ 

en   ~i 


n  ^ 
rt  ■" 

X2     en 
rt     fU 

■<  -a 

O     rt 
en   JZ 

.>    O 


§2  ^9: 

■—  .>     CI, 

"  "^  s 

5^    rt  <IJ    *^ 

X2  -3     en 

OJ    O  rt   ?- 


-S        eu  '-H  -j; 


.J3 — -V     en    e^i-*/"-- 
-  .    rt..-    rt     S  ,  -      OJ 

<u  ^    O  rt.    U 


o 

P     en     en 


aj 


en    OJ    o 


0  . 

rt    V 


2  rt 

-D    -3 


CJ     u 

x:    rt 


'V      -^       :?  ell 


'.   o 


CJ  J- 

"^S  3  3  -J 

o5  S  0 

tC  f=5  Xi  C 


._•  '^-  o 

e^      CJ  ■*-* 

r^      CJ  3 

.-Xl  I— ' 


_tn     p     elJ 
S     5     rt 

ent^^ 

jr.    -   C 


■u 


^  .9-  c 

n     en    o 
^     tn    'j\ 

>^'^  -7- 

^     en    O 

^     eii     r\ 


en 


"    rt 

5^    O  S 

•=    g  Ji 

cj^  - 

rt    (U  o 


a.  S  -^ 
&  >   1- 


"  .3   ° 

S  S  rt 

^„  .3 

C  £: 


o 

S    o      ^ 


t;  CJ  -Q 

rt  £  15 

<u  o 

en    (-  »r-i 

-a  S  '^ 

5   tp  E 

rt    E  o 

«-^  £ 

GJ     en  Hh 

Ci.  rt 

'jT  E  ."E 

^    o  -° 

>  .i:  c 

be  0 


rt  CJ  rt. 

5  E  S 

en  O  u 

CJ  P-H  j- 

O  ~Z 


^    c  < 


rz    o 

rt.     rt     ^ 

be  I-  fi. 

.E   >> 

1:  -^  — 

CJ     •^    3 

o    -    - 


XI    3   rt.. 

I  K  I 

CJ 


E 

rt.. 

(.' 

\~ 

..J 

J3 

rt.. 

rt 

rt 

5^ 

^f 

0 

0 

0 

+-> 

3 

M 

t/: 


O     p 


o 

I-  rt  •" 

CJ  ^  rt 

«*>  1^  ^         QD 


rr   o"  rt 


3    rt 


> 
Eh     " 

CQ 

CD 


s  «  ^ 

E    0    !* 
/v.    tn    TZ 


CJ    >>  o 


rt  U 

t:  c    o 

^  'o    >, 

■^  3    rt 

>  E^ 

I  8  2 

•^  5  j: 

j2  £  rt 

"  rt    E 


"  XI 


O  Ph 

^  8 


to 
o 

o 

c 


.  ,     CJ  r..^ 

.„    —    ._  o     .. 

!2     3    .&■ 


&o  c 

O  '_ 

o 


>U  > 
2^co 
rt  °  P 


2cj 

c  2 

2   .- 
rt    s/;  rt 


^  •■=;  >  o 


i3  ^  fii 


c 
rt 
> 
rt 


H 
H 

t> 

'A 


PL) 

H 
tx| 
E-t 

o 

CQ 
52i 
O 
t— I 
E-i 
CQ 
W 
1=) 


tn    CJ  u 

■3    CJ  'r^ 

--^  rt 

"^     CJ  J3 

•a  T3  3 

CJ  ■>  o 

■Jl      ID  '^ 

IJ    _Q  -G 

Ji   Ji  o 


CJ     CJ     en 

x:  .p    CJ 


s    rt 
x; 

1^ 


rt 


en    rt    ■" 


3    b/5 
3     3 

^  £ 

0)  J3 


2^8 


tS  ^  rH    O 


3     O 
O  ^ 


CJ    -3 
CJ    rt  ^ 


CJ 


u 


=    rt    rt 

"l-      r-    "rt 


tn    1) 

S  o 

bJO-eO 


CJ     4J 


>^ 

rt  . 

0 

0 

■^ 

^ 

n. 

'rt 

1) 

'i 

"^ 

t/i 

n 

qj 

^ 

z 

C3 

>. 

>, 

w 

tn 

u: 

'< 

X 

r3 

n 

u 

|_ 

"^r 

u 

ji: 

u 

iJ 

bi 

■^ 

O 

3 


CJ  — 

x:  3 

■"  o 

tn  'Si 

4-.  CJ 

rt  x: 


Ji     0     CJ 


O    rt     - 


13      3    ^ 

»H     I— I 

OJ  O 

O    rt.. 

'^     rt 


CJ   — 

C/3  — 


■1!- 

•2   «  Ji 

o    ell's 

CJ       4-. 

-    rt  ■— ' 

^  |o 

■g  ^  rt. 

o  »Ih    tn 

5  '3 
bjo-^-   5 

^   ~     3 

■550 
x:  o  c 
w    en    c 


J3    . 


flj   •^t 

r.  « 


P5   S 


CJ   ' 

bc 


S.     rt 

li:   CJ 
rt  ja 


tn 

CJ 

CJ 

> 

P4 

n 

rt 

x: 

•0 

ri 

en 

CJ 

0 

x: 

rt 

>   S: 


^-     rt 

CJ  x: 


4-J      4-)       r-"      4-»     rt.. 

rt    rt  V)    rt    en 


o 

CJ 

S  >2 


!-.•-'>?- 


3   X3 


*-•    "-^      tU 


•f^  r-  — .  .ii    rt    c 


^5 

E  '^ 
o 


rt     /^     *— 


O 


"      CJ 


4-.    rt 

I    "^ 
f^  ■-    rt 

>-.  tn   to 

3   "^^ 


<U   -3 


x:   'C   X^     CJ     ^ 


t^   E  'o 

rt  3 

>.•-  i 
«    4-. 

•2  «  rt 

rt    fi  — 

CJ    CJ   > 

f      CL  >-* 

bo  rt. 


3 
O  ^ 

?^ 

rt 
J-  ^. 

•-^    tn 

CJ 

3 


—      4_,       O 
< 

CJ 


rt     3   -O 


O    c 


^  if  ^  o 


■a^s 


.i:    o 


-  «   ^  £ 

rt       —       —  O 

£  s;  pq  -a 

2       <"  c 

5<,v  -=  o 

»■      4-  .- 

<   £    c  o 

!=.    CJ  CJ 

CJ     3     CJ  I- 

-  rt    S:  x: 


CJ    *-   •— .  ij     '-'     -1 


CJ   X3     S 

x;    ^  -^ 

,  -    CJ    :s 


o    u 


C    rt 

fc  x: 


'-'  ■:i   til's  K  "5^ 


P5 
eu 

-.    ■£  .S  i;  5 


S  ^      (^ 

rt  in    ? 

CJ  3  -^ 

'^  4-J     ^4 


CJ 

CI4 


u  fe  ■£" 

4..    D     " 


O     <u 

^  -^    .^    ^    o 

4.J      *-*     "4     ,,   .       1-^ 


3     rt 


Tn.i    ♦-        °    &4 


■4-1  *-"        4-4 


t/jr- 


-  •§  ^    S 

.<-,  "*i  ;= 
O^-g"  rt 

rt.  "^^ 
ii  ^.  r 
-^  ■§  ►£ 


:Z 


fc/o.^ 


,  XI 
,    en 


^  ^ 

(^-j; 


3     3    T3 


rt 

'In  53 

-d  >. 

3  CJ 

ra  X3 


CJ  rt 
> 

■r  3 

"-  rt 

4-.  CJ      r-    !^ 


1) 

a,  4-. 

rt 
U 


00 


f>  S 


o 


1-    ^    rt 
4-.  O 


m  s 


1)        1     a) 
3     3  x: 


rt  ^   - 


t;    o    en 

-O    rt    rt 

E  ■-  '^ 
rt  ■—-  •  — 

en    O  _ 


CJ 


'^  O    a 


;j    CJ 


^^  QJ 

3  fe 

CJ 

Z  o 


tn 


o    5 


o 


O     3 
'^    O 


3^0 

■5  .5  B 


2  > 
rt  " 

CJ  -a 


'^      r*  "^ 

.2  z  -^ 

.3    3  rt 

bJj—  tn 
■  «    >-<  CJ 

!>   .3  1^5 

:  '^    (J  CJ 

■  ^  J  »J 

;    u    9  a 


to  rt 

^j    3 


O 

o 


s   o 
•S   c 


fe  Pi  -£ 


15 


bt' 


,—      E      O 

rtOU 


o 

en    ^^ 

.—         1_      ^4-1 

■S    S3    o 


o. 


x:    o 


^   £ 


^.    3 

o    c    S 
5  2° 


St.:: 


xa   rt 


rt  73 

~      CJ 


U-     CJ       ' 

O    bxj  S 


o 
o 


rt  <•  V  x: 


3  r^ 
X3 


■"    rt  x: 
E    </)  O 

5   S   5i 


3  -^         P  — 


CJ  c 
■5;  3 
rt  rt 
CJ  > 
ri 
CJ   C/3 


o  -3   ==      ■:=   CJ  > 


X.    w        tn 


O  j: 


•r  P 
•3  rt 
o    > 


rt 
O 


.00   H   I-  x; 


U 


■&rt   §^ 

S  &  ■"  '^• 

CJ 

o  ■ 


§  b 

.^     ri 

CO 

4J         O 
rt       ^ 

3 

!.< 
OJ 


rt    5 

E  -3 


46 


ATLANTIC    AND   CENTRAL   STATES.— ATLANTIC    STATES:    SOUTHERN    DIVISION. 


ATLANTIC    AND     CENTRAL    STATES 

SOUTHERN    DIVISIONS. 


XLIX. 

ATLANTIC  STATES:  SOUTHEEN  DIVISION. 

1.  Area. — The  area  of  the  four  northern  states  of  this 
group  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  eleven  Atlantic  States 
north  of  the  Potomac.  Georgia  is  the  largest  state  east 
of  the  Mississippi. 

2.  Surface. — The  surface  consists  of  several  belts  of 
country  parallel  to  the  coast: 

First.  The  most  western  belt  contains  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  the  Iron  or  Smoky  Mountains,  with  the  high  valleys 
between. 

This  elevated  district  is  mostly  covered  with  forests  of  deciduous 
trees — oak,  hickory,  chestnut,  maple,  etc.  It  has  an  abundance 
of  water-power,  coal,  and  iron,  but  is  yet  undeveloped. 

Second.  East  of  the  mountain  belt  lies  a  broad  strip  of 
fertile  country.  It  produces  tobacco  in  the  north  and  cot- 
ton in  the  south. 

Third.  Farther  to  the  east  is  a  low  sandy  belt,  called 
the  "  Pine  Barrens,"  covered  with  forests.  It  supplies 
lumber,  tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine. 

It  extends  nearly  to  the  Mississippi  on  the  west,  and  may  be  traced 
towards  the  north  through  New  Jersey  and  Long  Island. 

Foiirih.  The  low,  unhealthy  coast  region  contains  a  chain 

of  great  swamps,  extending  from  the  Dismal  Swamp  of 

Virginia   to   the    Everglades    of    Florida,  and    along   the 

shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Te.xas.     In  some  parts 


of  this  belt  rice  is  extensively  cultivated.     It  also  contains 
forests  of  live-oak,  which  is  valuable  ft)r  ship-building. 

3.  Climate. — The  summers  are  long  and  hot.  The 
winters  are  mild  in  the  mountains  and  in  the  north  ;  in  the 
southern  part  there  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  any  winter. 

The  moist  winds  of  the  Atlantic  and  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  give  to  Georgia  and  the  Gulf  States  the  largest 
rain-fall  known  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  excepting 
Pusfet  Sound  and  Alaska. 

O 

The  production  of  cotton,  the  great  staple  of  the  South, 
and  one  of  the  chief  exports  of  the  United  States,  is  de- 
pendent upon  the  frequent  summer  showers. 

4.  Occnpation  and  productions.  —  Agriculture  is 
the  leading  occupation.  The  principal  products  are  wheat, 
corn,  sweet  potatoes,  and  tobacco  in  the  north ;  rice  and 
cotton  in  the  south. 

5.  Tirp:inia. — Virginia,  "  the  Old  Dominion,"  is  the 
second  state  in  the  production  of  tobacco,  and  has  a  large 
trade  in  garden  vegetables,  Southern  agricultural  staples, 
and  in  oysters  from  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 

The  country  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  iMountains 
is  called  the  Great  Valley  of  Virginia,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
fertile  districts  in  the  United  States. 

Richmond,  at  the  falls  of  the  James,  is  the  capital  and 
chief  manufacturing  and  railroad  centre.  It  is  the  largest 
city  in  this  group  of  states,  and  has  an  extensive  trade  in 
iron  manufactures  and  tobacco. 

^,_____,_,,,^,^,_^_^,,,.,.,.,,,^__,,,^^,^        Norfolk,  the  second  city  of 

the  state,  and  a  leading  cot- 
ton port,  has  the  best  harbor 
in  the  United  States  south 
of  the  Potomac. 

(1.    IVorth    Carolina.  — 

North    Carolina,   "the    Old 

North  State,"   is   noted  for 

its  extensive  pine  forests. 

Wilmington,    the    largest 


J  All.       •  ■    ^    ^       t^    ^f*j     r^j    ,.  y       J  .  I      ^JT  K 


mm^^^-^^- 


•ff-'i:-:...^ 


city,  exports  turpentine,  tar, 
pitch,  rosin,  lumber,  rice,  and 
cotton.  Raleigh  is  the  capital. 
7.  Sonth  Carolina.— South  Carolina,  "the   Palmetto 
State,"  produces  more  rice  than  any  other  state. 

Charleston,  the  largest  city,  is  an  important  cotton  port. 
Columbia  is  the  capital. 


ATLANTIC    STATES  :   GEORGIA,  FLORIDA.— CENTRAL   STATES  :   SOUTHERN    DIVISION. 


47 


8.  Creor^a. — Georgia  has  a  larger  population  and 
more  extensive  manufactures  than  any  other  sea-board 
state  south  of  Virginia.  The  manufactures  are  chiefly  of 
iron  and  cotton,  and  are  rapidly  increasing. 

Atlanta,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  an  important 
railroad  centre.  Savannah,  the  second  city  and  chief  port, 
has  a  laree  cotton  trade.  Columbus,  on  the  Chattahoo- 
chee,  has  abundant  water-power,  and  manufactures  a  large 
amount  of  cotton  goods. 

9.  Florida. — Florida  is  noted  for  its  mild  climate  and 

its  orange-groves  and  other  tropical  vegetation. 

The  population  is  nearly  all  in  the  northeast,  and  witliin  100  miles 
of  the  northern  boundary.  The  southern  half  of  the  state  is  a 
low  morass. 

St.  Augustine,  next  to  Santa  Fe,  is  the  oldest  town  in 
the  United  States.  Pensacola  has  the  best  harbor  on  the 
Gulf.  Key  West,  the  largest  city,  is  a  wrecking  station, 
and  is  largely  engaged  in  sponge-fishing  and  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  cigars.     Tallahassee  is  the  capital. 

Questions  (T.) — 1.  What  is  the  area  of  the  four  northern  states  of  the  South  At- 
lantic grou]i  ?  Of  Georgia? — 2.  Of  what  divisions  does  the  surface  consist.'  What 
constitutes  the  western  belt  ?  The  second  belt .'  What  docs  it  produce  .''  What  is  the 
third  belt.'  What  does  it  supply .'  What  is  the  fourth  belt .'  What  are  the  produc- 
tions of  this  belt .' — 3.  What  is  the  character  of  the  climate .'  What  is  said  of  the  rain- 
fall .'  Of  the  production  of  cotton.' — t.  What  is  the  leading  occupation  ?  Name  the 
chief  productions. — 5.  For  what  is  Virginia  noted.'  Richmond.'  Norfolk.' — 0.  North 
Carolina?  Wilmington?  Raleigh? — 7.  .South  Carolina?  Charleston?  Columbia? — 
S.Georgia?  Atlanta?  Savannah?  Columbus?  — !).  Florida?  What  is  said  of  St. 
Augustine?    Pensacola?    Key  West?    Tallahassee? 

(II.) — 2.  What  is  said  of  the  forests  of  the  mountain  belt?  Of  its  water-power 
and  minerals  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  the  third  belt  ? — .">.  Where  and  what  is  the  Great 
Valley  .' — I).  Where  is  most  of  the  population  of  Florida  ?  What  is  the  character  of 
the  southern  half  of  the  state  ? 


THE  CENTRAL  STATES :  SOUTHERN  DIVISION. 

1.  Sarfkce. — This  group  of  states  has  a  diversified 
surface,  but  the  greater  part  is  in  the  low  Central  Plain. 

West  Virginia  lies  in  the  Eastern  Highland,  and  Mississippi  in  the 
Great  Plain.  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Alabama  have  large 
highland  districts. 

2.  Climate. — The  climate  of  the  highlands  is  mild  and 
delightful ;  the  lowlands  have  long  and  hot  summers. 

3.  Soil. — The  greater  part  of  the  plain  is  very  fertile. 

4.  Occapations.  —  Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupa- 
tion. The  leading  staples  are  cotton,  corn,  tobacco,  and 
hemp. 

All  but  West  Virginia  produce  cotton.  The  mountains  and  numer- 
ous rivers  of  the  Eastern  Highland  give  West  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee  unlimited  water-power,  coal,  and  iron  :  these  are 
as  yet  but  little  used. 

5.  Commerce. — The  Cumberland, Tennessee,  Alabama, 

14 


and  other  large  navigable  rivers  radiate  from  the  highland 
and  fall  into  the  Ohio,  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Gulf.  These 
rivers  and  the  numerous  railways  furnish  excellent  com- 
mercial facilities. 

Louisville,  Knoxville,  Chattanooga,  Nashville,  Memphis, 
and  Mobile  are  the  leading  railroad  centres. 

6.  West  Virginia. — West  Virginia  has  a  mountain- 
ous surface.  It  is  rich  in  bituminous  coal,  iron,  salt, 
and  petroleum. 

Wheeling,  on  the  Ohio  River,  is  the  largest  city.  Park- 
crsburg  is  an  important  town.     Charleston  is  the  capital. 

7.  Kentncky. — Kentucky  is  the  most  populous  state 
south  of  the  line  of  the  Ohio  and  Potomac  rivers. 

It  surpasses  every  other  state  in  the  production  of  tobacco,  and 
produces  half  of  the  hemp  raised  in  the  United  States. 


TcBACCO    rLANTATICN". 


Louisville,  on  the  Ohio,  is,  after  New  Orleans,  the  largest 
city  south  of  the  Ohio  and  the  Potomac ;  it  has  a  large 
trade  in  flour,  pork,  hemp,  and  tobacco.  Covington  and 
Newport  are  opposite  Cincinnati.     Frankfort  is  the  capital. 

8.  Tennessee. — Tennessee  has  three  physical  divisions, 
known  as  East,  Middle,  and  West  Tennessee. 

East  Tennessee  is  a  mountainous  country,  and  is  re- 
markably  rich  in  coal,  iron,  timber,  and  water-power. 

Knoxville,  on  the  Holston,  and  Chattanooga,  beautifully 
situated  on  the  Tennessee,  are  the  chief  depots  of  this  im- 
portant region 

Middle  Tennessee,  the  most  populous  division,  is  famous 
for  its  production  of  corn,  tobacco,  and  live  stock.  Nash- 
ville, its  depot,  is  the  capital  and- largest  city  in  the  state. 

West  Tennessee  is  the  lowest  and  warmest  part  of  the 
state.     Cotton  is  the  chief  staple. 

Memphis  is  the  largest  city  on  Mississippi  River  except 
New  Orleans,  St.  Louis,  Minneapolis,  and  St.  Paul. 


48 


CENTRAL  STATES:   SOUTHERN   DIVISION.— QUESTIONS  ON   THE   MAP.— REVIEW  EXERCISES. 


m 


^m^ 


■,-*<%^ 


f      'A, 


9.  Alabama. — The  valleys   of      W\^^.-^'/_%:w^' 
the    Alabama,  the    Tombigbee,      J'm^P^^^* 
and  the  Tennessee  include   most  of  the  state.     Cotton 
is  the  chief  product. 


Selma,  Tuscaloosa,  and  Montgomery,  the  capital,  are 
important  depots  for  cotton.  Mobile,  a  cotton  port,  is 
the  largest  city. 

10.  Mississippi. — Mississippi  is  noted  as  the  leading 
state  in  the  production  of  cotton. 

Vicksburg  is  the  most  important  city.  Jackson  is  the 
capital. 

Altlioiigh  the  richest  in  the  most  important  export  of  the  United 
States,  this  is  the  only  Gulf  State  with  no  sea-port  of  its  own. 
It  has  no  large  city. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  character  of  the  surface  of  this  division  ?  Where 
(Joes  tht  greater  part  lie  .' — 3.  What  is  the  character  of  the  climate  ? — 3.  Of  the  soil  ? — 
4.  What  is  the  chief  occupation  .>  Name  the  leading  staples. — 5.  What  is  said  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  this  group.'  What  commercial  facilities  has  this  section?  Name  the 
leading  railroad  centres. — C.  What  kind  of  a  Surface  has  West  Virginia?  In  «h.it 
minerals  is  it  rich?  What  is  the  largest  city?  The  capital? — 7.  For  what  is  Ken- 
tucky noted  ?  Louisville?  Covington?  Frankfort.' — 8.  How  many  physical  divisions 
has  Tennessee  ?  Name  them.  For  what  is  East  Tennessee  noted  ?  Knoxville  and 
Chattanooga  ?  Middle  Tennessee  ?  Nashville  ?  West  Tennessee  ?  What  is  the 
principal  staple?  What  is  said  of  .Memphis.' — 9.  What  river  valleys  include  most 
of  the  State  of  Alabama?  What  is  the  chief  product?  Name  the  principal  cotton 
depots.  For  what  is  Mobile  noted? — 10.  For  what  is  Mississippi  noted?  Name  the 
most  important  city.     The  c.ipital. 

(II.) — 1.  Which  of  these  states  has  no  lowland  ?  Which  no  highland  ?  WhichKhve 
large  highland  districts? — J.  Which  of  these  states  does  not  produce  cotton?  Which 
are  rich  in  water-power,  coal,  and  iron  ? — 7.  How  docs  Kentucky  rank  in  the  production 
of  tobacco  ?    Of  hemp  ? — 10.  Has  Mississippi  any  sea-ports  ?    Any  large  citiesi — 


LI. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

General. — Name  the  states  of  this  group.  Which  border  on  the 
Ohio  River?  On  the  Mississippi?  On  Lake  Superior?  On  Lake 
Michigan  ?  On  Lake  Erie?  What  water  connects  Lake  Superior  with 
Lake  Huron?  Lake  Huron  with  Lake  Michigan?  What  lake  between 
Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Erie  ?  What  rivers  connect  these  lakes  ?  Which 
of  these  states  has  no  river  belonging  to  the  Mississippi  system  ? 

X)hio.— Name  the  three  chief  branches  of  the  Ohio  River  in  this 
state.  What  river  in  the  northwest  ?  What  city  on  the  Alaumee  ?  What 
two  cities  on  Lake  Erie  ?  On  the  Ohio  ?  On  the  ARami  ?  ^^'hat  city 
on  the  Muskingum  ?  On  the  Scioto  ?  West  of  Columbus  ?  What  thFee 
southeast  of  Cleveland  ?     What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

Indiana. — Which  is  the  chief  river  of  Indiana?  What  is  the  chief 
branch  of  the  ^Vabash  ?  What  large  citv  on  the  west  fork  of  the  White  ? 
What  two  cities  on  the^Wabash-?  What  two  on  the  Ohio  ?  What~erty 
on  the  Maumee  ?     U'hat  city  is  the  capital  ? 

Illinois. — Name  the  three  chief  branches  of  the  Mississu^pi  in  this 
state.  What  is  the  capital  ?  What  city  on  Lxike  Michigan  ?(^What  two 
cities  southwest^ (  On  Mississippi  River?  'What  city  on  Rock  RTverJ/ 
On  Illinois  Rivejf?   fNorthwest  of  Peoria  J /' Southeast  of  Peoria  ?i 

Wisconsin. — Which  is  the  chief  branch  of  the  Mississippi  in  this 
state?  What  lake  in  the  eastern  part?  What  river  is  its  outlet?  Into 
what  bay  does  it  flow?  What  two  cities  on  Lake  Winnebago?  On  Lake 
Michigan  ?    What  city  on  Mississippi  River  ?    What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

Michigan. — Of  what  does  Michigan  chiefly  consist?  {Of  two  great 
peninsulas.)  What  large  island  in  Lake  Superior  belongs  to  this  state  ? 
Which  is  the  chief  river  of  South  Michigan  ?)  Twhat  river  north  of  J 
Grand  River?  What  three  cities  on  Grand  River^i  Which  of  these 
is  the  capital  ?'  What  city  on  Muskegon  River?/  What  bay  on  the 
eastern  shore  ?  What  river  flows  into  it?jCwhat  two  cities  on  Saginaw 
River?  J  \\hat  city  on  Detroit  River? 
/  Voyages  and  Travels. — Through  what  waters  would  you  pass,  and 


near  what  cities,  in  a  coasting  voyage  from  Chicago  to  the  head  of  Lake 
Superior  ?  Chicago  to  Cleveland  ?  What  cities  would  you  pass  between 
Cincinnati  and  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio?  By  rail  from  Chicago 'to' Osh- 
kosh  ?  Chicago  to  St.  Louis?  Chicago  lo  Evansville?  Chicago  to 
Louisville  by  way  of  Logansport  ?  Chicago  to  Cleveland?  Cleveland 
to  Cincinnati  ?     Cleveland  to  Grand  Rapids  by  way  of  Detroit  ? 


States. - 


LII. 

EEVIEW  EXEECISES. 

-How  bounded  1    What  is  the  capital  t     The  largest  cityt 


States. 

Area  in 

Sq.  Miles. 

Population 
in  ISbU. 

Slates. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Population 
in  1S60. 

Ohio      

41,0G0 
36,350 
5(;,G.">0 

3,198,0G2 
I,978,.;01 
3,077,871 

Wisconsin 

Michigan 

.-i(:,04o 
."is.aio 

l,31.-.,4;i7 
1,630,937 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Cities  and  Towns. — In  what  part  of  the  state  i    How  situated? 

Columbus?  Cincinnati?  Cleveland?  Toledo?  Dayton?  Spring- 
field?    Zanesville?     Akron?     Sandusky? 

Indianapolis?  Evansville?  Fort  Wayne?  Terre  Haute?  New 
Albany  ?     Lafayette  ? 

Springfield?  Chicago?  Peoria?  Quincy?  Bloomington  ?  Rock- 
ford  ?     Aurora  ?     Galesburg  ? 

Madison?     Milwaukee?     Racine?     Oshkosh  ?     La  Crosse  ? 

Lansing?  Detroit?  Grand  Rapids  ?  Bay  City?  East  Saginaw ' 
Jackson  ? 

Bays. —  Where  is  it  I     Green?     Saginaw? 

-BXvers.— Where  does  it  rise  I  In  7chat  direction  does  it  flow  ?  Through 
what  states  ?     Into  what  body  of  water  ? 

Scioto?  Wab.ash?  White?  Illinois?  Wisconsin?  St.Mar)'S?  Fox? 
Grand?     St.  Clair?     Detroit?     Maumee?     Saginaw? 

Lakes.—  Where  situated i     What  outlet  I     Win nebago  ?     St.  Clair  ? 


15 


{Copyri^Al,  I<s75,  V  ila'ftr  ^  Bf,*i*'».  j— H«vi»«l  to  Kebrunry,  I'-nfi 


50 


NORTHERN    CENTRAL   STATES:    DESCRIPTION.— OHIO. 


NORTHERN    CENTRAL    STATES. 


LIII. 

CENTEAL  STATES:  NORTHERN  DIVISION. 

1.  This  group  lies  wholly  in  the  Great  Central  Plain. 

2.  Sarlace. — There  are  no  mountains. 

There  is  a  hilly  region  in  the  southeast,  towards  the  Ohio,  and  an- 
other and  more  rugged  one  towards  Lake  Superior. 

The  greater  part  of  Illinois  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Wisconsin  and  Indiana  are  level  or  rolling  prairies.  The 
rest  of  the  vast  plain,  and  the  hilly  regions,  are  covered 
,  with  forests  except  where  cleared  for  cultivation. 

?>.  Climate. — The  winters  are  severe,  especially  in  the 
north ;  the  summers  are  hot. 

4.  Slinerals.  —  The  hilly  region  near  Lake  Superior 
contains  an  abundance  of  iron-ore  and  the  richest  copper- 


COPPEK-MINlNti. 


mines  in  the  world;  that  near  the  Ohio  is  equally  rich 
in  iron,  and  contains  very  extensive  deposits  of  coal.  An 
important  lead  region  covers  the  adjacent  parts  of  Wis- 
consin and  Illinois  near  the  Mississippi.  Michigan  pro- 
duces more  salt  than  any  other  state. 

5.  Occupations. —  Agriculture  and  grazing  are  the 
leading  pursuits.  Of  wheat,  corn,  wool,  and  live  stock  the 
quantity  produced  is  unsurpassed  by  that  of  any  equal  area 
on  the  globe.  Manufacturing  and  mining  are  important, 
and  are  rapidly  increasing  in  tlie  coal  and  iron  districts. 


6.  Commerce. — The  commercial  advantages  of  this 
group  are  remarkable.  Three  of  the  principal  water- 
ways of  the  continent — the  Mississippi,  the  Ohio,  and  the 
Great  Lakes — form  an  almost  complete  boundary. 

On  or  near  this  margin  lie  all  the  largest  cities  in  the 
United  States  west  of  Atlantic  tide-water  excepting  San 
Francisco  and  New  Orleans.  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  Detroit, 
Toledo,  Cleveland,  and  Cincinnati  are  on  the  inner  mar- 
gin of  the  district ;  and  Minneapolis,  St.  Paul,  St.  Louis, 
Louisville,  Pittsburgh,  and  Buffalo  are  just  outside  of  it. 

The  chief  business  of  the  large  and  important  inland 
city  Indianapolis,  and  of  all  these  lake  and  river  ports  ex- 
cept Pittsburgh,  and  of  the  systems  of  railways  of  which 
they  are  the  centres,  is  the  collection  and  transportation 
of  the  agricultural  and  grazing  products  of  this  vast 
granary  and  those  of  the  equally  productive  adjacent 
states  west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Canals  connect  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Great  Lakes  with  navi- 
gable branches  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Ohio,  the  Wisconsin 
with  the  Fox,  the  lUinois  with  the  Chicago,  and  the  Wabash  with 
the  Maumee.  The  falls  in  the  St.  Marys  River,  at  the  entrance 
of  Lake  Superior,  are  passed  by  a  ship-canal  in  Michigan. 

Most  of  the  rivers  of  the  Mississippi  system  have  high  banks  called 
bluffs.  The  depth  of  water  in  these  rivers  varies  greatly  during 
the  year,  the  Ohio  sometimes  having  a  "  rise  "  of  fifty  feet. 

7.  Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  descend- 
ants of  immigrants  from  the  North  Atlantic  and  Middle 
Atlantic  States ;  most  of  the  remainder  are  European 
immigrants. 

No  part  of  the  world  possesses  a  larger  proportion  of  intelligent, 
industrious,  self-reliant  citizens  ;  and  no  equal  area  surpasses 
this  group  of  states  in  the  excellence  of  the  common  schools 
and  the  general  interest  in  public  education. 

The  Germans  constitute  the  greater  part  of  the  foreign-born  popu- 
lation ;  the  Irish  are  next  in  numerical  importance  ;  there  are 
also  many  thousands  of  Swedes,  Norwegians,  and  Danes. 

8.  Ohio. — Ohio  is  the  first  state  in  the  Union  in  the 
production  of  wool,  the  third  in  that  of  coal,  and  is  the 
third  in  population.  In  the  amount  and  variety  of  its 
manufactures  it  exceeds  every  other  state  west  of  the 
Appalachian  Mountains. 

Cincinnati,  the  largest  city,  and  the  metropolis  of  the 
Ohio  Valley,  has  an  extensive  trade  in  provisions  and 
grain,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  manufacturing  cities  in 
the  United  States. 

Cleveland,  the  second  city,  is  one  of  the  five  Great  Lake 
ports.  Toledo,  also  a  lake-port,  Dayton,  and  Columbus, 
the  capital,  are  among  the  numerous  large  cities. 


NORTHERN    CENTRAL   STATES:    INDIANA,  ILLINOIS,  WISCONSIN,  MICHIGAN. 


51 


9.  Indiana. — Indiana  is  the  sixth  state  in  population, 
and  has  a  level  surface,  fertile  soil,  and  valuable  mines  of 
block-coal.  It  is  the  second  state  in  the  production  of  wheat, 
and  produces  a  large  amount  of  other  grains  and  Hve-stock. 

Indianapolis,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  a  great  rail- 
road centre,  and  one  of  the  most  important  and  rapidly 
crowine  cities  of  the  Central  States.  Evansville  and  Fort 
Wayne  are  next  in  population. 

10.  Iliinois. — Illinois  is  the  first  state  in  the  Union  in 
the  iDroduction  of  corn  and  wheat,  the  second  in  that  of 
coal,  and  is  the  fourth  in  population.  It  possesses  one  of 
the  most  extensive  coal-fields  in  the  world. 

This  state  is  mostly  prairie,  with  low  liiils  on  the  Ohio  and  bluffs 
on  the  Mississippi. 

Chicago,  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  and  the  commer- 
cial metropolis  of  the  St.  Lawrence  basin,  is  the  chief 
lumber  and  pork  market  in  America,  and,  next  to  London, 
the  greatest  grain  market  in  the  world. 

A  large  number  of  railways  radiate  from  it  as  a  centre.  The  city 
is  of  recent  and  remarkably  rapid  growth,  its  population  hav- 
ing increased  nearly  seventy  per  cent,  in  the  last  ten  years. 
Originally  built  on  low  ground,  it  has  become,  in  its  grading, 
drainage,  and  water-supply,  a  monument  to  the  energ)%  sagacity, 
and  public  spirit  of  its  citizens. 

In  October,  1871,  a  fire,  one  of  the  most  destructive  in  modern 
times,  swept  away  three  and  a  quarter  square  miles  of  its  most 
valuable  storehouses  and  residences.  The  direct  loss  was  esti- 
mated at  ne.irly  §200,000,000,  and  the  loss  of  business  at 
$90,000,000  more.  Notwithstanding  this  sudden  calamity,  the 
most  extensive  and  disastrous  that  ever  befell  an  American  com- 
munity, the  new  Chicago  that  has  already  sprung  from  the  ashes 
of  the  old  is  in  every  respect  a  grander  city. 

Among  other  important  cities  are  Peoria  and  Quincy. 
Springfield  is  the  capital. 

11.  W^isconsin. — Wisconsin  resembles  Illinois  in  the 
abundant  production  of  wheat,  and  Michigan  in  that  of 
lumber.  This  state  has  a  large  number  of  beautiful  lakes ; 
it  also  has  an  abundance  of  water-power,  that  of  the  Fox 
River,  between  Winnebago  Lake  and  Green  Bay,  being 
anions:  the  most  valuable  in  the  United  States. 

The  population  is  mostly  in  the  south. 

Milwaukee,  the  largest  city,  is  one  of  the  five  Great  Lake 
ports,  and  has  a  large  commerce  in  breadstuffs,  provisions, 
and  lumber.  Racine,  Oshkosh,  La  Crosse,  and  Fond 
du  Lac  are  important  places.     Madison  is  the  capital. 

12.  Michigan. — Michigan  consists  of  two  peninsulas. 
It  is  bordered  by  four  of  the  five  Great  Lakes,  and  has 
more  coast  than  any  other  state  excepting  Florida. 

The  population  is  mostly  in  the  south,  which  is  fertile.  The  north- 
ern part  of  the  southern  peninsula  is  sandy,  and  covered  with 
valuable  forests  of  white  pine.  The  North  Central  States  furnish 
a  ready  market  for  the  salt  of  Saginaw  and  for  the  lumber  of 
Saginaw  and  of  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.     Other 

l6 


*'*'*'H'iX 


REAPING  SCENE. 


important  productions  are  white-fish  from  the  Great  Lakes  and 
copper  and  iron  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  country  along  the  western  coast  of  the  southern 

peninsula  is  known  as  the  Fruit  Belt. 

In  winter  the  cold  winds  from  Wisconsin  become  partly  warmed 
in  sweeping  over  the  broad  and  open  waters  of  Lake  Michigan, 
and  give  to  these  shores  so  mild  a  winter  climate  that  fruit  trees 
are  seldom  injured  by  e.xtreme  cold. 

Detroit,  the  eastern  entrance  to  Michigan  and  the  upper 
lakes,  is  the  largest  city.  Grand  Rapids,  the  second  city, 
is  noted  for  its  lumber  and  water-power.  Lansing  is  the 
capital. 

Questions  (T.) — 1.  Where  is  this  group  situated? — 2.  Wh.-it  peculiarity  has  its 
surface?  Where  are  the  prairie  regions?  The  forest  regions? — 3.  What  is  the  char- 
acter of  the  chmate.' — 1.  What  minerals  in  the  hilly  region  near  Lake  Superior?  In 
that  near  the  Ohio  ?  Where  is  the  lead  region  ?  Which  of  these  states  produces  salt  ? 
— 5.  Name  the  two  leading  pursuits.  What  is  said  of  the  products?  Of  manufactur- 
ing and  mining.' — 6.  What  is  said  of  the  commercial  advantages?  Name  the  three 
great  water-ways.  What  do  they  form?  What  is  said  of  this  boundary  ?  What  cities 
are  on  the  inner  margin  of  this  district  ?  What  cities  are  just  outside  of  it  ?  What  is 
the  chief  business  of  these  cities? — 7.  Who  are  the  inhabitants? — 8.  For  what  is  Ohio 
noted?  Cincinnati?  Cleveland?  What  cities  are  next  in  size  ?  Which  of  these  is 
the  capital .' — 9.  For  what  is  Indiana  noted  ?  Indianapolis  ?  What  other  important 
cities  ? — 10.  For  what  is  Illinois  noted  ?  What  is  said  of  its  coal-fields  ?  For  what  is 
Chicago  noted?  What  other  important  cities?  What  city  is  the  capital? — 11,  What 
are  the  principal  productions  of  Wisconsin?  What  is  said  of  its  lakes  and  water- 
power?  For  what  is  Milwaukee  noted  ?  What  other  important  pl.ices?  What  city 
is  the  capital? — 12.  For  what  is  Michigan  remarkable?  Where  is  its  fruit  belt? 
For  what  is  Detroit  noted?     Grand  Kapids?     What  city  is  the  capital? 

(II.) — 2.  Where  are  the  hilly  regions.' — 6.  What  is  said  of  the  canals?  Of  the 
ship-canal  ?  Of  the  banks  of  the  rivers  of  the  Mississippi  system  ?  Of  the  depth  of 
w.iter  ?  How  high  is  the  rise  of  the  Ohio .' — 7.  What  is  the  char.icter  of  the  people  of 
this  group  ?  Of  the  common  schools  ?  Name  the  chief  elements  of  the  foreign-born 
population.— 10.  W'hat  is  the  character  of  the  surface  of  Illinois?  Of  what  is  Chicago 
the  centre  ?  What  is  said  of  its  growth  ?  Of  its  grading,  drainage,  and  water-supply  ? 
With  what  calamity  was  it  visited  in  1S71  ?  What  was  the  estimated  loss?  What  is 
said  of  its  present  condition  ? — 11.  Where  is  most  of  the  population  of  Wisconsin  ? — 
12.  Where  is  most  of  the  population  of  Michigan  ?  Where  are  the  forests?  For 
what  products  do  the  North  Central  States  furnish  a  market?  What  others  are  im- 
portant ?     What  part  of  the  state  is  favorable  to  the  production  of  fruit? 


::^ 


SS       ioix^imde    ^Vett    9G    frum    Gre(rumclL      ',ii 


V/INNIPE 

A  N  I  f\[o    B    A 


xAlre  0/  f  Ae 

; TTooda 


WEST  CENTRAL  STATES      — 
STATES  OF  THE  PLAI^^S, 

]VORTnER]V  DIAISIOJV. 


50 


prookslon 


i.\^i} 


rc^' 


_Piei're 


,;S3-iii-!;^<^  J,. 


Jimberlaih 


FlandreauS 


Scale  of  Miles. 


..-^'^ 


Sagnnaffa 
X. 


S  *< 


,s'2 


r'J 


"-all,    .^ 


MICH 


exkDdna 


<? 


aulc  Cei?M 


'  Tuylor*  KftllB 


Xltchfielfl 
I,  "milma?-^-- — ^"O" 


,:;\/vi'i»s 


O'-il^uUiie 


\Scotlt  ,na .  . 
And  i-]y{ 

S^  \  YankVn  \       \       <f 

-Nioljram   '\|>trN\'   /r 

Ponca  oLAli/ 

lioux 

Iforfolk 


\ 


CP 


JliXn  Cily 


CliaWcsYJUy 


Vest  Polajfr"'"' 


rptDcdgeS 


|^\BooDe8boro   Iv^       'Vinton^^i^'v"*%..-'^-ZA^3(jiiluoT? 


_   « 


"VTeteler 


lilBluffi  X"r™'K»ox.me   ?w,„>..H^WMa  ._ 


Keokuk 


ptuiwa      -,  \ 
iPadji 


to  arnettTT-'v — v°pn  i 


p'rilnton      jC> 


M 


TSIa=      , 

[oniboldtff  ^^T      Nfcva\la 


;.*,    \  Salem  )>  iron  Mil- 

'  :St    X41*ll.K%?^Vft(Pnot  Knob 


.38 


)CPtti«i.iiXlS'"'K?  i 


\a    A      R      K      A^>-^-      S    ■  A/-S 


I-onsitudfi  ^West      19       from    W^aahrag 


[ton.  17 


{r^vripAi,  1875.  by  fiaj^r  dc  iSvuJAi-M.J— Revi»*d  lo  -Nuvouibor,  loai. 


WEST   CENTRAL    STATES    AND    STATES   OF   THE   PLAINS. 


53 


LIV. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

General. — How  many  states  and  territories  on  this  map?  Wiiich  is 
the  territory?  Which  three  belong  to  the  West  Central  Slates?  (See 
page  29.)  To  what  do  the  other  three  belong?  Which  is  the  smallest 
ofthesi-x?  The  largest?  Which  are  crossed  by  the  Missouri  ?  Which 
are  partly  bounded  by  it  ? 

Minnesota.-l-What  chain  of  lakes  forms  the  northeast  boundary 
of  Minnesota?  What  ridge  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state?)  What 
great  river  rises  in  this  state?  In  what  lake?  What  branch  crosses 
the  southwestern  part  of  this  state  ?  What  river  has  its  source  very 
near  that  of  the  Minnesota?  Why  is  the  Red  River  of  the  North 
important?  (Because  it  is  the  nati(ral  ivatcr  route  to  the  most  fertile 
part  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.)  Into  what  lake  does  it  flow  ?  Wliat 
city  is  the  capital?  What  city  west  of  it?  WhaFTTfj^  iirthe-sotrih- 
cnsr  on  the  Mississippi?  In  what  part  of  the  state  are  most  of  the 
towns  ? 

Iowa. — Between  what  rivers  is  Iowa  ?    What  river  crosses  it  ?    What 
city  is  the  capital  ?     What  city  on  the  jSIissouri  ?     What  four  cities  on 
-the  Mississippi  ? 

Missouri. — What  mountains  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Missouri? 
What  two  mountains  in  the  southeastern  part?  What  river  crosses  the 
state  ?  What  city  is  the  capital  ?  What  two  other  cities  on  the  Mis- 
-sottH  ?     What  two  on  the  Mississippi? 

Dakota. — What  mountains  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Dakota?  What 
name  is  given  to  the  country  south  of  the  Black  Hills  ?  What  river 
crosses  Dakota  ?  Name  two  northern  branches.  WhaHiighlandtietweeTi 
tlie  Dakota  River  and  the  Missouri?  What  is  the  capital  of  Dakota? 
What  city  on  Missouri  River?  A\'hat  town  on  Red  River  of  the 
North  ? 

Nebraska. — What  boundary  river  has  Nebraska?  What  branch  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  stale?  What  river  crosses  the  state?  In  what 
part  of  the  state  are  most  of  the  towns'  What  city  is  the  capital? 
What  cities  on  the  Missouri  River? 


Kansas. — What   river   crosses    the    southwestern    part   of  Kansas? 
What  river  north  of  the  Arkansas  ?    Of  what  river  is  it  a  branch  ?    Wiiat 
two  cities  on  the  Kansas  River  ?    Which  is  the  capital  ?    W4»arnvoTnti«9- 
oft-tbe  Missewi  L    In  what  part  of  the  state  are  most  of  the  towns? 

Travels. — What  cities  would  you  pass  in  a  steamboat  voyage  from 
St.  Louis  to  St.  Paul  ?  From  St.  Louis  to  Yankton  ?  By  rail  from  St. 
Louis  to  Topeka? 


States.' 


EEVIEW  EXERCISES. 

-How  bounded i     What  is  the  capital}     The  largest  city? 


WKST  CENTRA!.  STATES: 
KOBTHEKX   DIVISIOX. 

STATES  OF  THE  PLAINS: 
^ouTllt:u^  division. 

Slates. 

Area  in 

Sq.  Miles. 

Population 
in  ISSti. 

States. 

Area  in        Population 
Sq.  Miles.    |      in  ISSO. 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

83,3G5           780,773 
5C,025        1,024,615 
G'J,415       a-lrW-.^fiO 

Dakota  T. 

Nebraska 

149,100 
7fi,855 
82,080 

13.5,177 
452,402 
9'JG,09G 

Missouri 

'        '          1 

Cities  and  Towns.— /«  what  part  of  the  state  /     How  situated  i 
St.  Paul?     Minneapolis?  (Winona?; 

Des   Moines  ?     Dubuque  ?     Davenport  ?      Burlington  ?     Council 
Bluffs  ?     Keokuk  ? 

Jefferson  City?    St.  Louis?   Kansas  City? :  St.  Joseph?   Hannibal? 

BIS.MARCK?     Yankton?     Fargo? 

Lincoln  ?     Omaha  ?     Nebraska  City  ? 

Topeka  ?     Leavenworth  ?     Atchison  ?     Lawrence  ?* 

Mountains. —  Where  are  they? 

Height  of  Land  ?    Ozark?     Pilot  Knob?     Iron?     Black  Hills? 

Rivers. —  Where  does  it  rise?    In  7i<hat  direction  does  it  flow  ?    Through 
7i'hat  states  ?     Into  7i<hat  body  of  water  ? 

Mississippi  ?     Missouri  ?     Minnesota  ?     Red  River  of  the   North  ? 
Des  Moines?     Platte?     Kansas? 

[For  Sections  LVI.  and  LVII.,  see  page  54.] 


WEST   CENTRAL   STATES   and   STATES   OF  THE    PLAINS. 


LVIII. 

WEST  CENTRAL  STATES. 

1.  The  five  states  of  this  group  form  a  belt  of  nearly 
equal  width  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  United  States.     (See  map  on  page  28.) 

2.  Surface. — The  West  Central  States  resemble  each 

other  in  the  fertility  of  their  soil  and  in  the  general  level 

of  their  surface. 

They  are  mostly  low  prairies,  with  timber  in  the  "bottom  lands." 
The  only  elevations  are  the  short,  low  ranges  of  the  Boston  and 
Ozark  Mountains,  and  the  clay  and  sand  hills  of  Minnesota. 

Each  State  has  the  Mississippi  as  its  eastern  boundary, 
and  is  divided  almost  diagonally  by'  a  great  navigable 
branch  flowing  towards  the  southeast. 

3.  Cliiiiaf e.  —  The  chief  difference  is  in  climate, 
v.'hich   ranges   from   the    short   summers    and  long,  cold 

17 


winters  of  Minnesota  to  the  almost  tropical  seasons  of 
Louisiana. 

4.  Prodactions. — The  difference  in  climate  causes  a 
corresponding  difference  in  the  products.  Agriculture 
is  the  leading  interest  throughout  this  group  of  states. 
The  great  staples,  in  the  order  of  latitude,  are  rice,  sugar, 
cotton,  corn,  hemp,  and  wheat.  There  are  also  immense 
quantities  of  live  stock. 

Each  of  these  states  strongly  resembles  its  eastern  neighbor  in  cli- 
mate, soil,  and  productions. 

5.  Population. — The  population  of  the  northern  half 
of  this  group  is  mostly  derived  from  the  same  sources  and 
is  of  the  same  general  character  as  that  of  the  North  Cen- 
tral States.  Public  education  is  provided  for  with  equal 
liberality,  and  the  common  schools  are  among  the  first  in 
e.\ctllcnce.     The  population  of  the  southern  half  of  the 


54 


WEST   CENTRAL    STATES   AND    STATES   OF   THE   PLAINS. 


3 


« 


■^ 


C 

o 

Q 


o 
a. 

> 
11 


'5   s 


a 
a 


5  « 


W  ^       -P    o 


C 

o 

*-» 

(/) 

3 
O 

K 


c 
o 

c 

<: 

c 
n 
W3 


I  b  « 

•g  ^   o 

^      ^    /v. 
.Si    --    „. 


H  p 

-1  pq  ' 


O 

:/l 

a" 

Q 

nT: 

c/^ 

rt 

D 

H 

< 

c 

^  « 


a  to 


c 
'3 


,       O 

..§   o 


d    O 


^  ^   « 

-^  *^    ai 

^  ^<' 

I  ?  S   " 

>  ^  -^  O 

rt  I  <   o 


O     J> 


^ 

> 


3 
O 


"a 

S 


-a 
c 
o 

a 


o 

&i 

p 

r! 

o 

-C 

O 

c 

^ 

O 

(J 

> 

■4-J 

n 

r! 

^ 

g 

V 

flJ 

.a 

r» 

r*— 

& 

o 

ti 

1) 

?^ 

n 

m 

CQ 


CO 

^ 

1— 1 

C 

C-) 

%i 

H 

^ 

.^ 

H 

M 

■v* 

> 

W 

^ 

^ 

f-l 

^ 

•-^ 

M 

(-H 

t> 

H 

it 

rt 

^ 
?» 

,^ 

oa 

c 

o     . 

05 

^ 

r  S 

t^ 

l-H 

3s 

o  .:; 

rH    X 

'^ 

M  S 

.sJ 

J5     QO 

&^    fc 

-*^  i-'T 

^g 

<      & 

•J  -J 

tn 

o  s 

H 

(M    B 

K    : 

S 

;^ 

w 

^  SS 

E-i 

5      *" 

CQ 

<;  r- 

oa 

o     . 

"ft    o 

Eh     . 

5   30 

^5  -;h 

**!   g 

S'a 

O    CO 

EH    S 

oa  » 

o< 

00    05 

►^  E: 

c  S 

O    O 

<  « 

3S 
<  6- 

CO     t- 

Eh  as 

eo  CO 

O    B 

^ 

^ 

<  J 

a,  oj 


5=  "^ 


^  ^ 


H 


M 

W 

EH 

is; 
o 

CZ2 

!2; 
o 
I— I 
Eh 

SQ 

M 

t=) 


c  5 

o  13 

I J  -^^ 

^-  ■—    t, 

-  §2 

c  _  i; 

«  Si  u, 

(DC 

t;  <"  « 

S  «  ;^ 


3 
O 


Q.    £1 


Si's 

5 


c 
o 


J3    rt 


.r;  u    <u  ~  ,' 


r! 


r"    h    t/i 


rt    rt    4) 


g  .2  ^  ?  :S 


>,   r:   ►—(    ~ 


o   a, 

JZ     o 


<-i    c 


y    3    5i  > 


^    rt.. 


w    u  ._' 


«   J:    - 
•>   *-    c 


S   XI 
a.  > 


"3  w^ 

g-g  ' 
o 


r3   /v. 

Cu   tu  , 


5i  ca 

~  H 

c  .2 

-  g 

•5  h:i 


■5  x:  >>■=  •S 

o  J?     >- 

o   r^  ^^     *-  ^ 

rt  ^.  Eh  ^  'V 


2  '5, 


C4 

O     « 


5     VEH 


<U       U3 


Cv! 


C 
O 


O 

|Q 
1—1    .^j 

^      G 

tl    i-' 
O 

C 


O    _c 


-a 

!_ 

OJ 

f) 

-^ 

M— 1 

C) 

c 

TJ 

c 

tn 

rt 

o 
a, 


Q  i 

cr 

3 
*"•    .iii     4-» 

I;— ( 


o 

k;— 1 
<5 


C 

o 


in 
O 


;-■ 

;. 

rt 

-J— > 

S 

« 

rt 

•M 

C/) 

O 

1) 

^ 

,->, 

c 
o 
o 

I/) 

D 
O 
(U 

bO 

C 
> 


O      1-H 
OJ       _ 


CO     ^ 


t/2 


Oh 

a,  .= 


oj    y 


c 
o 


u 


o 

TO 

QJ      OJ 
«-■    ■ — I 


O)  O 

-t-J  S-i 

a;  ^ 

r^  i-f-i 

H  o 

I  t« 

i  .i-l 


--H       -4-1 


-n  "S  "rt 

i^  c 

OJ    -rt 

^  ~  -.c 

(/T     -M 


<u 

4-1 

C 
O 
o 

OJ 


-13 
C 


C3 


«2     t«     rt 


^     6     ^ 


CO 


c 
o 
o 


cu 


a! 


O 

o 


►2     -    ^3 


-4-1 

C 

U 


c 


JZ  X. 


03 
en     r^ 


> 


3 
O 


o 

a! 


S-i 

'35 


O     rt 


;:  OJ 

rt  >- 
i- 

-4-1 

2  c 

5  '^ 

0  c« 

^  01 

OJ  ^-, 

s  &^ 

5  'n 

<u  > 

H 

1  ~ 


01 

3 


U    c 


o  t:  E 

•^  o  ~ 

"5  £  « 

O  ■"  ?^ 

.5  E  c 


E  _o 
be  2 


.<£   _^  .2   -^    ^   "2  13 


a 


<U 


O      ^ 


—      rt      O      '"     -^     ^ 


S    l^'o 


CS 


O)     ■*-> 


0)    ca 

x; 


^      CJ 


N 


p    o 


5  -2 


~   °  ^ 

g    OJ  s 

B,  -a  " 

E    1,  u 


o 

_t« 

a, 
o 


•A 

'in 

tu 


rt 

be 

D 

rt 

u 

rt 

o 

M-H 

3 

<u 

u 

Oh 

4-> 

o 
a. 

o 

n 

OJ 

txjx: 


■'-'    .3  .o 


c 


u    »    c 


-    X    S    " 
c  — 


E      c/5    .3 


QJ 

b/D 


o  -Q 

1—1      Ul 

R    a 


o 


£     < 


•"   t: 


=:  o  -z; 


c    ;3    "  _.  ji'   u 


be  o      3 


OJ 

c 


CJ 


!^  y  i:  p  -a  o  ■ 


t-  42    in 


o 
CO 


QJ  ii 

^  rt 

rt  -4-1 

>  CO 

J  ^ 


QJ 


^      cS 


CJ 

;-< 
-;<-» 
C 
QJ 
O 

QJ 


>^ 


3 


5i     « 
•3     fcx 


-o  =^ 

C  3 

a  o 
9 


■o  x: 


a, 

3    tn 
o  .12 

in     (A 


CO 

OJ 
1- 

■4-1 

c 

QJ 


•  •=   .^     t/) 


c/)  .2 

QJ       o 

bo  i: 


2 

a 
a 

e 


.b/D 

rt 

C 

>^ 

c 

rt 


C 
rt 
> 

rt 
'0 


-4-.  O 


o 

.S  "-^ 
3'.S 

rt 

•^  3 
-t-i  rt 
CO    Ji 

.  O 
I    ^ 

O        QJ 


C 

3      ^ 


3      O 
-J      3 


O 

o, 

QJ 

4-1 

3 

a 


rn 

E 


3 

o 
o 

o    o 


1>    >, 


f^  >^ 


>-    .3;      QJ 

O    1^     >;: 

Oh  r^     O 


tn   'O 

•—     u 

JS   Pi 
■3    >-. 

It 
in   _0 

<u   ti3 


>;•■'* 

W   S  is 
c    "    3 

<n   <   "-^ 
-u   ^    CJ 

3     OJ    J3 


y, 

OJ 

3 


i-, 

QJ 
> 


i-M  :;; 


bs 


-^     rt 
o   -r 


•3    hj      3 


t/i 

CJ 


t« 
t^    3 


-3 

-4-4 

o 

2 


£ 

0 

rn 

^r 

nj 

rt 

n: 

o    " 


2 


o 


OJ  x: 


-=  hJ  '« 
^3  ^  JJ 
O   M  ■£ 


T3 


3 


t/) 
rt 


OJ 


o 

a. 


n 

3 

•^^ 

-4-1 
rt 

S 

LI 
0 

,bC 

. 

3 

rt 
3 

rt 

-J-» 

< 

M-4 

0 

a 
0 

-J-t 

CO 

'71 

QJ 

M— 1 
0 

cS 

^ 

<u 

-4-1 

V) 

QJ      .„ 


c 

rt 


QJ 

■53    O. 


rt 


.-ti     o 


3^     OJ 

^      fj     .-3 

rt     .iiS       -4-1 


QJ 

a 


i^       >4H 


QJ 

to 


-U     o 


3    CO 
rt 


<5 


o 

ri 

QJ 

3 


QJ 

t/2 

3 


rt 


56 


WEST   CENTRAL   STATES   AND    STATES   OF   THE   PLAINS. 


make  it  the  centre  of  many  thousands  of  miles  of  river  naviga- 
tion, about  1000  miles  being  within  the  limits  of  the  state  or  on 
its  boundaries.  Twenty-four  lines  of  railway  centre  at  St.  Louis, 
and  connect  it  with  all  parts  of  the  country,  from  Galveston  and 
Mobile  to  New  York,  Boston,  and  San  Francisco.  A  great  rail- 
road bridge,  with  arches  of  steel,  connects  it  directly  with  the 
railroads  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

Other  important  places  are  Kansas  City  and  St.  Jo- 
seph.    The  capital  is  Jefferson  City. 

1 0.  Arkansas. — The  great  staples  are  cotton  and  corn. 

Arkansas  is  rich  in  water-power,  timber,  and  coal,  and  in  valuable 
ores  of  iron,  zinc,  lead,  and  silver.  The  development  of  these 
great  resources  has  but  laiely  begun. 

Little  Rock  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 

11.  liouisiana — Louisiana  was  settled  by  the  French. 
Their  descendants,  who  still  constitute  a  considerable 
part  of  the  population,  speak  the  French  language,  and 
are  called  Creoles — that  is,  natives. 


This  state  is  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  Great  Plain.  The  surface 
of  the  Lower  Mississippi  during  the  annual  floods  is  several  feet 
higher  than  the  country  through  which  it  passes,  especially  in 
Louisiana,  and  broad  walls  of  earth,  called  levees,  have  been 
constructed  to  confine  it  and  its  tributaries  within  their  banks. 
Sometimes  the  water  breaks  through  the  levees,  and  hundreds 
of  square  miles  of  valuable  sugar,  rice,  and  cotton  plantations 
are  ruined.     Such  a  breach  is  called  a  crevasse. 

The  state  has  no  mineral  wealth  except  a  vein  of  pure  rock-salt, 
singularly  situated  in  a  low  island  m  the  southern  marshes. 


3;tS- 


New  Orleans,  the  lar- 
gest city,  is  the  greatest 
cotton  port  in  the  world. 
It  has  also  an  extensive 
trade  in  sugar,  breadstuffs, 
grain,  and  provisions.  Ba- 
j^  ton  Rouge  is  the  capital. 

•';^~.~~         New  Orleans  is  about  one 
hundred  miles  from  the 


SCENE   ON    THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


River.  Trunk  railways  connect  New  Orleans,  on  the  one  hand, 
with  the  whole  system  of  roads  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  on  the 
other  with  the  great  transcontinental  lines  which  extend  into  Mex- 
ico and  to  the  ports  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  also  connected 
with  the  Gulf  through  lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Borgne  by  canals 
for  vessels  of  light  draught. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  do  tlie  five  st.ites  of  tliis  group  form? — 2.  In  what  re- 
spects do  tliey  resemble  each  other .'  What  river  forms  their  eastern  boundary  ?  By 
what  is  each  divided? — 3.  In  what  do  they  chiefly  differ? — 1.  What  other  differences 
arise  from  difference  in  chmate?  What  is  the  leading  interest?  Name  the  great 
staples  in  the  order  of  their  latitude.  What  other  important  products? — 5.  What  is 
said  of  the  population  of  the  northern  half  of  this  group  ?  Of  public  education  ?  Of 
the  common  schools?  Of  the  population  of  the  southern  half? — G.  What  commercial 
advantages  has  this  group?  What  is  the  chief  commercial  centre?  What  other  two 
important  depots? — 7.  What  elevation  does  Minnesota  contain?  For  what  is  Min- 
nesota noted?  St.  Paul?  Minneapolis? — 8.  What  kind  of  a  surface  has  Iowa?  What 
are  its  products?  Which  is  the  largest  city?  What  other  important  towns? — 9.  For 
what  is  Missouri  noted  ?  For  what  is  St.  Louis  distinguished  ?  What  other  im- 
portant places  ?  What  is  the  capital .' — 10.  What  are  the  great  staples  of  Arkansas? 
What  city  is  the  capital  ? — 11.  By  whom  was  Louisiana  settled  ?  Who  are  the  Creoles  ? 
For  what  is  New  Orleans  noted?    What  other  trade  has  it?     What  is  the  capital? 

(II.) — 3.  What  is  the  general  character  of  the  surface  of  the  West  Central  States  ? 
What  elevations  have  they? — 1.  W'hat  does  each  of  these  states  resemble.' — 7.  How  is 
the  Height  of  Land  drained?  Where  are  the  lakes? — 9.  How  does  Missouri  rank  in 
population  ?  What  is  said  of  its  coal  and  iron  ?  Which  is  the  leading  mineral  inter- 
est? What  remarkable  iron-mines  has  it?  W'hat  is  said  of  its  lead-mines?  What 
manufactures  has  St.  Louis?  What  other  business  has  it?  Of  what  is  it  the  centre? 
What  is  said  of  its  railway  connections? — 10.  What  is  said  of  the  resources  of  Arkan- 
sas.'— 11.  Where  is  Louisiana  situated?  How  does  the  height  of  its  surface  compare 
with  that  of  the  Mississippi?  What  are  levees?  What  is  their  use?  What  is  a 
crevasse?  VVIiat  mineral  lias  this  state?  Where  is  New  Orleans  situated?  What  is 
said  of  its  railways  ?     In  what  other  way  is  it  connected  with  the  Gulf? 


iiU'T 


VniPPlNO   THE     CROP. 


mouth     of    Mississippi 


LIX. 

STATES  OF  THE  PLAINS. 

1.  Sitnatiop.— This  group  of  three  states  and  two  ter- 
ritories lies  chiefly  in  the  eastern  division  of  the  Great 
Western  Highland. 

2.  Snrfiicc. — It  consists  principally  of  rolling  prairies, 
and  is  part  of  the  high  plains  that  extend  west  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 


WESTERN  STATES:   DIVISION  OF  THE  PLAINS. 


57 


In  Texas   these   plains   are 
called    the     Llano     Esta- 
cado,  or  "  St.aked  Plain," 
from  the  stake-like  stems 
of  a  plant  that  still  grows  in  abundance  on  those  plains. 

3.  Inhabitants. — The  civilized  inhabitants  are  mostly 
in  the  eastern  part,  near  the  great  rivers,  the  country  here 
being  lower,  better  watered,  and  more  fertile. 

4.  Dakota. — Dakota  is  next  in  area  after  Texas  and 
California.  It  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  parts  by 
Missouri  River,  which  crosses  it  diagonally.  Nearly  the 
whole  of  this  territory  is  a  vast  prairie,  broken  with  bluffs 
and  low,  wide  plateaus.  Grain  and  live-stock  are  the 
chief  staples.     Bismarck,  on  the  Missouri,  is  the  capital. 

The  eastern  half  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  is  noted  for  its  pro- 
duction of  wheat  and  other  Northern  agricultural  products. 
The  rest  of  the  territory  contains  many  large  tracts  of  equally 
fertile  soil,  but  consists  mainly  of  excellent  grazing  lands.  In 
the  Black  Hills,  which  are  low  mountains  in  the  southwest,  are 
many  valuable  mines  of  gold  and  other  metals. 

Dakota  is  filling  with  settlers  with  a  rapidity  unprecedented,  and 
must  soon  become  a  state.  This  is  chiefly  owing  to  its  fertility, 
and  to  the  ease  of  access  furnished  by  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad,  which  crosses  the  territory,  and  by  the  numerous 
other  railways  lately  constructed  in  the  eastern  part. 

5.  Nebraska. — Nebraska  exceeds  in  area  all  of  New 
England  and  New  Jersey,  taken  together.  The  principal 
products  arc  wheat  and  corn,  cattle,  and  other  live-stock. 

The  state  is  a  vast  diversified  plain,  more  than  half  of  it  being  a 
rolling  prairie.  E.xcepting  in  a  few  districts  the  soil  is  highly 
fertile ;  the  eastern  part  is  the  most  productive  region,  on  ac- 
count of  its  greater  rainfall.  Among  many  railroads  is  the 
Union  Pacific,  which  passes  through  the  entire  length  of  the 
state,  and  is  a  part  of  a  great  transcontinental  trunk  line. 

Omaha  is  the  largest  city;   Lincoln  is  the  capital. 

G.  Kansas. —  Kansas,  the  "Central  State,"  is  about 
twice  the  size  of  Ohio.  In  soil,  climate,  and  productions 
it  greatly  resembles  Nebraska.  It  is  rich  in  coal,  lead, 
zinc,  and  other  valuable  minerals.  No  other  state  has  a 
smaller  proportion  of  useless  land. 

The  eastern  half  of  Kansas  is  covered  with  a  network  of  railroads ; 
two  transcontinental  lines,  the  Kansas  Pacific  and  the  Atchison, 
Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe,  traverse  the  state  from  end  to  end. 


Leavenworth  is  the  largest  city ;  Topeka  is  the  capital. 

7.  Indian  Territory. — Indian  Territory  is  a  country 
set  apart  by  Congress  as  the  home  of  certain  Indian  tribes, 
or  nations,  most  of  whom  once  resided  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi.    It  is  unorganized. 

Tahlequah  is  the  capital  of  the  Cherokee  nation. 

8.  Texas. — Texas  is  the  largest  state  in  the  Union, 
and  is  noted  for  its  great  extent  of  fertile  soil.  As  an 
agricultural  state  its  resources  are  immense.  Corn,  cot- 
ton, cattle,  and  wool  are  the  chief  staples. 

The  area  of  Texas  is  more  than  five  times  that  of  New  York,  or 
more  than  thirty  times  that  of  Massachu.setts.  The  population 
is  rapidly  increasing  by  immigration  from  the  states  east  of  the 
Mississippi  and  from  Germany.     There  are  no  very  large  cities. 

Texas  has  at  least  25,000  square  miles  suitable  for  the  cultivation 
of  cotton.  It  has  an  equal  area  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of 
wheat.  It  has  a  very  large  trade  in  cattle,  more  than  600,000 
having  been  driven  to  the  North,  through  Indian  Territor)', 
Kansas,  and  .Missouri,  in  a  single  year.  The  northern  part  of 
the  slate  has  an  abundance  of  coal,  iron,  and  copper. 

Galveston  is  the  chief  port  and  largest  city.  Houston 
and  Dallas  are  railway  centres.     Austin  is  the  capital. 

Galveston  has  railway  connections  with  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans. 
It  is  also  connected  with  the  railway  systems  of  Mexico  and 
California. 


i-i^V- 


SNUW- PLOUGH   O.S    PACIFIC   RAILROAD. 


Questions  (I.) — 1.  Where  is  this  group  situated  .'—2.  Of  what  does  it  principally 
consist  .'—3.  Where  are  most  of  the  inhabitants  located  ?  Why  ? — t.  Describe  Dakota. 
What  are  the  chief  staples.'  Wliat  town  is  the  capital.'  — .").  Describe  Nebraska. 
Name  the  principal  products.  Which  is  the  largest  city  ?  The  capital  ? — fi.  Describe 
Kans.as.  Which  is  the  largest  city.'  The  capital? — 7.  What  is  the  Indian  Territory? 
— S.  For  wh.it  is  Texas  remarkable?  What  is  said  of  its  resources?  What  are  its 
chief  staples  ?     Its  largest  city  ?    Its  important  railway  centres  ?    Its  capital  ? 

(II.) — 2.  What  name  is  given  to  these  plains  in  Texas?  Why  ? — t.  What  is  said 
of  the  eastern  half  of  Dakota  ?  Of  the  rest  of  the  territory  ?  Of  the  population  ? — 
.V  What  is  said  of  the  soil  and  rainfall  of  Nebraska?  Of  the  railro.ids? — C.  Of  the 
railroads  of  Kansas? — 8.  What  is  the  comparative  size  of  Texas  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  population?  Of  the  cities?  Of  the  production  of  cotton?  Ofwlieat?  Oflhetrade 
in  cattle?    In  what  part  of  the  state  are  the  minerals?     What  is  said  of  Galveston? 


t 


-^^ 


*^ 


^*-^lkeh 


M». 


^f 


D     A 


MAP  OF  THE 

AVESTERN  OR  HIGHLAND  STATES. 

HOCKY  MOUNTAIN  DIV.,  BASIN  DIVISION, 

PACIFIC  DIVISION.  ^ 


"nond  Pk   / 


'^^    #1 


Wj     ^""Uy^X 


*3n  Francisc, 


PIcTT 


Br  uhan      u      ^' 


6i^/^tT*S^"°     !ll.: 


sALT  tAKE„    MfS 
:  CTY    ,j-(t~^ 
—  Op 


iniaCity 

Of.    \ 


1    -^D       i.  \     i 


1,a. 


fle 


1^  "Tt  King       >^    ) 


^ 


4?5  J5iiii  ge 


-Centra/  q  >-     B°S'f 


B.irl)at»  /  -  •«;  mi.  San  > 


'^n  Diego    w 


gi    w    w    pn   jwi 


JOOO  Squuri.-  Miles. 
Scale  of  %li1eit. 


JliVf  fcimirrtn  ' 


4^/.._li iK 1 


Xongitude    "West       37      from    W^aahtn^lon. 


[Cojiyri^/it ,  lslD,6y  llarj-r  A  BrUhcT».\^\i6\\t»^\  u>  l-ebruary,  ISSU. 


WESTERN    STATES:   ROCKY    MOUNTAIN   DIVISION. 


59 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

General. — How  many  groups  of  states  and  territories  on  this  map  ? 
(See  page  29.)  How  many  states  and  how  many  territories  in  each 
^roup?  What  territory  on  the  Pacific  is  not  on  this  map?  {Alaska.) 
In  what  direction  do  the  Rocky  Mountains  extend  in  Wyoming  and 
Mont.ina?  In  Colorado  and  New  Mexico?  Which  is  the  principal 
mountain  range  in  Washington  and  Oregon  ?  What  is  it  called  in  Cal- 
ifornia? What  mountain  ranges  along  the  coast?  In  what  states? 
What  great  river  breaks  through  the  Cascade  Mountains?  Which  are 
its  two  chief  branches?  Through  what  territories  does  the  Colorado 
How?     What  two  rivers  form  it?     What  branch  near  its  mouth? 

Montana. — Name  the  t^vo  chief  rivers  of  Montana.  What  railroad 
crosses  it?  What  town  is  the  capital?  \\'hat  two  tow'ns  south  of  He- 
lena ?     In  what  part  of  the  territory  are  most  of  the  towns  ? 

Wyoming. — Wliat  mountain  range  in  the  western  part  of  Wyoming  . 
What  peak  in  this  range?  What  great  rivers  have  their  sources  in  this 
range?  Wliat  park  is  mostly  in  Wyoming?  In  what  part?  What  lake 
in  the  park?  What  railroad  crosses  this  territory?  In  what  part? 
What  town  is  the  capital  ?     What  town  northwest  ? 

Colorado. — What  four  natural  parks  are  in  Colorado  ?  What  moun- 
tain peaks  in  this  slate?  \V'hat  great  rivers  flow  from  Colorado?  What 
city  is  the  capital?  What  two  towns  west  of  Denver?  What  town 
southwest  of  Georgetown  ?  On  which  side  of  the  parks  are  most  of  the 
towns?     What  great  railroads  wholly  or  partly  in  Colorado? 

New  Mexico. — What  river  passes  through  New  Mexico  ?  Which  are 
the  chief  railroads  of  this  territory?  What  town  is  the  capital?  What 
town  southwest  of  Santa  Fe  ? 

Idaho. — Wiiich  is  tlie  chief  river  of  Idaho?  Its  chief  railway? 
What  town  is  the  capital?     What  town  north  of  Boise  City? 

Nevada. — In  what  part  of  Nevada  are  most  of  the  towns?  What 
is  the  capital  ?     What  two  towns  north  of  Carson  ?     What  railroad  ? 

Utah. — What  chain  of  mountains  in  the  northeast  of  Utah  ?  What 
chain  southwest  of  the  Uintah  ^[ountains?  What  lakes  in  this  terri- 
tory? AVhat  city  is  the  capital?  What  city  north  of  Salt  Lake  City? 
What  railroads  in  Utah?     In  what  part  are  most  of  the  towns? 

Arizona. — What  two  rivers  cross  .Arizona?  What  canons  in  the  Col- 
orado River  ?  Where  are  most  of  the  large  towns  ?  What  town  is  the 
capital?     What  two  towns  southeast?     What  railroads  cross  Arizona? 

Alaska. — What  is  the  principal  river  of  .Alaska?  (See  Map  of  North 
America.)     What  are  the  chief  towns  ?     On  what  islands  ? 

Washington.— What  cape  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Washington 
Territory?  -At  the  entrance  of  what  strait?  In  what  part  of  the  terri- 
tory are  most  of  the  towns?  On  what  sound?  What  is  the  capital? 
Whatcityeast  of  Columbia  River?    What  railroad  crosses  this  territory? 

Oregon. — What  two  boundary  rivers  has  Oregon  ?  In  what  part  of 
the  state  are  most  of  the  towns?     What  city  is  the  capital  ?     What  city 


north  of  Salem  ?     On  what  river  ?     Of  what  river  is  it  a  branch  ?     In 
•what  river  valleys  are  most  of  the  railways  ? 

California. — Which  is  the  chief  mountain  range  in  California  ?  What 
peak  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains?  What  two 
peaks  near  their  southern  extremity  ?  ^Vhich  is  the  largest  lake  in  the 
state?.  Which  are  the  two  chief  rivers?  Through  what  famous  valley 
does  a  branch  of  the  San  Joaquin  flow?  What  river  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state  separates  the  Cascade  Mountains  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ?  What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  ? 
W'hat  city  is  the  capital?  What  city  nearly  south  of  Sacramento? 
North  of  Sacramento  ?  West  of  Stockton  ?  West  of  Oakland  ?  South 
of  Oakland  ?  North  of  Oakland  ?  What  two  towns  on  the  southern 
coast  ? 


LXI. 

KEVIEW  EXEECISES. 


States  and  Territories. — J/oui  houndedl    What  is  the  capitaU     The 
largest  city  i 


BOCKV  MOUM'X  DIVISIOS. 


Stntirs  nr 
Terrilori*^. 


Are«  in      P"p.  in 
S<).  Miles.      I860. 


Montana  T. . . 
U^'^yotfiifg  T. . 
Colorado 


I  HC.nso 
nr.^'.ift 


BASIN  DITISIOX. 


Sutw  or  Area  in 

T«rrit4^riM.  Sq.  Mile* 


3;i,159   Idaho  T. . 
2n,78«J  Nevada.. 


103.925  104,327'!  i/^a-;  T.. 


New  Mexico  y.  122,5ftrt  UO.Sft.'JL^rwfM  T. 


± 


84,80n 

iin.Too 

84.9T0 

iis,o-2n 


Pop.  in 
I8S0. 


32,01(1 

C2.2r.r 

I4S,!I6' 
4(1,441 


PACIFIC  DIVISION. 


SUUsor 
TerritoriM. 


Aren  in 
Sq.Mila 


Atnska  T. '  577,400 

lltishmet<"'  t\    O'-'^ 

Oregon 00.030 

California 158,300 


Pop.  ID 

leeo. 


S0,178 
75.110 
1 74,768 
804,694 


Cities  and  Towns — ///  what  part  of  the  state  1    How  situated i 

H  em;n  A  ?     BTHteXity  ? 

Cheyenne?    liaramreTTity ? 

Denver  ?    LeadvtHeT' — Georgetown  ? 

Santa  I''£?     Albuquerque? 

Boise  City^     Idaho-City? 

Carson?    Virginia  City ?     Gold  Hill? 

Salt  Lake  City?    OgdenCity? 

Prescott?    Tucson?     ToiilCstoneT 

Sitka?     St.  Paul  ? 

Olvmpia?     VValla  Walla? 

Salem?     Portland? 

Sacramento  ?     San  Francisco  ?     Oakland  ?     San  Josd  ?    Vallejo  ? 
Los  Angeles?     Stockton?     Marysville?     San  Diego? 

Mountains. —  U'liere  are  they  I 

Rocky?  Wind  River?  Uintah?  Wahsatch  ?  Cascade?  Sierra 
Nevada  .'  Coast  ranges  ?  Frcmonts  Peak  ?  Pikes  Peak  ?  Mount 
Shasta?     Mount  Tyndall  ?     Mount  Whitney?     JMount  Lincoln? 

Rivers. —  Where  docs  it  rise  7  In  what  direction  does  itflojv  1  Through 
wliat  slates  I     Into  what  body  of  water  i 

Missou'i?  Yellowstone?  Colorado?  Gila?  Green?  Grand?  S.acra- 
mcnto?    San  Joaquin?    Klamath?    Columbia?    Snake?    ClarkesFoik? 

Lakes. —  Where  is  it  t 

Yellowstone?     Great  Salt?    Tulare?     Utahf 


WESTERN     STATES. 


LXII. 

WESTEEN  STATES:  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  DIVISION. 

1.  Surface. — This  group  contains  the  great  water-shed 

of  North  America. 

The  Rocky  Mountains,  one  of  the  highest  ranges  in  North  .America, 
under  various  names,  cover  the  greater  part  of  tJiis  division. 

10 


g 


Tlie  Great  Plains  constitute  the  eastern  part  of  the  group,  and  ex- 
tend to  the  base  of  the  mountains. 

2.  The  most  important  valleys  enclosed  by  the  Rocky 
Mountains  arc  the  four  parks  of  Colorado. 


Soine  of  these  are  as  large  as  Connecticut  or  New  Jersey.  In 
the  front  range  or  eastern  wall  of  the  parks  are  several  peaks 
over  14,000  feet  high.     The  great  central  chain  of  the  Rocky 


60 


WESTERN   STATES:   ROCKY   MOUNTAIN    DIVISION. 


GEYSER    OF    THE    YELLOWSTONE. 


Mountains,  known  as  the  Sierra  Maclre  or  N.ational  range, 
reaches  a  great  elevation  on  the  west  side  of  the  parks.  From 
the  top  of  Mount  Lincoln  the  e\-e  sweeps  over  a  wilderness  of 
high  peaks,  at  least  t\vo  hundred  of  which  are  nearly  13,000 
feet,  and  not  less  than  twenty-five  over  14,000  feet  high. 

3.  Rivers. — The  only  navigable  rivers  are  the  Missouri 
and  the  Yellowstone  in  Montana. 

The  snow  on  the  sides  and  summits  of  the  lofty  mountain  ranges, 
melting  under  the  summer  sun,  is  an  unfailing  supply  to  the 
rivers  during  the  months  of  drought.  These  rivers  are  invalua- 
ble as  means  of  irrigation. 

4.  Cliiuate. — The  mildness  of  the  winter  climate  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  especially  in  the 
North  and  far  into  British  America,  is  a  remarkable  fact 
in  the  physical  geography  of  this  group.  It  is  of  exceed- 
ing importance  in  relation  to  the  settlement  of  these  re- 
gions.   In  the  higher  regions  the  summers  are  cold. 

Notwithstanding  the  latitude  and  the  elevation,  the  climate  grows 
milder  and  the  snow  disappears  from  the  plains  as  we  approach 
the  great  range.  This  is  rapidly  becoming  the  great  grazing 
region  of  the  continent.  Cattle  unhoused  can  live  all  winter 
upon  the  rich  grass  that  covers  these  plains.  They  have  for 
ages  been  the  feeding-ground  of  millions  of  buffaloes.  The  im- 
mense herds  of  these  valuable  wild  animals  will  probably  soon 
be  exterminated. 

Timber  is  scarce  except  on  the  slopes  and  in  the  enclosed  valleys 
of  the  ranges  north  of  Central  Colorado.  Towards  the  south  the 
country  grows  more  and  niore  arid,  till  in  New  Mexico  the  land- 
scape is  generally  one  of  desolation. 

5.  Population. — The  total  population  of  this  group 
in  1880  was  a  little  less  than  three  fifths  of  that  of  Con- 
necticut, which  has  about  one  one-hundredth  of  the  area. 

6.  Occupations. — Mining  and  stock-raising  are  the 
chief  occupations,  although  agriculture  is  rapidly  develop- 
ing in  Colorado.  This  group  is  very  rich  in  metals  and 
other  valuable  minerals. 

7.  Montana. — Montana  has  a  fine  climate,  immense 


areas  of  rich  soil  and  of  valuable  timber,  and  great  mineral 
wealth. 

It  produces  a  large  amount  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  live-stock. 
Helena,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

8.  Il^yoming'. — The  greater  part  of  the  population 
of  Wyoming  are  in  the  towns  on  the  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  and  its  branches.  Wool  and  immense 
quantities  of  live-stock,  chiefly  cattle  and  sheep,  are  shipped 
to  eastern  markets. 

■  This  territory  includes  the  greater  part  of  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  which  surrounds  Yellowstone  Lake,  and  has  an  area  of 
about  .3600  square  miles.  Its  deep  canons,  lofty  falls,  and  nu- 
merous bathing-pools,  geysers,  and  lakes,  make  it  in  many  re- 
spects the  most  wonderful  portion  of  the  continent,  and  even  of 
the  world.  It  has  been  set  aside  by  Congress  as  a  "perpetual 
reservation  for  the  benefit  and  instruction  of  mankind." 

Cheyenne  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 

9.  Colorado. — Colorado  contains  the  Great  Parks  and 
the  loftiest  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

It  is  rich  in  inines  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  coal,  iron,  and  salt. 
The  mountain  "pineries"  furnish  a  large  amount  of  lumber. 
Grazing  and  coal-mining  are  becoming  leading  industries.  Irri- 
gation is  extensively  employed  in  agriculture. 

Denver,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  about  5000  feet 
above  the  sea. 

10.  New  THexico. — New  Mexico  was  settled  more  than 

three  centuries  ago  (1550)  by  the  Spaniards. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  a  mixed  race,  descended  from  civilized 
Indians  and  the  Spanish  settlers,  and  speak  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage ;  they  are  mostly  in  the  fertile  Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
a  narrow,  swift,  and  shallow  stream,  nearly  all  the  waters  of 
which  are  consumed  in  irrigation  in  dry  seasons.     The  popula- 


L'lTLR    FALL    OF    THE    VELLOW.STO.NE. 


WESTERN    STATES:    BASIN    DIVISION. 


Gl 


tion  of  the  territory  has  lately  begun  to  increase  by  immigration. 
Two  transcontinental  railways  now  cross  New  Mexico,  and  com- 
mon schools  have  been  established. 

Santa  Fe,  G840  feet  above  the  sea,  is  the  capital  and 

largest  city.     It  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  United  States. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  does  this  group  contain? — 2.  Which  are  the  most  im- 
portant valleys? — 3.  Which  aie  the  only  navigable  rivers? — i.  What  remarkable  fact 
in  regard  to  climate  ?  Why  important  ? — 5.  What  is  said  of  the  population  ? — (J.  What 
are  the  principal  occupations?  What  partial  exceptions?  In  what  is  this  group  rich  ? 
— 7.  What  is  said  of  Montana?  Name  its  chief  resources.  What  is  the  capital? — 
8.  What  is  said  of  the  population  of  Wyoming?  What  are  its  chief  products  ?  What 
is  the  capital? — 9.  For  what  is  Colorado  noted?  What  is  its  capital  and 
largest  city? — 10.  When  and  by  whom  was  New  Mexico  settled?  ^^__— 

What  is  its  capital  and  largest  city?     What  is  said  of  it? 

(II.) — 1.  What  mountains  in  this  division  ?    What  is  the 
character  of  ihe  eastern  part? — 2.  What  is  the  yize  of 
these   parks?     What  peaks    east   of  them?     What 
mountain  chain  west  of  the  parks?     What  is  said 
of  the  view  from  Mount  Lincoln  ? — 3.  What  are 
the  effects  and  uses  of  the  snow? — 4.  What  is 
the  character  of  this  part  of  the  plains  ?     To 
what  is  it  best  adapted?     Why?     What  is 
said   of  the   buffaloes?     Wheie    is    limber 
found  ?    What  is  the  character  of  the  coun- 
try towards  the  south  ? — "What  does  Mon- 
tana produce  ? — S.  What  is  said  of  the  high- 
est mouutain  chain  of  Wyoming?     Of  the 
National  I'ark  ? — 'J.  What  minerals  has  Col- 
orado?   What  other  industries? — 10.  W'ho 
are  the  present  inhabitants  of  New  Mexico? 
Where  are    they  located  ?     What  is   the 
character   of  the   Rio  Grande  ?     What   is 
said  of  the  population  ?     What  is  said  of 
the  railways  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mex- 
ico ? 


LXIII. 

WESTEEN  STATES:  BASIN 


DIVISION. 

1.  Sitaation. —  Nevada 
and  the  three  territories  Ida- 
ho, Utah,  and  Arizona  occu- 
py the  central  and  larger  part 
of  the  Great  Basin,  which  is 
nearly  enclosed  by  the  Si- 
erra Nevada,  Cascade,  and 
Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  Sarface. — The  surface 

is  very  rugged  and  uneven. 

Numerous  short  parallel  chains  cover  nearly  the  whole  region. 
The  lofty  Wahsatch  chain  divides  the  high  plateau  of  the  Colo- 
rado, the  waters  of  which  flow  to  the  Gulf  of  California,  from  the 
lower  plateau  of  the  Great  Basin,  where  the  swift  streams  are 
lost  in  salt  lakes  near  the  foot  of  its  mountain  walls. 

3.  Climate. — The  climate  is  exceedingly  dry.  This  is 
particularly  the  case  in  the  south,  where  the  summers  are 
very  hot ;  in  the  extreme  north  the  winter  is  cold,  with 
deep  snows. 

The  temperature  is  very  variable.      In  consequence  of  the  great 


GKANU    CANO.N    ul-    TlIU   COLUKADO. 


e.\tent  of  dry  soil   and   naked   rock,  an  intensely  warm  day  is 
followed,  even  in  midsummer,  by  a  cold  night. 

4.  Yeg:etation. — Timber  is  found  cnlv  on  the  hio-hest 

•  ^  & 

mountains.     The  brown  sage-bush  in  the  north  and  the 
cactus  in  the  south  are  the  characteristic  vegetation. 

5.  Popniation.  —  More   than   half  the  population   of 
this  group  of  states  is  in   Utah. 

G.  Occupations.  — The  chief  occupation   in  Utah  is 
agriculture ;  in  the  remaining  regions,  mining. 

7.  Idaho. —  Idaho  produces  large  amounts  of 
^\  gold  and  silver.  Boise  City  is  the  capital. 
8.  IVevada — Nevada  is  chiefly  re- 
markable for  its  mineral  wealth.  For 
several  years  it  produced  more 
than  half  of  the  lead  mined  in 
the  United  States,  and  nearly 
one  third  of  the  silver.  Virgin- 
ia  City  and  Gold  Hill  are  fa- 
mous for  rich  mines  of  silver. 

A  single  vein  of  one  of  these 
mines  is  said  to  have  yield- 
ed over  S:iL',000,000  in  tour- 
teen  months. 

Carson  is  the  capital. 

The  towns  are  at  the  silver- 
mines,  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

9.  Utah. — Utah  is  remark- 
able as  the  home  of  the  Mor- 
mons, or  Latter-day  Saints ; 
they  constitute  four  fifths  of 
the  population. 

Their  religion  has  many  pecu- 
liarities, the  most  important 
of  which  is  polygamy.  The 
Mormons  occupy  fertile  val- 
leys at  the  western  base  of 
the  \\'ahsatch  range,  and 
carry  on  an  extensive  agri- 
culture by  means  of  irriga- 
tion. 

Salt  Lake  City  is  the  cap- 
ital and  largest  citv. 
10.  Arizona. — Arizona  and  Southern  California  have 
a  drier  climate  than  any  other  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  annual  rain-fall  near  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  is  only  about 
three  inches  ;  that  of  Southern  Alabama  is  sixty-three  inches. 
The  canons  of  the  Colorado  are  the  greatest  and  deepest  river 
gorges  in  the  world.  The  river  is  navigable  to  Cailville;  beyond 
this  for  more  than  three  hundred  miles  the  river  and  its  tribu- 
taries flow  with  great  swiftness  through  narrow  chasms  with 
nearly  perpendicular  walls,  and  over  rocky  beds  from  3000  to 
COOO  feet  below  the  general  level  of  the  plateau. 


63 


WESTERN   STATES:   PACIFIC   DIVISION. 


Arizona  is  very  rich  in  mineral  treasures.  Tiie  mining  of  silver 
and  of  copper  is  the  leading  industry.  Coal,  salt,  and  gold  are 
abundant.  Two  transcontinental  railways  cross  the  territory. 
In  the  eastern  part  of  the  territory  are  large  pine  forests. 

Prescott  is  the  capital.     Tucson  is  the  largest  town. 

Questions  (I.)— 1-  What  region  does  this  group  occupy  ?— 2.  What  is  the  char- 
acter of  the  surface  ?— 3.  Of  the  climate  ?     What  is  the  cliniale  in  the  south  ?     In  the 

north? t.  What  is  the  vegetation? — ."(.Where  is  most  of  the  population? — 0.  The 

chief  occupation  in  Utah?  In  the  remaining  regions? — 7.  What  does  Idaho  Territory 
produce  ?  What  is  the  capital .' — 8.  For  what  is  the  State  of  Nevada  remarkable  ? 
For  what  .nre  Virginia  City  and  Gold  Mill  famous?  What  is  the  capital?— 0.  For 
what  is  Utah  Territory  remarkable  ?  What  city  is  the  capital  ?— 10.  For  what  is 
Arizona  Territory  remarkable  ?     What  is  the  capital  ? 

(I[.) 3.  What  is  said  of  the  mountain  chains?     How  does  the  Wahsatch  chain 

divide  this  section  ? — 3.  What  is  said  of  the  temperature  ? — S.  Of  the  .amount  of  silver 
yielded  by  a  single  vein  ?  Where  are  the  towns  ? — 9.  What  peculiarity  has  the  religion 
of  the  Mormons  ?    Where  .are  the  Mormons  located  ?    What  is  their  chief  occupation  ? 

10.  How  does  the  rain-fall  of  Arizona  compare  with  that  of  Southern  Alabama? 

What  is  said  of  the  canons  of  the  Colorado  ?  What  is  said  of  the  minerals  of  Ari- 
zona?    Of  the  fore.-ts?     What  two  railways  cross  the  territory? 


LXIV. 

WESTERN  STATES:  PAOiriO  DIVISION. 

1.  SarfUce. — The  lofty  range  known  in  California  as 

the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  Oregon  and  Washington  as  the 

Cascade,  passes  through  this  entire  group  of  states. 

It  is  nearly  as  high  as  the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  has  fewer  passes. 
East  of  these  mountains  is  a  portion  of  the  great  interior  plateau ; 
in  Washington  it  is  called  the  Great  I'lain  of  the  Columbia,  and 
is  about  ■20U0  feet  above  the  ocean. 

Near  the  coast  is  a  series  of  short,  low  chains,  called 

the  Coast  ranges. 

They  are  parallel  to  the  great  interior  chain.  The  coast  is  very 
bold,  and  without  islands. 

Between  the  high  chains  and  the 
Coast  ranges  are  three  important 
lowlands :  the  Valley  of  Paget  Sound, 
in  Washington;  the  Valley  of  the 
Willamette,  in  Oregon ;  and  the  Cal- 
ifornia Basin  in  California.  Each 
of  these  is  the  most  fertile  and  im- 
portant part  of  the  state  or  terri- 
tory in  which  it  is  situated. 

2.  Climate.  —  The  climate  west 
of  the  great  mountain  range  is  mild 
and  equable  in  temperature,  but 
has  great  extremes  of  moisture. 

Piiget  Sound  has  a  greater  rain -fill 
than  any  other  part  of  the  United 
States  except  Alaska. 

3.  Occupations.  —  Agriculture, 
manufacturing,  mining,  and  lumber- 
ing are  the  leading  pursuits. 

4.  Commerce. —  Internal    com- 


merce, except  over  the  Pacific  railroads,  is  quite  limited. 
There  are  few  navigable  rivers.  The  Columbia  is  naviga- 
ble to  where  it  breaks  through  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
and  again  beyond  them  to  Priest  Rapids  ;  its  great  branch, 
the  Snake,  to  Lewiston,  Idaho;  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  are  navigable  for  a  large  part  of  their  course  ;  the 
Colorado  more  than  300  miles,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Grand 
Canon;  and  the  Yukon  in  Alaska,  with  its  great  branch,  the 
Pelly,  nearly  3000  miles. 

5.  Alaska. — The  great  territory  of  Alaska,  including 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  was  purchased  of  Russia  in  18G7. 

Mountain  chains  extend  along  the  whole  coast  and  through  the 
islands  ;  they  contain  many  volcanoes.  The  area  of  Alaska  is 
over  500,000  square  miles.  The  greater  part  has  a  severe  Arctic 
climate.  The  west  coasts  have  a  mild,  rainy  climate.  The  rain- 
fall at  Sitka  is  about  ninety  inches  a  year;  there  are  but  few 
clear  days.     In  the  south  are  heavy  forests. 

Tiie  political  organization  of  Alaska  is  very  simple. 
A  governor,  collector  of  customs,  and  a  few  other  officials 
reside  at  Sitka,  and  are  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  It  has  no  legislature.  The  inhabitants 
are  mostly  Indians,  Esquimaux,  and  half-breeds. 

They  live  on  the  coasts  and  islands,  being  almost  exclusively  de- 
pendent upon  the  fisheries,  which  are  among  the  most  valuable  in 
the  world.    The  skins  of  the  fur-seal  are  tiie  chief  article  of  e.vport. 

6.  Washinjfton. — Washington  has  the  most  extensive 
and  valuable  lumber  forests  in  the  United  States. 

In  the  number  and  excellence  of  its  bays  and  harbors  it  is  unsurpassed. 

The  eastern  half  is  noted  for  wheat  and  live-stock  ;  owing  to  the 
mild  and  moist  climate,  the  western  half  is  densely  covered  with 
valuable  forests  of  pine  and  cedar.  Tlie  short  streams  falling  into 
Pnget  Sound  furnish  exhaustless  water-power.     Coal  is  abuiulanl. 

The  principal  exports  are  lumber 
and  wheat. 

Olympia  is  the  capital. 

7.  Oregon.  —  The  greater  part 
of  the  population  of  Oregon  is  in 
the  fertile  Valley  of  the  Willamette. 
Wool-growing  and  stock-raising  are 
the  principal  occupations. 

The  salmon  fisheries  of  the  Co- 
lumbia are  of  great  and  increasing 
importance.  Wheat,  lumber,  and 
canned  salmon  are  the  chief  exports. 

Though  in  the  latitude  of  New  England, 
cattle  spend  the  winter  in  green  fields. 
The  Northern  Pacific  Railroadconnects 
Oregon  and  Washington  with  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

The  coast  is  deficient  in  harbors. 

Portland,  on  the  Willamette,  is  the 
largest  city.     Salem  is  the  capital. 


BIG    TREJLj,   uF    L.ILUuKNlA. 


WESTERN    STATES:    PACIFIC    DIVISION. 


63 


8.  Calirornia.  —  California  produces  more  gold  and 
more  wine  than  any  other  state  in  the  Union.  In  manu- 
factures it  surpasses  every  other  state  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi except  Missouri.  It  contains  the  great  double  Val- 
ley of  the  Sacramento  and  the  San  Joaquin,  which  is  con- 
nected with  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  the  Golden  Gate  at  San 
Francisco,  and  with  the  Mississippi  Valley  by  the  Cen- 
tral, Union,  and  Southern  Pacific  Railroads. 

The  variety  and  value  of  the  agricultural  and  mineral  riches  of  this 
valley  are  beyond  brief  description,  and  make  California 
a  proverb  for  wealth  and  fruitfulness  throughout  the 
world.    The  yield  of  the  vast  gold-fields  of  the 
Sierra  places  California  among  the  first  of 
the  gold -producing  countries  ;  yet  the 
annual  value  of  manufactured  prod- 
ucts already  greatly  exceeds  that 
of     the     mineral     products, 
while    the    results   of  agricult 
ure     nearly     equal     all     the 
others  together. 

Wheat,  barle)-,  wine,  and 
fruits  are  excellent  in  qual- 
ity and  wonderful  in  quan- 
tity. The  soil  and  climate 
of  the  southern  part  of 
the  state  are  favorable  to 
the  cultivation  of  the 
orange,  olive,  fig,  almond, 
and  other  tropical  fruits. 
They  are  also  favorable 
to  the  growth  of  the  mul- 
berry -  tree,  whose  leaves 
are  the  food  of  the  silk- 
worm. 

The  fertile  soil,  the  equabl. 
temperature  of  its  climatr 
and  the  succession  of  rain\ 
and  dry  seasons  which 
form  its  year,  give  to  Cali- 
fornia the  most  productive 
agriculture  in  the  United 
States. 

The  area  of  the  state  is 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  New 
England,  New  York,  and 
Pennsylvania. 


Its  population  in  18S0,  including  more  than  7-i,000  Chinese,  i 
was  a  little  more  than  one  fifth  of  that  of  the  State  of  New  ' 
York. 

The  Big  Trees  and  the  Yosemite  Valley  are  two  of  the 
chief  wonders  of  nature. 

These  trees  are  gigantic  evergreens,  some  of  which  are  more  than 
100  feet  around,  400  feet  high,  and  :5000  years  old. 

The  Yosemite  Valley  is  a  remarkable  chasm  ten  miles  long  and 
three  in  greatest  width,  with  perpendicular  walls  of  granite  from 
3000  to  5000  feet  high,  over  which  the  Merced   River  falls,  in 
three  leaps,  more  than  2000  feet. 
20 


San  Francisco,  famous  for  its  magnificent  harbor  and 
its  export  of  gold  and  wheat,  is  the  largest  city  of  the 
Pacific  coast  from  Cape  Horn  to  Japan,  and  is  the  fourth 
city  of  the  United  States  in  foreign  commerce.  Sacra- 
mento is  the  capital. 

San  Francisco  is  at  the  western  end  of  the  Central  Pacific  and 
Southern  Pacific  railroads,  and  has  an  e.xtensive  and  growing 
commerce  with  Europe,  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  the  .-\tlantic 
States,  and  with  the  countries  and  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
A  large  part  of  the  trade  with  the  Atlantic  States  is  carried  on  by 
means  of  ocean  steamers  and  the  Panama  Railroad.  It  imports 
tea  and  silk  from  Japan  and  China  in  exchange  for  grain. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  lofty  mountain  range  passes  through 
lliis   Rfoiip   of  st.ates  .>     What    ranges    near    the    coast.' 
What  three  important  valleys  between  the  high  chains 
and  the  Coast  ranges.'     What  is  said  of  these  val- 
leys .' — 2.  What  characteristics  has  the  climate  west 
of  the  great  range .' — 3.  What  are  the  leading 
pursuits.' — 4.  What  is  said  of  internal  com- 
merce ?    Of  the  mountains .'    Of  the  railroads 
and  rivers.'     How  far  is  the  Columbia  nav- 
igable?   The  Sacramento  and  .'^an  Joaquin.' 
The  Colorado  ?   The  Yukon  ? — 5.  How  was 
Alaska  obtained?     When?     Desciilw  ilie 
political    org.anization    of  Alaska.      Who 
are  the  inhabitants.' — G.  What  is  said  of 
the  forests  of  Washington?     What  is  the 
principal  export?     What  town  is  the  cap- 
ital ? — 7.   Where  is  most  of  the  population 
of  Oregon?     What  are  the  principal  oc- 
cupations?    What  is  said  of  the  salmon 
fisheries   of  the   Columbia?     Of  its   ex- 
ports ?     Which  is  the  largest  town  ?    The 
capital  ? — 8.  For  what  is  California  noted  ? 
W'hat  is  its  rank  in  manufactures  ?    What 
important  valley  has  it  ?     By  what  is  it 
connected  commercially  with  the  Pacific? 
With  the  Mississippi  Valley  ?     What  is 
the  area  of  this  state?     What  natural 
wonders  does  it  possess  ?    For  what  is 
San   Francisco   famous  ?     W  hat   city   is 
the  capital  ? 

(II.) — 1.  How  does  the  Sierra  Nevada 
compare  in  height  with  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains? What  is  there  east  of  these  mount- 
ains? By  what  name  is  it  known  in 
Washington  Territory  ?  How  high  is  it  .> 
To  what  are  the  low  chains  parallel  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  coast.' — 
?  What  is  said  of  the  rain-fall  of  Puget 
Miund  ? — .1.  What  is  the  character  of  the 
coast  and  islands  of  Alaska?  What  is 
its  area?  What  is  the  climate  of  the 
greater  part  ?  Of  the  west  coasts  ?  W  hat 
V0SE.M1TE  vAL^t..  is   the    amount   of  rain  -  fall    at    Sitka? 

Where  are  the  forests?  Where  do  the 
inhabitants  live?  Upon  what  are  they  dependent?  What  is  the  chief  article  of 
e.vport .'— G.  What  is  said  of  the  bays  and  harbors  of  Washington  Territory  ?  For  what 
is  the  cistern  half  noted?  What  is  said  of  the  western  half  ?  Of  the  rivers?  What 
mineral  is  abundant  ?— 7.  How  does  the  climate  of  Oregon  compare  with  that  of  New 
England?  W'hat  is  said  of  its  railroad  connections  ?  Of  its  coast  .'—8.  What  is  said 
of  the  agricultural  and  mineral  riches  of  California  ?  How  does  California  rank  amonR 
the  gold- producing  countries?  How  do  the  m.nnufactures  compare  with  the  mineral 
products  ?  How  do  the  agricultural  products  compare  with  the  manufactures  and  the 
mineral  products  ?  What  is  said  of  the  wheat,  barley,  wine,  and  fruits  ?  Of  the  tropi- 
cal fruits?  Of  the  nuilberry-tree?  What  causes  give  C.ilifornia  the  most  productive 
agriculture  in  the  United  States?  How  does  the  population  of  California  compare 
n-ith  that  of  the  State  of  New  York  ?  Describe  the  Big  Trees.  The  Yosemite  V.il- 
lev.  What  is  said  of  the  commerce  of  San  Francisco?  W'hat  other  trade  route  lie- 
tween.  San  Francisco  and  the  Atlantic  States  ?  In  what  does  the  trade  with  Japan  and 
China  consist? 


64 


COMMERCIAL  UNITED    STATES:    INDUSTRIES.— RAILROAD   AND  WATER   TRANSPORTATION. 


COMMERCIAL    UNITED     STATES. 


LXV. 

INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

I. — ^1.  Agriculture,  the  chief  source  of  food,  and  the  basis  of  all  other 
inchistries,  is  by  far  the  most  important  occupation  of  the  people  of  thu 
United  States.     The  following  are  the  leading  products. 

2.  Maize  or  Indian  Corn  is  the  principal  grain.  In  some  years  the 
product  has  e.vceeded  1  770  millions  of  bushels.  Comparatively  a  small 
part  is  e.\ported  ;  the  greater  part  is  used  in  fattening  catfle,  swine,  etc. 

:3.  Wheat,  the  chief  bread  grain,  is  the  second  in  quantity  and  in  value. 
The  annual  export  is  greater  than  that  of  all  other  grains,  and  some- 
times exceeds  one  fourth  of  the  product.  Great  Britain  is  the  chief 
foreign  purchaser.  A  much  greater  part  is  distributed  to  the  manu- 
facturing, mining,  and  cotton  districts  of  the  United  States. 

4.  Oats,  barley,  rye,  buckwheat,  and  rice  are  the  other  grains.  Barley 
is  used  chiefiy  in  the  manufacture  of  beer  ;  a  considerable  part  of  the 
wheat,  rye,  and  maize  is  converted  into  whiskey,  starch,  and  glucose. 

5.  Hav  and  Potatoes  are  of  great  total  value,  but  are  too  bulky  to 
pay  for  long  transportation. 

G.  Tobacco  is  a  very  important  product,  and  is  one  of  the  chief  articles 
of  export.     More  than  one  third  of  it  is  produced  in  Kentucky. 

7.  Cotton  is  the  largest  and  most  valuable  export  of  the  United  States. 
Great  Britain  buys  much  the  greater  part,  but  large  quantities  are  sent 
to  nearly  every  country  of  Europe.  The  crop  has  amounted  to  nearly 
6  millions  of  bales,  of  47.5  pounds  each,  and  is  still  increasing. 

8.  Sugar  is  a  limited  crop.     Nearly  all  of  it  is  produced  in  Louisiana. 

Note. — Products  ia  1879,  and  Leading  States.  — /l/i?/:t',  1773  millions  of 
bushels;  Illinoi.s,  low.i,  Ohio,  Missouri,  lucli.ina,  and  Kansas. —  IVheat,  4fiO  millions; 
Illinois,  Indi.ina,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  and  California. — Oals,  408  millions; 
Illinois,  Iowa,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. — Barley,  44  millions  ;  about 
one  h.alf  from  California  and  New  York. — Kye,  20  millions;  Pennsylvania,  Illinois, 
New  York,  and  Wisconsin. — Ditclnulieal,  12  millions;  about  two  thirds  from  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania. — A'w,  110  millions  of  pounds  ;  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
Louisiana. — Hny,  3G  millions  of  tons;  New  Y'orlc,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  and  Ohio. 
— Potatoes,  2(10  millions  of  bushels;  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Illinois. — 
Tobacco,  473  millions  of  pounds  ;  Kentucky,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio. — Cotton, 
nearly  (i  millions  of  bales ;  Mississippi,  Georgia,  Te.xas,  Alnbama,  and  Arkansas. — Cane 
Sii^ar,  2."i0,000  hogsheads  ;  Louisiana,  Texas,  Tennessee,  and  South  Carolina. 

II. — 1.  Grazing  is  a  department  of  agriculture. 

2.  Butter  and  cheese  are  produced  in  great  quantities  in  the  hay  dis- 
tricts of  the  Middle  Atlantic  and  North  Central  States,  and  are  among 
the  leading  articles  of  export. 

3.  Cattle  Axe:  also  raised  for  beef,  hiWes,  and  talloto  in  many  parts  of  the 
country,  but  chiefly  between  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, and  in  the  Pacific  and  North  Central  States. 

4.  Sheep  are  raised  chiefly  for  mutton,  wool,  skins,  and  talhnc.  Cali- 
fornia, Ohio,  and  Illinois  are  the  leading  states  in  wool-growing. 

.5.  Swine  are  raised  lor  pork  and  lani.  The  chief  supply  is  from  the 
corn  country.  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Boston,  New  York,  and 
other,  cities  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  packing  oi  pork,  lard,  and 
beef.  The  greater  part  is  sent  to  the  cotton  states  and  to  the  mining  and 
manufacturing  districts,  and  there  is  a  large  export  trade  to  Europe,  the 
West  Indies,  and  South  America. 

III.— Forest  products. — Lumber,  turpentine,  and  bark  are  (he  chief 
forest  products.  Maine,  North  Carolina,  and  Canada  furnish  the  chief 
supply  of  lumber  for  the  Atlantic  States  ;  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota  for  the  Central;  and  Oregon  and  Washington  for  the  P.acific 
States.  Turpentine  is  chiefly  obtained  from  the  Carolina  pine-forests. 
The  bark  of  the  oak  and  the  hemlock  is  of  great  value  for  tannincr. 

IV. — Fishing. — The  North  Atlantic  States  furnish  the  chief  supply 
of  fish,  including  cod,  mackerel,  herring,  shad,  salmon,  and  lobsters.  Be- 
sides these  varieties  are  oysters  from  the  Chesapeake,  white-fish  from 
the  Great  Lakes,  and  salmon  from  the  Pacific  coast. 

V. — 1.  Minerals. — Coal  and  iron  are  the  most  important  of  minerals. 
In  these  two  substances  the  United  Slates  is  the  richest  country  in  the 


world.  The  chief  deposits  of  coal  are  found  in  a  broad  belt  extending 
from  Maryland  and  Eastern  Pennsylvania  to  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 
There  are  also  valuable  deposits  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  princi- 
pal iron-mines  are  in  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  on  the  borders  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  in  Missouri.  Pennsylvania  exceeds  all  other  states 
in  the  production  of  both  coal  and  iron.  The  production  and  the  man- 
ufacture of  iron  are  among  the  most  important  industries  of  the  United 
States,  especially  in  the  Ohio  Valley  and  in  Missouri. 

2.  Petroleum  is  supplied  chiefly  by  western  Pennsylvania.  The  refined 
oil,  known  as  kerosene,  is  one  of  the  leading  exports,  and  is  sent  to  near- 
ly every  civilized  country. 

3.  In  the  production  of  gold  and  silver  the  United  States  surpasses 
every  other  country  in  the  world.  The  chief  supply  is  obtained  from  the 
Western  Highland.  California  produces  the  greatest  amount  of  gold, 
and  Colorado  of  silver. 

4.  Among  the  other  important  mineral  products  are  copper  from  Ari- 
zona, Montana,  and  Northern  Michigan  ;  lead  from  Nevada,  Utah,  and 
Missouri ;  and  salt  from  Michigan,  New  York,  West  Virginia,  and  Ohio. 

VI. — Manufactures.  —  The  principal  manufacturing  district  of  the 
United  States  lies  east  of  the  Appalachians,  and  between  Portland  and 
Baltimore.  The  second  district  is  in  the  North  Central  States.  The 
leading  manufactures  of  the  several  states  have  already  been  described. 

Questions.  I. — 1.  What  is  said  of  agriculture  ? — 2.  Which  is  the  principal  grain  ? 
What  is  said  of  it  ? — 3.  Which  grain  is  second  in  importance.'  What  is  said  of  the 
export  ?  What  country  is  the  chief  purchaser .'  How  is  the  rest  distributed  .> — 1.  Name 
the  other  grains  in  the  order  of  their  importance.  What  is  the  chief  use  of  barley? 
What  grains  are  in  part  converted  into  whiskey .' — 5.  What  is  said  of  hay  and  potatoes  .> 
— ().  Of  tobacco  ? — 7.  Of  cotton  .> — S.  Of  sugar  ? 

II. — 1.  What  is  said  of  grazing? — 2.  Of  butter  and  cheese? — 3.  For  what  other  pur- 
poses are  cattle  raised  ?  Where  .' — 4.  Which  are  the  chief  sheep  products  ?  The  prin- 
cipal wool  states  ?— .5.  The  chief  swine  products  ?     What  is  said  of  the  packing  tr.ade  ? 

III. — Name  the  leading  forest  products.  Name  the  chief  sources  of  the  supply 
of  lumber.     Ol  turpentine.     What  barks  are  used  in  taiuiing? 

IV. — Where  are  the  chief  supplies  of  fish  obtained? 

V. — 1.  Which  are  the  most  important  of  minerals?  What  is  said  of  the  co.al  and 
iron  of  the  United  States i"  Where  are  the  chief  coal  deposits?  The  principal  iron- 
mines?  Which  is  the  leading  state  in  coal  and  iron  ?  What  else  is  said  of  the  iron 
industry .'—2.  What  is  said  of  petroleum?  Of  kerosene?— 3.  Of  gold  and  silver.' — 
4.  What  is  said  of  the  other  important  mineral  products? 

VI.— Where  is  the  principal  manufacturing  district?     The  second  district? 


LXVI. 

TRANSPORTATION, 

RAILROADS.  I. — The  principal  or  trunk-line  railroads  of  the  LTnited 
States  may  be  divided  into  Eastern,  Central,  Southern,  and  Western. 

II. — Eastern  Trunk  Lines.^The  principal  eastern  trunk  lines  lie 
chiefly  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States.  They  are  si.x  in  number,  and 
.Tie  of  leading  importance  in  the  railway  system  of  the  United  States. 
The  greater  part  of  the  surplus  products  of  the  northern  half  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  finds  its  way  to  a  market  over  these  lines. 

1.  Grand  Trunk — from  PoriLmd,  through  Montreal  and  Toronto,  to  De- 
troit (siil  m.).      It  lies  mostly  in  Canada. 

•2.  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River— from  New  York,  through 
Poughkeepsie,  Albany,  and  Rochester,  to  Buffalo  (440  m.).  The 
Boston  and  Albauv  exlends  it  lo  Boston  (201  m.). 

:>.  New  York,  West  Shore,  and  Buffalo — from  New  York  to  Buflfalo 
(420  m.),  parallel  to  Hudson  River  and  Ne^o  York  Central. 

4.  New  York,  Lake  Erie,  and  Western— from  New  York,  through  Elmira 
and  Hornellsville,  to  liuff.iln  (424  m.),  wilh  a  branch  to  Dunkirk. 

5.  Pennsylvania— from  Philadelphia,  through  Harrisburg  and  Altoona, 
to  Pittsburgh  (.3o4  m.).  The  A'ew  Jersey  Railroad,  from  Philadelphia 
to  New  York  (90  m.),  is  its  eastern  extension. 


RAILROAD   AND   WATER   TRANSPORTATION. 


G5 


C.  Baltimore  and  Ohio — from  Baltimore,  through  Cumberland,  to  Par- 
kersbur<5,  with  a  branch  through  Wheeling  to  Chicago  (852  m.). 

III. — Central  Trunk  Lines.— These  lines  lie  in  the  North  Central 
States.     Among  many  important  lines  the  following  are  prominent : 

1.  Michigan  Central — from  Detroit,  through  Jackson  and  Kalamazoo, 
to  Chicago  (2^i  m.).     Extension  of  the  principal  Canada  roads. 

2.  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  —  from  Buffalo,  through  Erie, 
Cleveland,  and  Toledo,  to  Chicago  (.539  m.).  Extension  oi New  York 
Centrai  and  Hudson  Rirer,  and  other  New  York  trunk  lines. 

3.  Wabash,  St.  Louis,  and  Pacific — from  Detroit  and  Toledo,  through 
Logansport,  Springfield,  and  Keokuk,  to  Kansas  City  (713  m.)  and 
Omaha  (744  ni.).     Extension  o{  Lake  Shore. 

4.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio— from  Salamanca,  through  Mans- 
field and  Dayton,  to  Cincinnati  (448  m.).  Extension  oi  A^ezu  York, 
Lake  Eric,  and  Western. 

5.  Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago  —  from  Pittsburgh,  through 
Mansfield  and  Fort  Wayne,  to  Chicago  (4G8  m.).  Extension  of 
the  J'ennsylvania. 

6.  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  and  St.  Louis,  or  "  Pan -Handle  Route" — 
from  Pittsburgh,  through  Columbus,  to  Cincinnati,  and  through 
Richmond  to  Indianapolis.  Continued  in  the  St.  Louis,  Vandalia, 
Terre  Lfaiite,  and  Indianapolis  Road,  through  Terre  Haute  to  St. 
Louis  (G19  m.).     Extension  of  the  Pennsylvania. 

1.  Cincinnati,  Washington,  and  Baltimore  and  Ohio  and  Mississippi — 
from  Parkersburg,  through  Cincinnati,  to  St.  Louis  (536  m.).  Exten- 
sion of  Baltimore  and  Ohio. 

8.  Illinois  Central — from  Cairo,  through  Centralia,  to  Chicago  (365  m.), 
and  through  Bloomington  and  Dubuque,  to  Sioux  City  (784  m.). 

9.  Chicago  and  Alton — from  Chicago,  through  Bloomington,  Springfield, 
and  Alton,  to  St.  Louis  (280  m.). 

IV. — Southern  Trunk  Lines. — The  following  groups  include  most  of 
the  chief  lines  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  South  Central  States  : 

1.  Aline  from  Washington  through  Knoxville  to  Chattanooga;  a  line  from 
Washington  and  Richmond,  through  Atlanta,  to  Mobile  and  New  Or- 
leans; and  a  series  of  railways  which,  under  many  names,  connect  all 
the  Atlantic  and  river  ports  from  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  to  Portland,  Me. 

2.  In  the  second  group  are  lines  extending  westward  from  Charleston, 
Savannah,  and  other  southern  Atlantic  ports,  and  crossing  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  New  Orleans,  Vicksburg,  and  Memphis. 

3.  The  third  group  includes  lines  extending  north  and  south  from 
Louisville  to  Mobile,  Memphis,  and  New  Orleans  ;  from  St.  Louis  and 
Columbus,  Ky.,  to  New  Orleans  and  Mobile  ;  and  from  Evansville, 
through  Nashville  and  Montgomery  to  Mobile,  and  through  Chat- 
tanooga and  Atlanta  to  the  southern  Atlantic  ports. 

The  chief  business  of  these  lines  is  the  exchange  of  the  cotton  and 
other  products  of  the  South  for  the  manufactures  and  imports  of  the 
Northern  and  Central  Atlantic  States,  and  the  breadstuffs,  provisions, 
and  manufactures  of  the  country  north  of  the  Ohio  and  the  Missouri. 

V. — Western  Trunk  Lines. — These  lines  lie  mostly  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  A^orthern  Faeijic  extends  from  Duluth  and  St.  Paul  to 
various  ports  on  Puget  Sound  and  the  Columbia.  It  unites  the  railway 
and  water-way  systems  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  the  Lakes  with 
those  of  the  Pacific  region.  The  Central  IWific  extends  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Ogden,  is  continued  thence  by  the  Union  Pacific  to  Omaha 
(1914  m.).  The  Kansas  Pacific,  from  Cheyenne  through  Denver,  ter- 
minates at  Kansas  City.  The  Southern  Pacific  extends  from  San 
Francisco  through  southern  California  and  Arizona  to  Deining  in  New 
Mexico,  and  thence  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  /•?  to  Kansas 
City.  It  is  connected  with  New  Orleans  by  the  Texas  Pacific  and  by 
Galveston,  LLarrisburg,  and  San  Antonio.  From  Omaha,  Kansas  City, 
and  St.  Paul  a  number  of  important  roads  extend  these  great  trans- 
continental routes  to  the  Mississippi  and  the  Great  Lakes.  Among 
these  are  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy,  the  Chicago,  Rock  Lsland, 
and  Pacific,  the  Chicago  and  A'orthwestern,  the  Chicago  and  Alton,  and 
the  Wahish,  St.  Louis,  and  Pacific. 

21 


The  Chicago,  Mihvaukee,  and  St.  Paul  and  the  St.  Paul,  Minne- 
apolis, and  Manitoba  are  parts  of  a  system  of  important  lines  con- 
necting the  chief  ports  on  Lake  Michigan  with  the  great  wheat 
region  lying  between  that  lake  and  the  Upper  Missouri  and  extending 
into  Manitoba.  Texas,  California,  and  Oregon  also  have  important 
lines. 

WATER-WAYS.  VI. — The  principal  interior  water-ways  of  the 
United  States  are  the  Atlantic  System,  the  Mississippi  System,  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  the  Great  Lakes,  and  the  Canals. 

1.  Atlantic  System. — The  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  system  are  connected 
with  the  extensive  coasting  trade.  They  are  navigated  by  thousands 
of  sailing  vessels  and  steamers.  A  fall  or  a  rapid  at  the  head  of 
navigation  is  usually  the  seat  of  a  manufacturing  city  or  town. 

Note. — The  entrances  of  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  sy-^tcm  arc  more  or  less 
obstructed  by  broad  banks  or  shoals  of  mud  and  sand,  brought  down  by  the 
rivers  and  deposited  in  the  sea  just  at  their  mouths.  These  shoals  are  called 
bars.  They  frequently  make  it  dangerous  and  sometimes  impossible  for  ves- 
sels to  enter  even  at  high  tide.  Most  of  the  rivers  between  Chesapeake  B.iy 
and  the  Rio  Grande  can  be  entered  only  by  vessels  of  very  light  draught. 
The  Mississippi  admits  the  largest  ocean  steamers. 

2.  Mississippi  System. — The  Mississippi  has  fifty-five  great  tributaries, 
nearly  all  of  which  have  navigable  branches.  Numerous  steamboats 
and  barges  furnish  cheap  transportation  for  the  bulky  products  of 
the  valley. 

Note. — The  Mississipj)!  system  has  nearly  17,000  miles  navigable  by  steam- 
boats, and  more  than  20,(1U0  by  barges.  The  waters  of  the  great  river  and  its 
branches  are  subject  to  great  changes  of  level,  in  consequence  of  the  annual 
floods  and  droughts.  Below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  the  Missi.ssippi  sometimes 
rises  more  than  fifty  feet.  At  low  water  some  of  the  biaixhcs  can  be  nav- 
igated only  by  steamers  of  light  draught,  and  some  not  at  all  lor  several  months. 

3.  The  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Great  Lakes.— The  Great  Lakes  are  fresh- 
water seas,  and  are  traversed  by  a  great  number  of  sailing  vessels 
as  well  as  numerous  large  steamers.  They  are  closed  for  several 
months  by  ice,  but  are  not  affected  by  tides,  floods,  or  droughts. 

4.  Canals. — The  Great  Lakes  are  connected  with  the  Mississippi  and 
Atlantic  systems  by  canals.  The  Erie  Canal  in  New  York  is  the 
only  one  of  any  present  importance.  A  short  ship-canal  in  Michigan 
enables  vessels  to  pass  the  falls  at  the  entrance  of  Lake  Superior. 
The  Falls  of  Niagara  and  the  rapids  in  the  St.  Lawrence  are  passed 
by  means  of  ship-canals  in  Canada. 

Note. — A  number  of  important  ship-canals  have  recently  been  proposed  :  one 
to  connect  the  Hudson  and  Lake  Champlain  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  others  to 
connect  the  Ohio  with  the  James  and  the  Potomac,  the  Tennessee  with  the 
Alabama  and  the  Altamaha,  the  Illinois  and  the  Wisconsin  with  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  the  Minnesota  River  with  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

Questions.  I. — What  are  trunk  lines.'  How  may  the  trunk  lines  of  the  United 
States  be  divided  .■' 

IL — Where  are  the  principal  eastern  trunk  lines.'  How  many  are  there?  Name 
them.  Why  important? — Describe  the  following  roads.* — 1.  Grand  Trunk.' — 2.  New 
York  Central  and  Hudson  River.' — 3.  New  York,  Lake  Erie,  and  Buffalo.' — \.  New 
York,  Lake  Erie,  and  Western?— 5.  Pennsylvania?  New  Jersey  .' — G.  Baltiuiore  and 
Ohio? 

III. — Where  are  the  central  trunk  lines?  Name  the  most  important  of  these 
lines.  Describe  them.*  —  \.  Michigan  Central? — 2.  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan 
Southern.' — 3.  Wabash,  St.  Louis,  and  Pacific? — t.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Ohio? — a.  Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago? — G.  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  and 
St.  Louis? — 7.  Cincinnati,  Washington,  and  Baltimore?  Ohio  and  Mississippi? — 
8.  Illinois  Central .' — 'J.  Chicago  and  .Alton? 

IV. — How  many  groups  of  southern  trunk  lines? — 1.  Describe  the  first  group. — 
2.  The  second. — 3.  The  third.     What  is  the  chief  business  of  these  lines? 

V. — Where  do  the  western  trunk  lines  mostly  lie?  Describe  the  transcontinental 
routes.  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul,  and  the  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  and 
Manitoba.     What  is  said  of  other  western  lines? 

VI. — How  are  the  interior  water-ways  of  the  United  .Slates  divided? — I.  With  what 
trade  are  the  Atlantic  rivers  connected?  By  what  navigated?  Of  what  is  a  fall  or 
rapid  at  the  head  of  navigation  usually  the  seat.' — 2.  What  is  said  of  the  branches  of 
the  Mississippi  ?  By  what  navigated  ?  What  is  said  of  the  importance  of  the  system  ? 
Of  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  ? — 3.  Of  the  Great  Lakes?  What  effect  has  winter 
u])on  all  the  northern  water-w.iys .' — 4.  How  are  the  first  three  systems  connected? 
W'hich  is  the  most  important  of  these  canals?     Where  are  the  ship-canals? 

*  Ask  the  following  questions  about  each  of  these  roads:    In  what  state  or  states?     Between  and 
through  what  cities?    With  v.hat  other  trunk  lines  connected? 


M  G  U  tl  T  A  I  N   TIME 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

What  etca.  railroad  icniimits  at  Poillaiid,  Me  ' 
Throng],  what  foreign  country  tloes  it  pass>  What 
lakcpott  of  Michigan  is  at  its  western  end  > 


Thi 

lanL-)ioiL    Ol    JXICniGan    Is    at    Ite    iu»cta.„    l>       ^. 

.....«.....,,.„=  cen.rai  part  01  the  State  of  New  York> 
lelween  what  two  cities  are  they  t    Which  of  these  is  a 

of  these  SIX  great 


t  is  the  genera]  dircctioi 


What  lake-port  is  the  chief  railroad  centre  of  Il]i- 
tiois'  What  road  connects  Chicago  with  Detroit? 
Ol  what  great  eastern  roads  is  the  Michigan  Central 
ar.  extension?  What  road  connects  Chicago  with  linf- 
it:  ^':?°E^"I>'"  <"!'"  lake-ports  does  the  Lake 
Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  pass?  With  what  great 
railways  docs  it  connect  in  New  York?    What  road 

Wale,    nf  i,'",,'''"'''"^''   P'^^"    *™Sl>    Fo" 
ITL  T,  I^™"'''™-  road  i,  i,  a  continna- 

r,o  ^1    """'  '""^  '^'''^fo  passes  through  Wheel- 

TowSa,  ™h         "'  =■""  ■"dianapolis  to   St.  Looisi 

"■""'■       ^^l"'  '»>'!  fram  Toledo  passes  thr 


oirgh 


1  W'licre 
sissipiji  ?    What  road  runs  north  Ironi  ^■"•"-  ^^i 
does  it  fork?     In  what  city  does  'h'ff.'j  mo- 
branch?    Whatroaj 
With  IndianaH" 


terminate  ?     The  western 
nects  St.  Louis  with  Chicago 
Pittsburgh  ?     With  Cincinnati  ? 


Whal  road  connects  Chicago  with  0"^^^,  „,J 
what  more  western  road  does  it  co"™"'  „  „  pnii- 
continties  the  Union  Pacific  from  Ogdeii'°="  .    „ 


Cisco?  What  road  extends  east  '"»".  ,,„,  []».» 
what  city  does  a  branch  from  ^'T'.  L  asl""^ 
Pacific  ?  What  city  on  the  M's^"""  „  '  eds  »»■; 
of  the  Kansas  Pacific  ?  What  road  conn  ^^^^^^, 
City  with  Deming?     Demnig  wi">  - 


\"    "rgecilyon  llic  Mississi, 
'"I'Mdwith  Kansas  City  > 
"«'fromSt.Loni    -         '■ 


ppi  is  connected  by 
What  road  runs  south- 


<""  »f  a  li„e?''"wi,'     ^?  "■''"  Eulf-Po"  does  it  form 
.       'a  line?    What  other  road  form! 


'""»  St.  Lou 
tvhat 
What 


s  part  of: , 

sl„„,i      "™  Cairo  to  Galyeslon?     Through 
Slates  does  this  line  run  ? 

P»rt'  b'™'' '"';,'."'""' '^'°'"'''*'"™'i'  To'what 
WtlCha.iV,!!  ,'*"''""""i  and  Atlanta?  Norfolk 
'"I'andu  rfV  ^"i"i"^  and  Memphis?  Loois- 
»M  Cairo?    »,'■    V"'"  and  New  Orleans  ?    Mobile 

^Vliatcol  ''    ""'"^''"'=*""'' 

"'•ieable  >  r'  °",  ""'  ""f  ^^"'^^  '"'"'  far  a  river  is 
"'"lyallthen  ',,  ''»"°f  "«  United  Sl.ates  are 
">" 'Ite  na,ical,]e  ,;..„..-.     Nearly  all  the  rail- 


roads? Why  can  most  of  the  rivers  of  Ihc  Atlantic 
coast  be  ascended  only  a  short  distance?  In  what 
part  of  the  United  States  arc  the  longest  navigable 
rivers  ?  Name  the  chief  navigable  rivers  of  the  North 
Atlantic  States.  Of  the  Middle  Atlantic  The  South 
Atlantic.  The  South  Central.  The  North  Central. 
The  West  Central.  What  rivers  of  the  western  half 
of  the  United  States  are  partly  navigable  ?  Which  is 
the  most  important  navigable  river  of  Canada? 

What  three  stales  contain  nearly  all  Ihe  canals. 
IJVh,,  nri.  Pmrnvlvama.  find  OhM  Which  is  the 
principal  canal?  ' {Tht  Eri,.^  What  waters  does  it 
conned  ?  What  other  canals  are  connecled  with  llie 
Hudson  River? 


(  Tilt  Clutmflmn  and  J/udmi  mI 


It,  Dtlnmr,  and  H,,ds„n.)  Wh.il  port  on  Like  LJil- 
tario  is  at  the  month  of  a  branch  of  ihe  Eric  Canal? 
On  Uke  Erie  at  the  monlh  of  Ihe  Erie  Canal  ?  At 
,he  mouth  of  a  canal  from  Pillsburgh?  From  Ports- 
moulh.Ohio?  From  Cincinnati?  From  kvaiisv.lle? 
Low  many  onals  connect  the  Ohio  Ri.er  with  Ukc 
Erie '  What  river  of  Illinois  is  connected  by  canal 
wilhLakeMichig.™?    At  what  port? 

„„-j  ,„  unite  ibe  follfwinp  watera  by  itiip- 

srs;rctopi™.-.i-s,.u«..<» 

and  Gcorpi.Ti 


Nri-ra-— 


p.„my.     "J™"'",  p  Th.  Tc.ne»«  ■"J  il"*!"- 

«  Rmt  .™J  lb'  """"«"■   .'■  „^    H.  Tb=  MiDOCMUaad 
bim.1.     G.  The  Wl^rmsin  and  ibe  roi.     o    • 
Ihe  Red  River  otlbiNoOb^ 


c 


G8 


BRITISH   AMERICA:   QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP.— REVIEW    EXERCISES.— DESCRIPTION. 


LXVII. 

QUESTIONS  ON  1*HE  MAP. 

General. — What  province  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  is  a  peninsula? 
What  one  north  of  Nova  Scotia  is  an  island  ?  What  one  is  west  of 
Prince  Edward  Island  ?  Northwest  of  New  Brunswick  ?  West  of 
Quebec  ?  West  of  Ontario .'  On  the  Pacific  ?  What  districts  border 
on  Manitoba.'  On  British  Columbia?  AVhat  is  the  capital  of  the 
Dominion?  (Ottawa^  Where  situated?  What  large  island  east  of 
the  Dominion  ?  {NetvfouniUand^  What  provinces  and  districts  are 
crossed  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  ? 

Nova  Scotia. — What  island  in  the  eastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia  ? 
What  four  capes  on  the  coast?  What  bay  west?  What  city  is  the 
capital  ?    What  town  on  Northumberland  Strait  ? 

Prince  Edward  Island. — What  waters  surround  Prince  Edward  Isl- 
and ?     A\hat  town  is  the  capital  ? 

New  Brunswick. — What  three  boundary  rivers  has  New  Brunswick  ? 
Which  is  the  principal  river?  What  cities  on  it?  What  bay  on  the 
north  ?     On  the  south  ?    What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

Quebec. — In  the  valley  of  what  river  does  the  Province  of  Quebec 
lie  ?  What  river  separates  Quebec  from  Ontario  ?  VVhat  branch  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain  ?  Name  the  two  chief 
cities  on  the  St.  Lawrence.     Which  is  the  capital  ? 

Ontario. — What  lakes  border  on  the  Province  of  Ontario  ?  In  what 
part  is  the  peninsula?  What  bay  north  of  the  peninsula?  What  lake 
in  the  peninsula  ?  What  cities  on  or  near  Lake  Ontario  ?  Which  is 
the  capital  ?    What  city  southwest  of  Hamilton  ? 

Manitoba. — What  river  enters  Manitoba  from  the  south?  What 
large  lakes  in  this  province  ?     What  is  the  capital  ? 

British  Columbia. — What  mountains  form  part  of  the  eastern  bound- 
ary of  British  Columbia  ?  What  is  the  capital  ?  Which  is  the  principal 
river?  What  islands  on  the  coast?  What  waters  surround  Vancouver 
Island?     VVhat  town  on  Frazer  River? 

Northwest  and  Northeast  Territories. — What  is  the  capital  of  Assin- 
iboia  ?  Of  Saskatchawan  ?  What  river  flows  into  Winnipeg  Lake 
from  the  west  ? 


Newfoundland. — What  waters  surround  Newfoundland  ?     What  city 
is  the  capital  ?     What  capes  on  the  coast  ?     What  small  islands  south  ? 


LXVIII. 

EEVIEW  EXEECISES. 


Countries. —  Where  is  it  1    How  bounded  1     What  is  the  capital  1 


Provinces. 

Area  in     Population 
Sq.  Miles,      in  ISSl. 

Provinces. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Populattoa 
in  IbOI. 

Nova  Scotia 

Prince  Edward 

New  Brunswick 

Quebec 

21,000     440,572 
2,100     108,891 

27,000     321,233 
189,000  l,3r)9, 027 
12:5,000       G.5,954 
341,000       49,4r.9 
102,000  1.923.22H 

Territories  of  Atha-  -. 
b.isca.  Alberta,  [ 
Saskatchawan,  V 
Assiniboia,  and  1 
Keewatin                 ■' 

Northea.st  Territories. 

Newfoundland 

40,200 

75,000 
181,7.-.3 

Manitoba 

Hiitish  Columbia 

Ontario 

Cities  and  Towns. — In  what  part  of  the  province?  How  situated? — 
Ottawa  ?  Halifax  ?  Pictou  ?  Frederickton  ?  St.  John  ?  Char- 
lotte Town  ?  Quebec?  Montreal?  Toronto?  Hamilton?  Lon- 
don? Kingston?  Winnipeg?  New  Westminster?  Victoria?  St. 
Johns?     Battleford?     Regina? 

Islands. —  Where  situated  ? — Newfoundland  ?  St.  Pierre  ?  Miquelon  ? 
Prince  Edward  ?     Cape  Breton  ?     Vancouver  ?     Queen  Charlotte  ? 

Capes. — From  what  coast  docs  it  project  1 — Race  ?  Bauld  ?  Ray  ? 
North  ?     Canso  ?     Sable  ?     Breton  ? 

Gulfs  and  Bays.—  Where  is  it .?— St.  Lawrence  ?  Fundy  ?  Chaleur  ? 
Georgian  ?     Georgia  ? 

Straits. — Between  what  lands?  What  waters  does  it  connect? — Belle 
Isle?     Northumberland?     JuandeFuca?     Queen  Charlotte  Sound  ? 

Rivers. —  Where  does  it  rise  ?  In  what  direction  does  it  flow  ?  Into 
what  body  of  water  ? — St.  John  ?  St.  Lawrence?  Richelieu?  Ottawa? 
Saskatchawan  ?  Frazer  ?  St.  Croix  ?  Restigouche  ?  Red  River  of 
the  North? 

Lakes. —  Where  situated?     What  outlet  ? — Winnipegoos  ? 
Manitoba  ?     Simcoe  ? 


Winnipeg? 


BRITISH    AMERICA 

LXIX. 

CANADA  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND :  DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Divisions. —  British  America  comprises  about  one 
third  of  the  continent  of  North  America,  together  with 
many  adjacent  islands.  Its  chief  divisions  are  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada  and  the  Province  of  Newfoundland. 


Besides  these  there  are  the  Bermudas,  the  Bahamas,  Jamaica,  and 
many  other  colonies  in  the  West  Indies. 

2.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  has  an  area  of  about 
three  and  a  half  millions  of  square  miles,  or  nearly  the 
same  as  that  of  the  United  States.  Its  population  is 
about  four  and  one  third  millions. 

It   is   a   confederation,  consisting  of   the   provinces   of  Quebec, 
Ontario,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edv.'ard  Island, 


British  Columbia,  Manitoba,  and  the  Northeast  and  Northwest 
Territories  or  Districts.  Newfoundland  is  not  included  in  the 
confederation. 


3.  Government. — The  chief  executive  officer  is  the 
Governor-General,  who  is  appointed  by  the  sovereign  of 
Great  Britain.  The  Legislature  consists  of  two  branches. 
The  members  of  the  lower  branch  are  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple; the  members  of  the  other  branch  are  appointed  by 
the  Governor-General.  Each  province  has  a  similar  gov- 
ernment under  a  Lieutenant-Governor. 

4.  Climate. — The  winter  climate  is  severe,  except  in 
the  southern  parts  of  British  Columbia  and  of  Ontario. 

5.  Surface. — British  Columbia  and  the  provinces  east 
of  Manitoba  are  great  forest  regions.  Between  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  Manitoba  are  extensive  prairies. 


f  ^«/'^f■'>*^  l»"5,  by  Uarptr  A  BrUArn.]~IUviMd  tO  No»«iDt«r,  I8*i. 


70 


BRITISH   AMERICA:    DOMINION    OF   CANADA   AND    NEWFOUNDLAND. 


6.  Commercial  ronfes. — The  chief  commercial  water 
route  is  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

The  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence  above  Montreal,  and  the  falls  of 
the  Niagara  and  St.  Marys  rivers,  are  passed  by  means  of  canals  ; 
the  St.  Marys  Canal  is  in  the  United  States. 

The  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  passes  from  Detroit,  Mich.,  through 
the  chief  cities  of  the  Dominion  and  douji  the  St.  Lawrence  to 
Quebec,  with  a  branch  to  Portland,  Maine.  In  winter  the  com- 
munication of  the  interior  wiih  the  ocean  is  through  the  United 
States. 

7.  Trade. — The  principal  trade  of  the  provinces  is  with 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.  The  chief  exports 
are  fish,  coal,  grain,  and  lumber. 

8.  Xova  Scotia. — Nova  Scotia  has  many  good  har- 
bors and  valuable  fisheries,  and  exports  sheep,  coal,  and 
gypsum,  or  plaster  of  Paris,  fialifax,  the  capital  and 
largest  city,  is  an  important  British  naval  station. 

9.  Prince  Edward  li^Iand. — Prince  Edward  Island 
has  a  fertile  soil,  and  agriculture  is  the  leading  occupa- 
tion.    Charlotte  Town  is  the  capital. 

10.  Kew  Brunswick. — New  Brunswick  is  noted  for 
its  timber  forests.  Its  chief  exports  are  lumber  and  fish. 
St.  John  is  the  principal  city.     Frederickton  is  the  capital. 

IL  ((ucbcc. — The  Province  of  Quebec  is  noted  for 
its  picturesque  scenery  and  severe  climate. 

Montreal,  the  chief  city,  and,  after  Chicago  and  Buffalo, 
the  largest  in  the  St.  Lawrence  basin,  has  an  extensive 
commerce,  and  experts  a  large  amount  of  grain  to  Europe. 
Quebec,  the  capital,  is  the  second  city  in  population,  and 
has  a  large  maritime  commerce. 

12.  Ontario. — Ontario  produces  a  great  amount  of 
grain  and  .lumber.  Toronto,  the  capital  and  largest  city, 
has  a  fine  harbor  and  a  large  lake  trade. 


13.  9Ianitoba. — Manitoba  is  noted  for 
the  production  of  wheat.  The  population 
is  rapidly  increasing  by  immigration.  Win- 
nipeg is  the  capital  and  chief  town. 

The  Red  River  of  the  North,  a  navigable  stream 
flowing  from  the  United  Slates,  is  the  best  wa- 
ter way  to  the  province.  It  is  connected  through 
Winnipeg  and  other  large  lakes  with  Saskatch- 
awan  River.  Together  they  furnish  more  than 
2000  miles  of  inland  navigation  through  one 
of  the  most  fertile  sections  of  the  continent. 

14.  British  Columbia. — British  Colum- 
bia abounds  in  salmon,  timber,  and  coal,  gold, 
and  other  metals.  New  Westminster  is  an 
important  town.     Victoria  is  the  capital. 

British  Columbia  will  soon  be  connected  with 
the  eastern  provinces  by  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway,  a  gr.ind  transcontinental  line  about 
three  thousand  miles  long,  from  Montreal  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

15.  Northeast  and  IVorthwest  Territories,  or 
Districts.  —  Athabasca,  Alberta,  Saskatchawan,  and 
Assiniboia  are  Provisional  Districts.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  is  small,  but  is  gradually  increasing  by  emi- 
gration from  Europe. 

16.  IVewfoundland. — Newfoundland  is  a  sterile,  rocky 
island,  and  has  a  bold  and  broken  coast.  The  ocean  fish- 
eries are  almost  the  only  source  of  support  to  the  inhab- 
itants.    The  chief  exports  are  cod- fish,  seal-skins,  and  oils. 

The  fish  are  caught  near  the  coasts,  and  in  shallow  places  in  the 
sea,  which  are  called  banks.  During  a  large  part  of  the  year 
the  coasts  and  the  banks  are  covered  with  dense  fogs. 

St.  Johns  is  the  capital  and  chief  town. 

Its  population  varies  from  10,000  during  the  winter  to  25,000  or 
even  30,000  during  the  fishing-season. 

Labrador,  a  name  properly  applied  only  to  the  eastern  shore  of 
the  peninsula,  belongs  to  Newfoundland.  Its  fisheries  find  em- 
ployment for  about  1000  small  vessels  and  30,000  men. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  Wliat  does  British  America  comprise  ?  What  are  its  chiif 
divisions  i" — 2.  What  is  the  area  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.'  Its  population.' — 
3.  Describe  the  government. — 4.  The  climate. — 5.  The  surface. — fi.  What  is  the  chief 
commercial  water-route? — 7.  With  what  countries  is  the  principal  trade  of  the  prov- 
inces? What  are  the  chief  e.\ports? — 8.  What  is  said  of  Nova  Scotia?  Halifax? — 
9.  Of  Prince  Edward  Island  ?  What  is  the  capital  ? — 10.  For  what  is  New  Brunswick 
noted'   What  are  its  chief  exports ?     What  is  the  principal  city?     The  capital.' — 

11.  For  what  is  the  Province  of  Quebec  noted?     Montreal?     The  city  of  Quebec' — 

12.  What  are  the  productions  of  Ontario  ?  For  what  is  Toronto  noted?— 13.  Wh.it 
is  said  of  Manitoba?  What  is  the  capital? — 14.  In  what  does  British  Columbia 
abound  ?  What  important  town  ?  The  capital  ?— 1.">.  What  are  Northeast  and  North- 
west Territories  ?—U;.  What  is  Newfoundland?  What  is  the  ch.aractcr  of  the  coast? 
\Vh>at  is  the  principal  busniess?     The  chief  e.vports?     The  capital? 

(II.)— 1.  What  other  colonies  h.as  Biitish  America? — 2.  What  is  the  Dominion  of 
Canada?  Of  what  does  it  consist?  What  large  island  is  not  included  in  the  con- 
federation ? — G.  What  is  said  of  the  rapids  and  falls  in  the  rivers  of  this  route  ?  What 
railro.ad  forms  another  great  commercial  route?  What  is  the  channel  of  trade  in  the 
winter.'— 13.  What  is  said  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North?— 14.  With  what  states  arc 
the  chief  commercial  interests  of  British  Columbia?  What  connection  with  the  Great 
Lakes  is  proposed? — 10.  Where  are  the  fishing-grounds  of  Newfoundland?  What  is 
said  of  the  fogs?  Of  the  ])opulation  of  St.  Johns  ?  To  what  province  does  Labrador 
belong  ?     What  is  said  of  its  fisheries? 


MEXICO;   CENTRAL   AMERICA. 


71 


MEXICO;  CENTPxAL   AMERICA;  WEST   INDIES. 


[Fur  Sections  LXX.  and  LXXI.,  see  page  73.] 


LXXII. 

MEXICO :  DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Area  and  Popula- 
lioii. — The  area  of  Mexico  is 
about  one  eighth  less  than  that 
of  all  the  United  States  east 
of  the  Mississippi.  The  pop- 
ulation is  about  10,000,000. 

2.  Surface.  —  The  great 
plateau  of  North  America 
covers  most  of  the  country, 
the  highest  part  being  near 
the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec. 

The  plateau  is  here  crossed  by 
a  line  of  tliirteen  volcanoes, 
which  are  among  the  loftio: 
in  the  world  ;  Popocatepetl 
and  Orizaba  are  over  17,000 
feet  in  elevation,  and  their 
tops  are  covered  with  snow. 

3.  Climate. — Mexico  has 
the  greatest  possible  variety 
of  climate:  cold  on  the  high 
mountains,  temperate  on  the  plateaus,  and  hot  and  moist 
on  the  coast. 

Tiie  plateaus  north  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  are  dry  and  barren, 
like  those  of  the  United  States.  Those  south  of  the  tropic  have 
four  months  of  tropical  rains. 

4.  Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  country,  and  consist  of  Indians,  mixed 
races,  and  Spanish  Creoles. 

The  Creoles  are  descendants  of  the  early  Spanish  settlers,  and  form 
only  a  small  part  of  the  population. 

5.  Commerce. —  The  foreign  commerce  is  limited,  and 
is  mostly  with  England  and  the  United  States. 

There  are  no  navigable  rivers.  The  best  harbors  are  on  the  coast 
of  the  Pacific.  Mexico  has  about  .3000  miles  of  railroad.  The 
National  Mexican  line  extends  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico. 

6.  GoTernment.  —  Mexico  is  a  federal  republic  of 
twenty-seven  states,  one  territory,  and  a  small  federal  dis- 
trict which  contains  the  capital.  It  was  for  three  centuries 
the  most  important  colony  of  Spain. 

7.  Mexico,  the  capital  and  chief  city,  is  beautifully 
situated  in  a  fertile  plain,  7500  feet  above  the  sea,  and 


POPOCATErETL,    MEXICO. 


surrounded  by  lofty  mount- 
ains. Leon,  Guadalaxara. 
Puebla,  and  Guanaxuato  arc 
large  cities  on  the  table-land; 
Vera  Cruz  and  Acapulco  are 
the  principal  ports.  The 
chief  exports  are  silver,  dye- 
woods,  cochineal,  and  vanilla. 

The  mines  of  Mexico  were  the 
chief  source  of  the  world's 
supply  of  silver  for  nearly 
three  hundred  years. 

QuestionB  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  area 
of  Mexico .'  The  population  ? — 2.  What  is 
said  of  the  surface  ? — 3.  Of  the  climate  ? — 
4.  Where  are  most  of  the  inhabitants .'  Of 
what  do  they  consist? — 5.  W'hat  is  said  of 
the  foreign  commerce  .' — 0.  Describe  the 
government.  Of  what  country  was  Mexico 
once  a  colony? — 7.  What  is  the  capital  and 
chief  city?  How  situated?  What  olhcr 
important  cities?  What  are  the  principal 
ports  ?    What  are  the  chief  exports  ? 

(II.)— 2.  By  what  is  the  southern  part 
of  the  plateau  cossed?  — 3.  What  is  the 
climate  of  the  plateaus  north  of  the  Tropic 
of  Cancer  ?  South  of  it  ?— t.  Who  are  tlie 
Creoles? — 5.  What  is  said  of  the  ro.ids,  riv- 
ers, and  harbors? — 7.  What  is  said  of  the 
silver-mines  ? 


LXXIII. 

CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


Republics. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

Republics. 

/"'.;"   1  Population. 
Sq.  Miles.  1 

Guatemala 

San  Salvador 

Hondums 

40.800 

7,400 

47,100 

1,227,000 
482,422 
351,700 

Nicaragua 

Costa  Rica 

Belize  (Colony) 

-.8,200  1  300,000 
21,. -00  1  18.".,000 
13,500  1     24,710 

1.  Central  America,  as  a  natural  division,  is  a  long 

isthmus.     It  includes  the  smaller  isthmuses  of  Panama  in 

South  America  and  Tehuantepec  in  Mexico. 

It  is  chiefly  important  because  it  contains  the  principal  routes  con- 
necting the  commerce  of  the  two  great  oceans. 

2.  As  a  political  division  it  is  of  less  extent.  It  includes 
five  independent  republics,  which  are  really  military  des- 
potisms: viz.,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  San  Salvador,  Nica- 
ragua, and  Costa  Rica,  together  with  Belize,  or  British 
Honduras,  which  is  a  colony  of  Great  Britain. 

3.  These  republics  are  similar  to  Southern  Mexico  in 
surface,  climate,  productions,  population,  and  social  con- 
dition. 


t(.i./i/rijjA/,  1B76,  hy  Uarptr  <fe  i<rc**»r».]  — Kovn«d  to   ^oveulD«r,  l!Oj. 


\VEST  INDIES:   DESCRIPTION.— QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP.-REVIEW  EXERCISES. 


73 


The  Andes  Mountains  extend  the  entire  length  of  the  isthmus, 
and  connect  the  mountains  of  Souih  America  and  the  Sierra 
Madre.     They  abound  in  volcanoes. 

4.  There  are  no  navigable  rivers  except  the  San  Juan. 

This  river  and  Lake  Nicaragua,  of  which  it  is  the  outlet,  have  been 
proposed  as  the  chief  part  of  a  ship  canal  between  the  oceans. 

5.  The  foreign  commerce  is  very  limited,  and  is  mostly 
with  England.  Coffee,  rubber,  indigo,  cochineal,  cabinet- 
woods,  and  dye-woods  are  the  chief  exports. 

G.  The  capitals  of  the  several  republics  are  Guatemala, 
San  Salvador,  Tegucigalpa,  Managua,  and  San  Jose. 

Questions  (I.) — I.  What  is  Central  America?  What  does  it  include? — 2.  What 
does  it  include  as  a  political  division?  Name  the  republics. — 3.  In  what  are  they 
similar  to  Mexico? — +.  What  is  said  of  the  rivers? — .">.  Of  the  foreign  commerce? 
Which  are  the  most  important  exports  ? — G.  Name  the  capitals  of  the  five  republics. 

(II.) — 1.  Why  is  Central  America  important? — 3.  What  are  its  principal  mount- 
ains ?    What  is  said  of  them  ? — t.  Why  is  the  San  Juan  River  important  ? 


THE  WEST  INDIES. 

1.  Sifnation. — The  West  Indian  Archipelago  extends 

from  Florida  to  South  America. 

The  islands  are  the  summits  of  mountain  ranges  which  are  partly 
under  the  sea,  and  parallel  to  the  great  chains  of  the  western 
continents. 

2.  Area. — The  land  surface  of  the  archipelago  is  about 
equal  to  that  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

3.  Dirii^ions.  —  The    Bahamas,  the  Greater  Antilles, 

and  the  Lesser  Antilles  arc  the  three  principal  divisions. 

The  Bahamas  are  low  coral  islands.  One  of  them,  San  Salvador, 
is  said  to  be  the  first  land  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1492. 


The  Greater  Antilles  have  forest-clad  mountains  and  a  fertile  soil. 
The  Lesser  Antihes  include  all  the  islands  between  Porto  Rico 
and  South  America ;  several  of  them  contain  lofty  volcanoes. 

4.  Climate. — All  these  islands,  except  a  portion  of  the 
Bahamas,  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  The  intense  heat  of 
the  tropical  climate  is  modified  by  the  ocean  and  the 
trade-winds. 

5.  Prodacfions.  —  The  principal  exports  are  sugar, 
coffee,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  tropical  fruits.  Most  of  the 
fruits  come  from  Cuba,  which  is  also  the  chief  sugar-pro- 
ducing country  of  the  world. 

6.  Ownership. — Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  are  colonics  of 
Spain;  Jamaica,  the  Bahamas,  and  most  of  the  Lesser 
Antilles  belong  to  Great  Britain ;  the  rest  to  France  and 
other  European  countries.  Hayti  .was  once  divided  be- 
tween France  and  Spain ;  it  now  consists  of  two  inde- 
pendent negro  republics — Hayti  and  San  Domingo. 

7.  Population.  —  The  total  population  of  the  West 
Indies  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
the  greater  part  being  negroes. 

8.  The  three  largest  cities,  Havana,  Matanzas,  and  San- 
tiago de  Cuba,  are  all  in  Cuba.  Havana,  the  capital  of 
Cuba,  is  larger  than  any  six  other  cities  in  the  West  Indies. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  Where  is  the  West  Indian  Archipel-igo  ? — 2.  What  is  its  area  ? 
— 3.  Name  its  principal  divisions. — 4.  In  what  zone  are  they?  What  is  said  of  the 
climate? — 5.  What  are  the  principal  exports?  For  what  is  Cuba  noted? — G.  To  what 
countries  do  the  West  Indies  belong?  To  what  two  countries  did  Hayti  once  belong  ? 
Of  what  does  it  now  consist  ? — 7.  What  is  said  of  the  population  of  the  West  Indies.' — 
8.  Where  are  the  three  largest  cities  ?    Name  them.    What  is  said  of  Havana? 

(II.) — 1.  What  are  the  islands  of  the  West  Indian  Archipelago? — 3.  What  is  said 
of  the  Bahamas?    Of  San  Salvador  ?    Of  the  Greater  Antilles  ?    Of  the  Lesser  Antilles? 


LXX.     ^ 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Mexico.— What  country  north  of  Me.\ico  ?  What  country  southeast  ? 
What  gulf  in  the  northwest  ?  What  peninsula?  What  gulf  east  ?  What 
bay?  What  peninsula  in  the  southeast?  What  isthmus  in  the  southern 
part  of  Me.xico  ?  What  gulf?  What  mountain  chain  extends  through 
Mexico  ?  ^Vhat  river  forms  part  of  the  northeast  boundary  ?  What 
city  is  the  capital  ?  Name  the  seaports  of  the  eastern  coast.  Of  the 
Pacific  coast.  What  city  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  ?  What 
city  southeast  of  Mexico?  What  three  northwest?  What  two  in  the 
northern  part  of  Mexico? 

Central  America. — Name  the  divisions  of  Central  America.  Which 
is  farthest  south?  Farthest  north?  What  British  colony  northeast  of 
Guatemala  ?  What  is  the  capital  ?  What  bay  north  of  Honduras  ? 
What  name  is  given  to  the  eastern  coast  of  Nicaragua?  What  two 
lakes  in  Nicaragua?  What  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Nicaragua?  Name 
the  capital  of  each  state. 

West  Indies. — What  are  the  three  principal  divisions  of  the  West  In- 
dies? {Greater  Antilles,  Lesser  Antilles,  and  the  Bahamas.)  Name  the 
four  Greater  Antilles.  Which  is  the  largest  group  of  the  Lesser  Antilles? 
What  group  near  the  coast  of  South  America?  What  small  group  east 
of  Porto  Rico  ?  What  islands  north  of  Cuba  ?  What  town  is  their  cap- 
ital? On  what  island?  What  city  is  the  capital  of  Cuba?  What  city 
east  of  Havana?  On  the  southern  coast?  What  strait  between  Cuba 
and  Florida?     Between  Cuba  and  Yucatan ?     Cuba  and  Hayii?    What 


two  countries  in  Hayti?  Name  their  capitals.  What  strait  separates 
Hayti  from  Porto  Rico  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  Porto  Rico  ?  Wiiat 
island  nearly  west  of  Hayti  ?    Its  capital  ?    What  other  city  in  Jamaica? 


LXXI. 

EEVIEW  EXERCISES. 

Countries. —  Where  is  it?  Jfow  honmied?  What  is  the  capitall — 
Mexico?  Belize,  or  British  Honduras?  Guatemala?  Honduras? 
San  Salvador?     Nicaragua?     Costa  Rica?     San  Domingo?     Hayti? 

Islands.— W^/4<?«  «/«<j/^</?— The  Greater  Antilles?  Cuba?  Hayti? 
Porto  Rico?  Jamaica?  The  Bahamas?  The  Lesser  Antilles?  Virgin 
Islands?    Caribbec  Islands?    Venezuelan  Islands? 

Gulfs  and  Bays.—  Where  is  it  /—California  ?  Mexico  ?  Campeachy  ? 
Honduras?    Tehuantepec? 

Straits. — Be/ween  what  lands  ?  What  waters  does  it  connect  J — Yuca- 
tan?    Florida?    Windward?     Mona? 

Cities  and  Towns. — /«  what  part  of  the  state?  How  situated i — 
Mexico?  Leoa?  Guadalaxara?  Puebia?  Guanaxuato-?  Vera  Cruz? 
T.ampico?  Matamoras?  Guaymas?  Acapulco?  Guatem.^la?  San 
Salvador  ?  Tegucigalpa  ?  Managua  ?  San  Josi  ?  Havana  ? 
Santiago^de  Cuba?  Matanzas?  Port  au  Prince?  San  Domingo? 
Kingston?    Spanish  Town?     San  Juan?    Nassau?    Balize? 


24 


J,ongitiid«      .^7      Ettfit         frym       47        Washington. 


[('<-fyi'jfit,\hi;.,f,y  JIarj'er  .t  /JrtrfAfM.)— IttviseU  U>  KBttrunry,  lKa6. 


PHYSICAL    SOUTH    AMERICA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Through  what  part  of  South  America  does  the  Equator  pass?  In 
what  zone  is  the  greater  part  of  the  continent?  What  tropic  crosses 
it  ?  What  cape  at  its  northern  extremity  ?  Its  eastern  extremity  ? 
Southern  ?     Western  ? 

Along  which  coast  is  the  belt  of  highest  mountains  and  narrow 
plateaus?  What  name  is  given  to  the  broadest  part  of  the  plateau  of 
the  Andes?  What  lakes  in  it?  What  broad  plateau  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  continent?  What  mountain  ranges  in  this  plateau?  AVhat 
smaller  plateau  in  the  north  ?  What  mountains  are  in  the  plateau  of 
Guiana?     In  what  part  of  South  America  are  the  volcanoes? 

What  name  is  given  to  the  northern  part  of  the  Great  Central  Plain  ? 
With  what  are  they  covered?  What  river  drains  the  llanos?  What 
name  is  given  to  the  central  part  of  the  Great  Plain  ?  With  what  are 
they  covered?  What  river  drains  the  selvas?  What  island  at  its 
mouth?  What  river  east  of  Joannes  Island?  What  name  is  given  to 
the  southern  part  of  the  Great  Plain  ?  What  river  drains  a  large  part 
of  the  pampas  ? 

What  branch  of  the  Amazon  is  connected  with  the  Orinoco?  What 
branches  drain  the  plateau  of  Brazil  ?  What  branch  of  the  Para?  \\'hat 
river  drains  the  eastern  part?  What  two  the  southern  part?  Which 
of  these  is  the  main  river  ?    What  name  is  given  to  the  forest  region 


between  the  Paraguay  and  the  Madeira?  To  the  plain  between  the 
Mutto  Grosso  and  the  pampas?  Where  is  the  rainless  coast?  How 
long  is  it? 

What  metals  are  obtained  from  the  Andes?  What  two  valuable 
minerals  from  the  plateau  of  Brazil  ?  How  many  principal  diamond 
districts  ?  What  valuable  woods  are  obtained  from  the  forests  of  the 
Amazon  and  its  branches?  What  gum?  \\'hat  vegetable  productions 
from  the  northern  coast  ?  From  the  eastern  coast  ?  \A'hat  grain  from 
the  southwestern  coast?  What  animal  products  from  the  pampas  and 
Southern  Brazil  ?  What  valuable  manure  from  the  rainless  coast  ? 
From  what  islands  is  it  obtained? 

Note. — It  will  assist  to  memorize  the  physical  maps  of  both  the  American  con- 
tinents to  note  the  following  points  of  similarity  : 

Shape  of  continents.    Position  of  the  three  coast  lines.    Volcanoes  on  the  west. 

Rocky  and  Nevada  Mountains.  Appalachian  Momitains.  Western  Plateau  Pelt 
.Andes  chains.  Brazilian  Mountains.  Andes  Plateau  Pelt. 


Great  Basin. 
Plateau  of  Bolivia. 


Great  Salt  Lake. 
Lake  Titicaca. 


Labrador. 
Plateau  of  Guiana. 


Eastern  Highland.     Central  Plain.     Arctic  Plain.     Great  Lakes.     Southern  Plain. 
Plateau  of  ISrazil.       Central  Plain.     Llanos.*  Sclvas.t  Pampas.} 

Mackenzie  River.     Nelson.       St.  Lawrence.     Mississippi. 
Magdalena.  Orinoco.     Amazon.  La  Plata. 

*  Llanos,  a  Sp.inish  word  ine.ininR  plains,    t  ScU'ns,  from  a  Latin  word  meaning  wot(U.    X  Pamras, 
an  Indian  word  meaning  plains.     El  Gran  Cknco,  means  llie  great  liunting-ground. 


.Andes  Ifoun  tains 

W.000  l-'.SM/'^        A 


C  ENTRAL    PLAIN 


8.  E  9PINH  ACO 


PLATEAU     or     BRAZIL 


25 


FHOFIUB   SBCTION   OF   SOUTH    AMERICA. 


16 


PHYSICAL  SOUTH   AMERICA:   OUTLINE,  SURFACE,  AND  CLIMATE. 


DESCRIPTION. 


LXXVI. 

OUTLINE,  SURFACE,  ETC. 

1.  Ontline. — South  America  is  nearly  a  right-angled 
triangle,  of  which  the  Pacific  coast  is  the  longest  side.  It 
is  nearly  twice  the  size  of  the  United  States,  and  has  a 
population  of  about  33,000,000. 

Its  coasts  are  unbroken  by  great  gulfs  or  by  enclosed  seas. 

2.  Surface. — The  surface  of  South  America  is  natural- 
ly divided  into  four  parts — the  Andean  plateau  on  the 
west,  the  plateaus  of  Brazil  and  Guiana  on  the  east,  and 
the  Great  Central  Plain.  The  Andes  Mountains  stretch 
along  the  entire  western  coast,  generally  in  parallel  chains. 
Between  them  is  a  belt  of  plateaus,  the  broadest  and 
loftiest  being  that  of  Bolivia. 

These  gigantic  border  walls  of  the  plateaus  are  the  loftiest  ranges 
in  America,  and  are  exceeded  in  height  only  by  the  great  chains 
of  Central  Asia.  They  are  highest  in  the  northern  portion  of 
the  table-land  of  Bolivia,  where  the  loftiest  peaks  reach  an  eleva- 
tion of  25,000  feet.  They  are  unbroken,  except  at  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  where  the  western  chain  subsides  into  low  hills,  and 
towards  the  southern  extremity  of  the  continent,  where  the 
mountainous  coast  becomes  a  line  of  rocky  islands.  The  Andes 
contain  several  groups  of  lofty  volcanoes. 

3.  The  Great  Central  Plain  extends  alonsf  the  whole 
eastern  base  of  the  Andes. 

This  plain  extends  eastwardly  to  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  except 
where  interrupted  by  the  low  mountains  and  plateaus  of  Guiana 
and  Brazil. 

Three  great  rivers,  the  Orinoco,  the  Amazon,  and  the 
La  Plata,  with  their  numerous  branches,  drain  this  plain 
and  the  mountain  slopes  which  surround  it. 

The  remarkable  rain-fall  of  this  region  is  due  to  the  tropical  rain- 
belt  and  the  trade-winds  which  sweep  westwardly  from  the  At- 
lantic and  across  the  continent. 

4.  The  northern  part  of  the  Great  Central  Plain,  the 
llanos  of  the  Orinoco,  is  treeless  and  very  flat.  It  is 
about  four  times  the  size  of  Ohio. 

At  the  close  of  the  tropical  rainy  season  it  is  a  vast  meadow,  and 
is  called  by  the  inhabitants  the  "Sea  of  Grass." 

It  supports  millions  of  cattle  and  horses.  Before  the  end  of  the 
dry  season  it  has  become  a  scorched  and  arid  desert,  swept  by 
hot  winds  that  whirl  the  dry  soil  into  the  air  in  dense  clouds  of 
dust.  During  the  extreme  drought  the  horses  and  cattle  are 
driven  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  and  the  great  reptiles  with 
which  the  ))lain  abounds  bury  themselves  in  the  mud  of  the  dry- 
ing pools,  and  await  in  a  torpid  state  the  return  of  the  tropical 
rains. 


5.  The  central  part,  the  selvas  of  the  Amazon,  is  by 

far  the  largest. 

It  is  nearly  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  flowering  trees,  inter- 
woven with  gigantic  vines,  and  alive  with  birds  and  insects  of 
brilliant  colors,  and  with  millions  of  monkeys  and  other  animals 
of  the  Torrid  Zone;  it  is  almost  unoccupied  by  civilized  man, 
and  can  be  traversed  only  by  means  of  the  rivers.  This  great 
forest,  the  largest  in  the  world,  also  spreads  far  up  the  sides  of 
the  mountains  by  which  the  plains  are  surrounded. 


MONKEYS    AND    CROCODILE. 


6.  The  southern  part,  the  pampas  of  the  La  Plata,  is 
more  than  three  times  as  large  as  the  llanos. 

It  is  similar  to  the  llanos  in  many  res]3ects,  but  is  fiir  colder  ta- 
wards  the  south.  It  supports  vast  herds  of  cattle  and  million;; 
of  .sheep  and  horses.  These  animals  constitute  the  chief  wealth 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  llanos  and  the  pampas,  and  determine 
their  principal  occupations  and  exports. 

7.  Climate. — The  greater  part  of  South  America  lies 
within  the  tropics,  where  its  broad  plains  have  a  hot  and 
moist,  and  therefore  sickly  climate. 

The  great  moisture  is   caused  not  only  by  the  trade  winds   and 


PHYSICAL  SOUTH  AMERICA:   CLIMATE,  VEGETATION,   AND   ANIMALS. 


7V 


0OA  coNSTRicron  \. 


?^I^ 


:0  U 


tropical  rains,  but  by  llie 
evaporation  from  tlie  large 
amount  of  river  surface 
and  from  the  immense 
area  covered  by  vegeta- 
tion. 

Tlic  high  and  cool  ta- 
ble-lands of  the  Andes 
are  noted  for  their  health- 
ful climate. 

Partly  for  this  reason,  they 
contain  a  large  part  of  the 
civilized  injiabiiants  of  the 
continent,  and  a  remark- 
able line  of  elevated  cap- 
ital cities,  which  are  from 
one  to  two  miles  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean. 

The  extreme  southern 

part  of  the  continent,west 

of  the  Andes,  is  shrouded 

in  clouds  and  drenched 

with  rains. 

These  rains  are  caused  by 
the  counter  trade -winds 
of  the  South  Pacific.  The 
arid  plains  east  of  the 
Patagonian  Andes  are 
swept  by  violent  cold 
winds  from  the  icy  sum- 
mits of  the  mountains. 
Farther  to  the  north 
these  plains  are  warmer, 
but  their  streams  dry  up 
or  end  in  salt  lakes  instead 
of  reaching  the  ocean. 


About  one  half  of  the  western  coast  is  a  dry  desert. 

The  trade-winds  from  the  east,  in  crossing  the  .Andes  south  of  the 
Equator,  become  extremely  dry,  and,  passing  down  to  the  Pacific, 
cause  a  rainless  coast  nearly  two  thousand  miles  long.  A  large 
district  of  the  high  plateau  of  Bolivia  is  called  "  the  Despo- 
blado,"  or  "  the  Uninhabited,"  from  the  dryness  and  severity  of 
its  climate. 

8.  Te^etation. — The  richness  and  variety  of  the  trop- 
ical vegetation  arc  indescribable.  The  dense  forests  of 
the  plains  and  mountains  abound  in  India-rubber  and  palm 
trees,  and  in  rose-wood,  mahogany,  and  dye-woods.  Other 
products,  such  as  coffee,  cocoa,  indigo,  tapioca,  cotton,  and 
sugar,  are  limited  only  by  the  amount  of  labor  and  cultiva- 
tion bestowed  upon  them. 

9.  Animals. — Among  the  remarkable  animals  arc  the 
llama,  a  beast  of  burden,  and  the  alpaca  of  the  Andes; 
they  are  something  like  small  camels.  Besides  these 
are  the  puma,  the  jaguar,  and  the  monkey,  the  boa,  the 
condor,  the  nandu,  or  American  ostrich,  the  penguin,  and 
the  humming-bird.  Insects  are  more  numerous  and 
brilliant  than  in  any  other  continent.  Horses,  cattle, 
and  sheep  were  introduced  from  Euroioe. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  shape  of  South  America.'  Its  area?  Population? 
— 2.  Into  how  many  parts  is  its  surface  divided.'  What  arc  they?  What  is  said  of 
the  Andes  Mountains.'  What  is  Ijetneen  them.' — 3.  What  is  said  of  the  Great  Central 
Plain  ?  How  is  this  plain  drained  .' — \.  What  is  the  character  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  Great  Central  Plain  ?  What  is  it  called  .'  What  is  the  meaning  of  llanos?  What 
is  its  area  ? — 5.  Which  is  the  largest  part  ?  W'hat  is  the  central  part  called  ?  W'hat  ia 
the  meaning  of  selvas? — (!.  What  is  the  area  of  the  southe.n  part?  What  is  it  called? 
What  is  the  meaning  of  pampas  ? — 7.  What  is  the  climate  of  the  greater  part  of  South 
America  ?  Of  the  table-lands  of  the  Andes  ?  Of  the  southern  pait  of  the  continent  ? 
Of  the  western  coast? — 8.  What  is  said  of  the  vegetation?  In  what  do  the  forests 
abound?  What  is  said  of  other  products .'—9.  Which  are  the  most  remarkable  ani- 
mals?   What  is  said  of  the  insects?    Of  the  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep? 

(II.)— 1.  What  is  the  character  of  the  coasts  of  South  America  ?— 2.  What  is  said 
of  the  Andes  Mountains?  Where  are  they  highest?  How  high  are  the  highest 
peaks?  Where  are  they  broken?  What  do  they  contain ?— 3.  How  far  does  the 
Great  Central  Plain  e.vtcnd  towards  the  east?  To  what  causes  is  the  rain-fall  due? 
— t.  W'hat  is  the  condition  of  the  northern  p.art  of  the  plain  at  the  close  of  the  rainy 
season?  What  does  it  support?  What  is  its  condition  before  the  end  of  the  dry 
season?  What  is  done  with  the  horses  and  cattle  during  the  drought?— 5.  Describe 
the  central  part  of  the  plain  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  the  great  forest  ?— 6.  To  what  is 
the  southern  part  of  the  plain  similar  ?  What  does  it  support  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
animals  of  the  llanos  and  the  pampas?— 7.  What  is  the  cause  of  the  moist  climate  of 
the  plains?  What  do  the  table-lands  of  the  Andes  contain?  Why?  What  is  the 
cause  of  the  rains  west  of  the  Patagonian  Andes  ?  Of  the  dryness  east  of  these  mount- 
ains? What  is  the  condition  of  these  plains  farther  to  the  north?  What  is  the  cause 
of  the  extreme  dryness  of  so  large  a  part  of  the  Pacific  co.ast  of  S.mih  America? 
What  n.amc  h.as  been  given  to  a  part  of  the  plateau  of  Uolivia? 


78 


POLITICAL   SOUTH   AMERICA:   QUESTIONS    ON    THE   MAP.— REVIEW  EXERCISES.— DESCRIPTION. 


LXXVII. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

General. — What  countries  of  South  America  border  on  the  Caribbean 
Sea  ?  On  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  On  the  Pacific  ?  Through  what  coun- 
tries do  the  Andes  extend  ?  What  countries  are  drained  by  the  Orinoco 
and  its  branches  ?  By  the  Amazon  ?  By  the  La  Plata  ?  What  countries 
are  crossed  by  the  Equator  ?     By  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 

Brazil. — What  countries  border  on  Brazil  ?  AVhich  country  of  South 
America  does  not  border  on  it?  What  river  drains  the  northern  part 
of  Brazil?  Which  is  its  chief  northern  branch'  Its  chief  southern 
branch?  What  island  just  south  of  the  Equator?  Between  what  two 
rivers  ?  What  mountains  near  the  northern  boundary  ?  What  mount- 
ain chains  near  the  eastern  coast  ?  What  river  breaks  through  the 
Serro  Espinhaco  Mountains  ?  ^Vhat  branches  of  the  La  Plata  rise  in 
-Brazil?  What  city  is  the  capital?  What  cape  is  near  it?  What  city 
south  of  Cape  St.  Roque?  On  the  Para?  Between  Para  and  Pernam- 
buco  ?     Between  Pernambuco  and  Rio  Janeiro  ?     On  what  bay  ? 

Guiana. — How  many  divisions  in  Guiana?  To  whom  do  they  be- 
long ?     \\  hat  is  the  capital  of  each  ? 

Venezuela. — What  countries  border  on  Venezuela  ?    What  sea  on  the 
north?     \\'hat  lake  and  what  gulf  in  Venezuela?     What  large  river? 
What  island  near  its  mouth?     What  city  is  the  capital  ?     What  town  is 
its  port  ?    What  other  port  on  the  coast  ?    What  town  on  the  Orinoco  ? 

Colombia. — What  countries  border  on  Colombia  ?  What  cape  at  its 
northern  extremity?  What  waters  ?  Which  is  its  chief  river?  What 
city  near  its  mouth  ?  What  city  is  the  capital  ?  What  city  in  the  south- 
west ?  What  isthmus  in  Colombia  ?  What  two  ports  on  it  ?  By  what 
railroad  are  they  connected  ?     (See  small  map.) 

Ecuador. — What  countries  border  on  Ecuador?  What  gulf  on  its 
shores?  What  volcanoes  are  in  Ecuador?  What  city  is  the  capital? 
How  situated  ?     What  city  is  its  port  ? 

Peru. — What  countries  border  on  Peru?  What  lake  partly  in  it? 
What  cape  in  the  northwest  ?  What  islands  near  Cape  Blanco  ?  What 
city  is  the  capital  ?  What  city  is  the  port  of  Lima  ?  What  city  north- 
east of  Lima  ?  What  city  in  the  southwest  ?  What  city  north  of  Arequipa  ? 

Bolivia.— What  countries  border  on  Bolivia?  What  mountain  near 
Lake  I'iticaca?    What  city  is  the  capital?    What  other  cities  in  Bolivia? 

Chili. — What  countries  border  on  Chili?  What  country  is  partly 
included  in  the  southern  portion  of  Chili?  {Patagonia.)  To  what 
country  does  the  rest  of  Patagonia  belong?  What  large  island  be- 
longs to  Chili?  What  small  islands  west?  For  what  is  one  of  these 
i-slands  famous  ?  {For  having  ban  the  solitary  residence  of  Alexander 
Selkirk,  7i>hose  story  was  aftenuards  written  as  Robinson  Crusoe.)  What 
desert  west  of  the  Andes?  In  what  part  of  Chili  is  the  Desert  of 
Atacama?  What  group  of  islands  south  of  Patagonia?  What  group 
east  ?     What  cape  south  of  Tierra  del  Fuego  ?     \Vhat  city  is  the  capital 


of  Chili  ?     What   large   city   is   its   port  ?     Wliat   port    north  of  Val- 
paraiso ? 

Argentine  Confederation. — What  countries  border  on  the  Argentine 
Confederation  ?  What  rivers  form  parts  of  its  boundary  ?  What  city  is 
the  capital  ?  What  city  near  the  centre  ?  North  of  Cordova  ?  South- 
east of  Cordova  ?     Near  the  Andes  ? 

Uruguay. — What  countries  border  on  it ?  What  rivers?  What  city 
is  the  capital  ? 

Paraguay. — What  countries  border  on  it  ?  What  rivers  form  parts 
of  its  boundary ?     What  city  is  the  capital? 


LXXVIII. 

EEVIEW  EXERCISES. 

Countries. —  W/iere  is  it?     How  bounded  1    What  is  the  capital  1 


Names. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

Names. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

Brazil 

3,434,887 

88,497 

47,710 

48,565 

451,046 

,■550,000 

11,108,291 

248,110 

63,525 

36,000 

2,400,000, 

i 
3,000,000 

250,000 

448,000 

518,920 

214,874 

1,164,387 

74,728 

95,316 

1,100,000 
3,:iO<).000 
2,000,000 
2,420,000 
2,540,000 
438,245 
293,290 

British  Giii.ma.  . . 
Dutch  Guiana. . . 
French  Guiana. . . 

Venezuela 

United   States  of 
Colombia 

Peru 

Chili 

Argentine  Confed. 

Urugu.iy 

Paraguay 

Cities  and  Towns, — In  what  part  of  the  country  1  How  situated  1 — 
Caracas  ?  La  Guayra  ?  Maracaybo  ?  Angostura  ?  Bogota  ?  Po^ 
payanj"  Cartagena?  Panama?  Aspinwall  ?  QriTO  ?  Guayaquil? 
Lima?  Callao?  Pasco?  Cuzco?  Arequipa?  Sucre?  La^Eaz-? 
Cochabamba?  Potosi?  Santiago?  Valparaiso?  Coquimbo?  Buenos 
AyresX  Rosario?  Mendoza?  Cordova?  Tucuman?  Montevideo? 
Asuncion?  Rio  Janeiro  ?  Bahia  ?  Pernanibuco?  Maranham? 
Para?     Georgetown?     Paramaribo?     Cayenne? 

Islands. —  Where  situated  1 — Trinidad?  Joannes?  Tierra  del  Fuego? 
Falkland?      Chiloe?     Juan  Fernandez?     Lobos  Is. 

Capes. — From  7i<hat  coast  does  it  project? — Galiinas?  St.  Roque  ? 
Frio  ?     Horn  ?     Blanco  ? 

Mountains.  —  Where  are  they  ? — Andes?  Pacaraima?  Serro  Espin- 
haco?    Cotopaxi  (v.)?     Chiuiborazo  (v.)?     Sorata? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays. —  Where  is  it  1 — Caribbean?  Darien?  Vene- 
zuela?     All  Saints?     Guayaquil?     Panama? 

Rivers. —  Where  does  it  rise  ?  In  7vhat  direction  docs  it flo7v  ?  Through 
7vhat  countries?  Into  7uhat  body  of  7vater  ? — Magdalena?  Orinoco? 
Amazon  ?  Negro  ?  Para  ?  Madeira  ?  San  Francisco  ?  La  Plata  ? 
L^ruguay  ?     Parana?     Paraguay? 

Lakes. —  Where  situated  ?     What  outlet  i — Maracavbo  ?     Titicaca-? 


POLITICAL    SOUTH    AMERLCA. 


L  X  X  I  X. 

DESCRIPTION. 

1.  South  America,  like  the  northern  continent,  was  set- 
tled and  occupied  by  emigrants  from  Europe. 

Almost  all  of  the  civilized  people  are  found  in  a  broad  band  which 
surrounds  the  continent,  and  crosses  its  narrow  southern  part 
from  Santiago  to  Buenos  Ayres.  The  large  cities  of  the  northern 
and  western  countries  are  in  the  high  and  cool  table-lands; 
those  of  the  eastern  are  seaports  of  the  Atlantic. 


There  are  millions  of  Indians,  the  greater  part  of  whom  are  half- 
civilized,  the  rest  of  them  being  savages. 

2.  South  America  has  had  a  comparatively  limited  com- 
merce. It  is  now  rapidly  increasing,  especially  in  Brazil, 
Chili,  and  the  Argentine  Confederation. 

The  tropical  climate  and  frequent  civil  wars  have  tended  to  repress 
commercial  enterprise,  and  the  grandest  system  of  navigable 
rivers  on  the  globe  is  as  yet  but  little  used.  There  are  no  good 
roads.  Most  of  the  railways  are  short,  and  extend  from  Buenos 
Ayres,  Rio  Janeiro,  Santiago,  and  Lima. 


ICopyrigit,  lS'ii,ky  Ilttrfcr  ^  Bf^ttAen] — Il«vi»(wl  to  t^brunrv,  looo. 


80 


BRAZIL.— THE  GUIANAS.— SPANISH   SOUTH   AMERICA:  VENEZUELA.-COLOMBIA. 


The  Panama  Railroad  crosses  the  isthmus.  It  is  the 
most  important  railway  in  South  America,  being  the 
shortest  trade  route  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific. 

3.  The  countries  of  South  America  may  be  considered 
under  three  divisions:  1st,  Portuguese  South  America,  or 
the  Empire  of  Brazil ;  2d,  the  Guianas,  or  European  colo- 
nies ;  and,  3d,  Spanish  South  America,  or  the  Republics. 

4.  Portuguese  8onth  Anieriea. — Brazil  is  the  largest 
and  most  important  country  of  South  America. 

It  comprises  more  than  two  fifths  of  the  continent,  and  is  the  only 
monarchy  in  the  New  World.  It  was  once  a  colony  of  Portugal, 
and  Portuguese  is  the  language  of  the  civilized  inhabitants. 

The  population  is  mostly  on  or  near  the  southeastern  coast.  The 
people  are  of  three  races — whites,  Indians,  and  negroes,  a  large 
majority  being  of  mixed  races.  Nearly  all  the  negroes  of  South 
America  are  in  Brazil  and  the  Guianas. 

Brazil  has  about  3000  miles  of  railroad.  The  Amazon  and  its 
tributaries  furnish  about  50,000  miles  of  navigable  waters,  as  yet 
but  little  used.  An  ocean  telegraph  connects  Brazil  with  Portugal, 
and  another  with  the  United  States  by  way  of  the  West  Indies. 


jl''! 


-  .!t.=i' 


BRAZILIAN    COFFEE   PLANTATION. 


Brazil  furnishes  the  greater  part  of  the  coffee  used  in 
the  world,  besides  cotton,  sugar,  hides,  dye-woods.  India- 
rubber,  and  diamonds ;  more  than  half  of  the  coffee,  the 
leading  article  of  export,  goes  to  the  United  States.  The 
greater  part  of  the  entire  South  American  trade  of  the 
United  States  is  with  Brazil.  Rio  Janeiro,  sometimes 
called  Rio,  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Brazil,  and 
is  the  most  important  port  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere. 


Other  important  ports  of  Brazil  are  Bahia,  the  second 
city,  Pernambuco,  Maranham,  and  Para. 

5.  The  Guianas  are  colonies  of  Great  Britain,  France, 

and  the  Netherlands.  The  chief  exports  arc  indigo,  co- 
coa, sugar,  coffee,  and  other  tropical  productions.  The 
ports  of  Georgetown,  Cayenne,  and  Paraniaribo  are  the 
capitals  and  the  chief  centres  of  commerce. 

6.  Spanit^h  Noutli  America  comprises  nine  inde- 
pendent republics,  viz.,  Venezuela,  Colombia,  Ecuador, 
Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili,  Argentine  Confederation,  Uruguay, 
and  Paraguay.  Each  republic  consists  of  a  number  of 
states  under  a  general  government,  as  in  Mexico. 

The  Andean  portion  is  so  rugged  that  the  back  of  an  Indian 
or  of  a  sure-footed  mule  is  almost  the  only  means  of  travel 
and  traffic  over  the  rude  and  dangerous  mountain  roads.  In 
Peru,  Chili,  and  Colombia,  a  few  railroads  have  recently  been 
constructed. 

These  republics  were  once  colonies  of  Spain.  The  language 
spoken  by  the  civilized  inhabitants  is  Spanish. 

In  all  the  republics  of  Spanish 
America,  from  Mexico  to  Chili, 
the  Spanish  Creoles  are  greatly 
outnumbered  by  the  Indians  and 
mixed  races.  This  fact  has  an 
important  influence  upon  the  en- 
terprise, commerce,  and  social  and 
political  condition  of  these  coun- 
tries. 

7.  Venezuela. — Venezuela  ex- 
ports coffee,  cocoa,  and  other  trop- 
ical products  from  La  Guayra  and 
Maracaybo  on  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
and  the  cattle  products  of  the 
llanos  from  Angostura  on  the 
Orinoco.  Caracas,  the  capital  and 
largest  city,  is  3000  feet  above  the 
sea. 

8.  The  United  States  of  Co- 
lombia.— The  United  States  of 

r>l,a...;  •''  Colombia  is   the  most  important 

of  the  fi\'e  northern  republics. 

This  is  due  to  its  geographical  position.  It  contains  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  which  is  the  most  direct  route  for  the  rapitlly  increas- 
ing commerce  between  the  countries  bordering  the  two  great 
oceans.  A  short  railroad  from  Panama  to  Aspinwall  is  now  the 
route  of  this  commerce.  A  great  canal  for  the  largest  vessels 
is  now  under  construction.  It  will  shorten  the  ocean  route  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  of  the  United  States  at  least 
10,000  miles.  Its  opening  will  constitute  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant conmiercial  and  political  events  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

The  chief  exports  arc  Peruvian  bark,  from  which  qui- 


ECUADOR.-PERU.-BOLIVIA.-CHILI.-ARGENTINE   CONFEDERATION.-URUGUAY.-PARAGUAY. 


81 


nine  is  extracted,  tobacco,  and  coffee.  Bogota,  the  capital 
and  largest  city,  is  nearly  9000  feet  above  the  sea;  Popayan, 
the  second  city,  is  (5000  feet.  Cartagena,  Savanilla,  Pan- 
ama, and  Aspinwall,  also  called  Colon,  are  the  chief  ports. 
9.  Ecuador. — The  exports  of  Ecuador  are  cocoa,  India- 
rubber,  Peruvian  bark,  and  vegetable  ivory  nuts.  Guaya- 
quil is  the  chief  port.    Quito  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 


INDIA-RUBBER  TREES. 


10.  Peru. — Peru  has  more  miles  of  railroad  than  any 
other  state  of  South  America.  Its  chief  exports  are 
guano  and  silver. 

Lima,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city.  Its  sea-port  is 
Callao. 

Pasco,  1.3,000  feet  above  the  sea,  the  most  elevated  city  in  the 
world,  is  surrounded  with  silver-mines.  Cuzco  and  Arequipa 
are  large  cities.  Lake  Titicaca,  on  the  borders  of  Bolivia,  i;i,0()0 
feet  above  the  sea,  is  the  highest  large  mountain  lake  in  the 
world.     Its  waters  flow  into  Lake  Auliagas  in  Bolivia. 

11.  Bolivia. — Bolivia,  having  no  sea -coast  and  but 
little  commerce,  exports  Peruvian  bark  and  silver -ore 
through  Buenos  Ayres.  The  large  cities  Sucre,  Potosi, 
Cochabamba,  and  La  Paz,  the  capital,  are  all  on  the  plateau. 

12.  Chili. — Chili  is  the  most  enterprising  country  of 
South  America,  and  has  a  large  proportion  of  European 
inhabitants.  It  has  a  coast-line  of  about  2500  miles.  The 
chief  exports  are  guano,  saltpetre,  copper-ore,  silver,  and 
wheat. 


Guano  is  obtained  from  the  Lobes  Islands  and  other  parts  of  the 
rainless  coast ;  saltpetre   from   the  southern  part  of  the   same 


rgen- 


Santiago,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city.  Valparaiso,  the 
second  city,  is  the  largest  sea-port  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
America,  excepting  San  Francisco. 

Patagonia  and  Tierra  del  Fuego  form  the  southern  part  of  South 
America.  The  western  portion  of  this  extensive  region  belongs 
to  Chili,  the  eastern  to  the  Argentine  Confederation.  The  native 
inhabitants  are  savage  tribes. 

13.  The  Argrentine  Confederation.— The  A 

tine  Confederation  stands  next  to  Chili  in  enterprise. 

Emigration  from  Southern  Europe,  and  commerce,  are 
increasing.  Education  is  advancing  more  rapidly  than  in 
any  other  country  in  South  America.  The  chief  exports 
are  wool,  shee{>skins,  hides,  tallow,  and  other  cattle  prod- 
ucts. Two  thirds  of  the  hides  are  sent  to  the  United  States. 
The  capital,  Buenos  Ayres,  is  the  largest  city  in  South 
America,  and  a  great  sea-port.  Other  important  cities, 
Rosario,  Mendoza,  Cordova,  Tucuman,  and  Corrientes,  are 
on  the  great  trade-routes  to  Chili,  Bolivia,  and  Paraguay. 

14.  Crugruay. —  Uruguay  is  similar  in  its  leading  ex- 
ports to  the  Argentine  Confederation.  Montevideo,  the 
capital,  has  a  large  trade  in  cattle  products. 

15.  Parag:nay. — Paraguay  is  the  weakest  of  the  nine 
republics,  and,  like  Bolivia,  having  no  sea-coast,  has  but 
little  commerce.     Asuncion  is  the  capital. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  By  whom  was  South  America  settled?— 2.  What  is  said  of  its 
commerce?  Of  the  Panama  Raihcid? — 3.  How  may  the  countries  of  South  America 
be  considered?  What  are  the  divisions? — i.  Which  is  the  largest?  What  are  the 
principal  productions  of  Brazil  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  its  trade  with  the  Vnilcd 
States?  What  city  is  the  capital?  For  what  is  it  noted?  W'hat  other  important 
ports? — .5.  To  what  countries  do  the  Guianas  belong?  What  are  the  chief  exports? 
What  cities  arc  the  capitals  and  centres  of  commerce? — 6.  What  does  Spanish  South 
America  comprise  ?  Name  them.  Of  what  does  each  republic  consist  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  republics  of  Spanish  America  ?  Why  is  this  an  important 
fact? — 7.  What  are  the  exports  of  Venezuela?  What  city  is  the  capital?  What  is 
said  of  it? — 8.  Of  the  United  States  of  Colombia?  What  are  the  chief  exports?  What 
city  is  the  capital ?     What  is  said  of  it?    Of  Popayan?     What  are  the  chief  ports.' — 

9.  What  are  the  exports  of  Ecuartor  ?     The  chief  port  ?     What  is  the  capital  ? — 

10.  What  is  said  of  the  railroads  of  Peru?  W'hat  are  the  chief  exports  ?  What  city 
is  the  capital?  What  is  said  of  it?  What  is  its  sea-port.' — U.  What  is  said  of  the 
commerce  of  Bolivia?  What  are  the  exports?  Which  are  the  large  cities?  Where 
are  they? — 13.  For  what  is  Chili  noted?  What  are  the  chief  exports  ?  What  is  the 
capital  and  largest  city  ?  For  what  is  Valparaiso  noted .' — 13.  What  is  said  of  the 
Argentine  Confederation?  Of  emigration  and  commerce?  Of  education?  What  are 
the  chief  exports?  Where  are  most  of  the  hides  sent?  What  city  is  the  capital? 
What  is  said  of  it  ?     Which  are  the  other  important  cities?     Where  are  they.' — 

14.  W'hat  are  the  exports  of  Uruguay?    What  is  the  capital?    What  is  said  of  it? — 

15.  Of  Paraguay  ?    What  is  the  capital  ? 

(II.) — 1.  In  what  part  of  South  America  are  most  of  the  civilized  inhabitants' 
Where  are  the  large  cities  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Indians .' — 2.  Why  has  South  America 
so  little  commerce  ?  What  is  said  nf  the  ro.ids  ? — i.  What  is  said  of  Brazil  ?  Where 
is  most  of  the  pojiulation?  Of  what  does  it  consist?  Where  are  most  of  the  negroes? 
What  is  said  of  the  raihonds  of  Brazil  ?  Of  the  telegraphs.' — G.  What  is  said  of  the  An- 
dean portion  of  the  Spanish  Republics  ?  Of  what  country  were  these  republics  once  col- 
onies ?  What  language  is  spoken  ? — 8.  W'liy  is  Colombia  the  most  important  of  the  five 
northern  republics?  What  commercial  route  does  it  contain  ?  What  is  the  present  route 
of  this  commerce?  What  other  route  is  being  constructed?  What  is  said  of  it? — 
10.  For  what  is  Pasco  noted?  Cuzco  and  Arequipa?  Lake  Titicaca?  Where  do 
its  waters  flow? — 12.  Where  is  guano  obtained?  Saltpetre?  What  country  and 
group  of  islands  form  the  southern  part  of  South  America  ?  To  what  countries  do 
they  belong?     What  are  the  native  inhabitants? 


PHYSICAL   EUROPE:  QUESTIONS   ON   THE  MAP.— REVIEW  EXERCISES.— DESCRIPTION. 


83 


t/i    *->   '^*  "^   '*■•     '^   SI 


ri 


eq    o  - 


P  CJ 


-S   o 


t-    rt        rt  -^^  ■.::  -i; 


<u  — 


o  — 


=  o 


o 
a,' 


i,    o  >.    o 
c  ■"  S  t; 


S   o 


-a 
-a   c 


W  .£ 


Ml  s 


°8 

to 


"  -2   =^   o   9  '-' 


O     o 


o 


i3  cfi    cr 


§^2^^ 


"^    rt    i^ 


c     ■^     r:    •"•     1-     r-    ^ 

S    Q.W    _    a.  -  ' 


c    o  r^    rt 


E  g 


o 


_      ?:      D   ^ 


tn-r- 


o  m  -t: 


•£0 


_    o 

rt    i: 

c 


0) 

r! 


12    o 
O    — 


^^ 


o 

. •         •>- 

■XI    


c   _    rt 

^     ^    SZ 

^   y    CJ 


2  -a 
S   c 


o 

a;   aj 
c    il 


03     C 

>75  Ji-= 


rt  O 


=  ■£  O 
c-  ^ 

1-  O  ^. 

O  o 

bc  c 

^    C  **-  ■ 

3     OJ  O   - 

*Xi  ^  —  ' 


>,   O    J, 


o    ~  ~ 


c 
5 


rt  .G 


— .    o    «    rt 


o 

' 

^ 

r- 

«*- 

V 

V 

« 

o 

c 

(/I 

■^ 

( 

o 

D 

..... 

u 
i^ 

^ 

-a 

« 

-n 

o 

»— t 

c 

V) 

"^ 

;>. 

J= 

rt 

T1 

r^ 

r3 

o 

= 

n> 

/v. 

rt  "•• 

n 

( ) 

rt 

lU     l- 

to 

rs 

«j 

D 
C 

rt 

1— t 
u 

o 

> 
c 

.G 

u 

c 

c 

•5.?n 

rt 

o 

>> 

a 

:i-:7s 

c 

2 

■/} 

<u 

■^ 

en 

u  > 

.=         .._.•->. 


o  -a  en  •"  °  t;  -5 

O     ^     1) 

o  J2  -5 
>    rt 

?   ^£ 

r3     —   ' 


0)     (u 

2^ 


w   a, 

o    t. 

»-.   -"^ 

rt    i_ 
G.   C 

C     ~ 


O  O 


a 


u 


w    -—      -=.      *^ 


a  .§  ^  i:  ji 


°1= 


bo  o  5: 

rt     - 
rt  -g    S 


73 

C 


■5  -  >  a 


o 
E 

XI  -D  en 


en      I— I 


<->-•    rt 

o  c. 


o   c 

<5    1) 


^    rt    rt 

£  .5   Ji 
JJ   rt   il 


iU    3 


h   f= 


o  ■= 


en  -^ 


1)     li     .J 


/;  5^     -    rt 

s        c  .= 

,   -^^   ir,  ►^ 

-  u  -'  ^  rt   :£   o 

c  S 

""  aj 

c  23 


-=    r-    —  y  >." 


o  ~- 
^    rt 

^  '-n 


2  >« 


1>   —     o  ._     lU 


rt 

OJ 

en 


'ZZ    rt 

0  3 

1  £ 


p    2    c 
^  —  'rt 


rt         Dh 


o 


ri 


O 


CI, 


O  g 


■~     rt 

«  J! 

"S    rt 


_  -5       m 


O     7-  — 
w      CJ 

I— (    rt  *.* 

«  Si 


OJ   ~ 

in 


u 


—  >  rt  ° 

rt  -c  ^  c 

y  rt  oj  rt 

X2  "  r^  OJ 

—  ^  —  m 


"  r-  _  " 

S  ': 
.0    I 


■^    C.     1"  ".•    S 


'rt 


■^  u 

rt  — 

CJ  c 

•."  rt 


C     ;C      ^J        ^  " 


rt  D 

!£  o 

rt  ^ 

0)  rt 


"^ 


rt  "5 

E   o   s. 


8  ^ 

c  "5 

oj  o 

CJ  i« 


V 


OJ 


--  ^.  -o 

O     O     rt 
-n  ^   r- 


a-i  o 
rt  E 


OJ 


^-    rt    Qj    CJ 


o 


OJ    ~      3 

^  eS  -2 
o  H  > 


4-.  ■" 

c 
c 
o 


o    ^    Ji    -    ^ 
■"      -    *-    3   'rt 


—  > 


—  >  /v.  =. 


.  -   -O 


01 

o  en 
> 

„        O 
rt      i3 


S    °    rt 

rt  —  en 
o 


o    o 
"   E 

S   rt 

So  "5 

■^< 


rt  3  •;=    a 
^  "^  —   < 

-^     ^      CJ 


cj^c-":b2i:i:: 
/^.   — '    rt    (J  'S    o  .yi 


ti  en 

3 


°  8 


rt 
rt^5 


2  -S   rt  o  j 
•-I  t.  <j  —  c.~  5-  >■  ccn  .5 


is; 

CJ   -p 


_rt 
3-1 


o 


CJ    >-  -a 


o  < 

rt  — 
«    g 


9    o 
o    ? 


rt 


A    i> 


fct 


-n    rt    rt 


t/5     *-»      CJ     *-» 


OS." 


rt 


rt    ^  ,rt    rt    rt    rt    O) 


O  •£  ^ 


t«    li:       o    -.0 


y   ii  ."  en 


hi 


^ 


w 

W 

EH 

tz; 
o 

o 

1— I 
E-t 

M 


p 

4)  a.  y 

g-  2  2 

£   3  i: 

W  ■-  «^ 

S   2  i2 

o  ~  — 

■"    9  rt 


^    ^      O  CJ      -J 


CJ      S 


5      U 

c  p 


O        rt 


rt  :>  ■" 

^       S 

^  §  rt 


"■  rt  :i 

5  ^  c; 

S  -* 

^  '"•  ,S 

rt  II    " 


rt    OJ    o 

>       .0      " 


p      4-. 

5     rt    ... 


3 
n   >- 

CJ      3 


^     w      CJ 


o    .y, 


^  :n 

C      O 

a  rt 


rt  a 

o  -i^ 

i-i  ^ 


a..=   o 

w  ~     rt 


^  rt  .;:: 

jK.  rv    t/i 

5  !2  o 

'n  c  u 


El 


i^S 


r3    "^  rt.. 

■5  CJ  £ 

S     C  _rt 

«  "^  .£.<:■ 

OJ  •r' 

CJ    '*•  hL| 

CJ  .—  o 

Ch  en  -p 

CJ    c  o 

■£  S-^ 

...^  -=  c 

0  "  "- 


w     S   T3   "3 


=     rt  rt 

(J  .^ 

°    c  = 

^     CJ 


CJ 


CJ 


S  o  S 

;«  bC   J, 

CJ  rt 

-—  o,  )^    CJ 

3  ^  ^  s 

o  p  •»•  i; 


z 


l.^-* 


>• 
z 
< 


z  ^ 


S:— v^ 


2    j:    r^   —     =    '"     '" 

^  _    ^  ►^H  rt    w    (J) 


U     O 


rt    a;    ^    id    CJ 


V.        C 


A 

&0 


^  ^ 
^ 


-^   o 

rt 


CJ 

^   o 

?  >"  rt 

o    c   J! 
(J  ._  — 

£   !£   o 


c;  4^  .;i  -c     w 

ti     (/)     cfl     rt        »*i 


CJ     ^ 

3 


If.    IZ    li     U 


W^^—    S.r-    S.C    cO   cr-i 


CJ 
/v.     -^ 


«  r-    rt 

—  rt-.          rt 

■"  S  £ 

=  -f^    2    rt 

3  3      :«    _3 

CJ  ,-^ 

cr 


-    §21   S 


M    t/j   ^    rt    _ 


^  (rt  ^  J-    nj    rt    rt 

^_.   ■—    -^    —     ?S     (/)•"■ 


2  £: 

rt 


» 

& 


CL, 


<  a. 


3    CJ   o..    4-. 

^  rt  S  S.S 


CJ  r-  t: 
^  .— • 
rt  '     .52 

*-       Eft      ^ 
CJ     (-     OJ 

>'ii 


27 


Oh 

o 

a:: 

w 

< 

I — I 


E 

u. 

.0 


c 

CJ 
PL, 


> 


CL,    ~ 

^  Si 


o 
rt 

a 

<u 

CO 

c 

rt 

OJ 


5  c3 


rt  J3    t"  a     "      i; 


!^    CJ    »— 


c 
o 

en 


=    °    rt 

tJ5      O 


CJ 


.2 

4-* 
rt 

c 

aj 

v< 

'  0 

0 

rt 

C/) 

(U 

rt 

'( ) 

rt 

<i) 

'./) 

ej 

0 

rt 

-n 

u 

T3 

.4-* 

I-I 

rt 
U 

J2 

CJ 

C/2     ■% 


w     (3     O 


c 
rt 


■"  -  -  H. 
^  o  3  o* 
»-    rt    4-    u 


a 


o 


-^3 

rt 

-a 
rtj 

J2 
o 


rt     <-<     i- 


eo 


rt 


O 


c 
■> 

rt 


o 

a, 
o 


CJ       3 

cTj  W 


^^ 

cf. 

rt* 

rt 

4-» 

0 

t/1 

a 

a 

+j 

^ 

rt 

.4-* 

<1» 

)-. 

u 

0 

M 

c 

o 


-a 
c 
rt 

P 

to 


o 
a, 
p 

3 
W 


T3     5     " 

rt        rt        QJ 

rt   ."     « 


C3 


O 


rt     ^ 

3 
rt  -3   f_ 


3 
(ft 

C 
rt 

0 

ti 

ri 

c 

1) 

A 

CJ 

^ 

eft 

; , 

CJ 

-0 

n. 

>> 

rt 

a. 

^ 

■0 

CJ 

>^ 

•s 

CJ 

J2 

W 

•a 

^ 

r. 

u 

0 

0 

43 

V 

c 

•:» 

, 

0 

r\ 

C 

■4-» 

(J 

c 

rt 

eft 

c 

i:;        ■-    o    rt 


■^     •    9. 

en    CI      Oh 


rt 


o,    tn 
ST    o 


o    o 


3      O      rt     *^ 


^  p  <: 


^   I 
hi   S 


o 
-a 

rt 

c 
en 


C 
o 

c 

■41;    .S      cfi 


O 

u 

H 


o    2 


S  '-5 

c  ■"■ 

rt  •*- 

rti  rt* 

rt  "^ 


3 

c 


T3      c/1 

CJ      O 


q     CL,    re     O     en 
■•    CJ    ■;    *-' 


P     s-    .S 

O    rt    rt 

^   "    o 

_•    >^   &. 

<u 


CJ 


c 
rt 
o 
o 

o 


8-i 


PHYSICAL   EUROPE:    SURFACE.— CLIMATE.— VEGETATION   AND    ANIMALS. 


4.  Surface. — Eastern  Europe  is  a  plain,  and  includes 
the  greater  part  of  Low  Europe. 

This  plain  extends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Black  and  Caspian 
seas,  where  it  unites  with  the  Great  Northern  Plain  of  Asia.  It 
is  also  continued  into  Great  Britain  and  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay  in 
the  west,  and  to  the  Balkan  Mountains  in  the  south. 

Srpour  important  mountain  systems  partly  enclose  this 
^reat  plain — the  Scandinavian,  the  Ural,  the  Caucasus,  and 
the  Carpathian.  Four  inland  seas — viz.,  the  White,  the 
Caspian,  the  Black,  and  the  North — break  into  the  borders 
of  the  plain  between  the  ends  of  these  mountains.  Be- 
sides these  is  the  Baltic,  which  is  entirely  within  the  plain. 
These  five  seas  receive  large  and  sluggish  rivers,  the  most 
important  of  which  diverge  from  a  small  central  district 
which  contains  the  Valdai  Hills. 

Among  these  rivers- are  the  Dvvina,  the  Ural,  the  Volga,  the  Don, 
the  Dnieper,  the  Elbe,  the  Vistula,  and  the  Duna. 

The  northwestern  part  of  the  plain  contains  many  lakes; 
among  these  are  Ladoga  and  Onega,  the  largest  lakes  in 
Europe. 

6.  These  rivers  and  lakes,  and  the  canals  by  which  they 
are  connected,  are  the  commercial  routes  of  Eastern 
Europe.  The  Volga  is  the  chief  line  of  the  domestic 
and  the  Asiatic  trade  of  the  seventy  millions  of  people 
that  inhabit  the  eastern  plain. 

7.  Western  Europe  includes  High  Europe,  which  is  a 
network  of  mountain  chains  with  enclosed  valleys  and 
plains.     The  largest  plateau  is  in  Spain. 


ALflNK    VAI.l.F.V    AND   Ot.ACIUU. 


8.  The  Alps,  the  loftiest  mountains  in  Europe,  the  Bal- 
kan, and  the  Pyrenees  are  the  principal  systems. 

Many  of  the  summits  of  the  Alps  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow, 
and  the  valleys  between  are  filled  with  glaciers. 

9.  Four  navigable  rivers — the  Po,  the  Rhone,  the  Rhine, 
and  the  Danube—  flow  from  the  heart  of  High  Europe, 


and  pass  through  the  plains  to  four  seas.  The  Po  is  the 
chief  interior  water-way  of  Italy,  and  the  Rhone  of  France. 
The  Rhine  and  the  Danube  are  the  chief  commercial 
rivers  of  Western  Europe,  the  latter  being  the  more  im- 
portant. 

10.  Climate. — Western  Europe,  especially  near  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  has  a  milder  climate  than  other  parts 
of  the  world  in  the  same  latitude. 

"  Ever-green  Ireland  "  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  cold  and  barren 
Labrador  ;  St.  Petersburg  and  Stockholm  are  on  the  parallel  of 
Cape  Farewell  ;  and  the  never-frozen  port  of  Hamnierfest  is  as 
tar  north  as  the  ice-covered  regions  of  the  Arctic  Archipelago. 

The  principal  cause  of  this  remarkable  climate  is  the  warm  south- 
west or  return  trade-winds,  which  bring  with  them  a  part  of  the 
beat  they  have  acquired  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  The  warm  waters 
of  the  Gulf  Stream  are  also  supposed  to  reach  these  coasts  and 
to  assist  in  modifying  their  climate. 

The  winter  climate  of  the  interior  parts  of  Western  Europe  also 
presents  remarkable  peculiarities.  It  becomes  more  severe  to- 
wards the  south ;  this  is  in  consequence  of  the  great  elevation. 
Some  cities  in  High  Europe  have  much  colder  winters  than  other 
places  far  north  of  them  near  the  shores  of  the  ocean. 

A  similar  change  takes  place  towards  the  east  with  increasing 
distance  from  the  ocean.  The  average  number  of  days  during 
which  the  Rhine  is  frozen  over  during  the  year  is  twenty-six  ; 
the  Weser,  which  is  east  of  the  Rhine,  is  frozen  for  thiity  days  ; 
the  Elbe,  still  further  east,  for  sixty-two;  the  Oder  for  seventy; 
and  the  Vistula  for  about  eighty  days. 

11.  The  climate  of  the  Mediterranean  countries  is  al- 
most tropical. 

This  is  the  effect  of  the  general  southward  slope  of  the  country,  the 
warm  winds  from  the  Sahara,  the  mild  waters  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  the  high  mountain  walls  that  shut  out  the  cold  polar 
winds.  Figs,  oranges,  sugar-cane,  and  rice  grow  in  die  latitude 
of  New  York  and  Boston.  The  Spanish  plateau  has  a  cold  win- 
ter and  a  hot  and  dry  summer. 

12.  The  Great  Plain  has  a  varied  climate.  The  winters 
are  intensely  cold ;  in  the  south  the  summers  are  hot. 

This  winter  climate  is  caused  by  distance  from  the  warm  western 
ocean,  and  by  the   prevalence  of  the  polar  winds,  that  sweep 
\^       unchecked  to  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian. 

13.  Ve??etation  and  Animals. — The  Great  Plain  has 
three  belts  of  vegetable  and  animal  life. 

The  arctic  regions  are  mossy,  treeless  swamps,  inhab- 
ited by  reindeer  and  other  arctic  animals. 

Most  of  these  animals  seek  the  forest  regions  during  the  long 
winters.     The  rivers  are  frozen  nine  months  in  the  year.    There 

are  few  human  inhabitants. 

Another  wide  treeless  region  stretches  across  the  south- 

.  ern  part  of  the  plain.    Barren  salt  plains,  called  steppes, 

occupy  its  eastern  portion.     In  the  west  are  broad  prairies, 

which  sustain  large  numbers  of  sheep,  horses,  and  cattle, 

and  produce  maize  and  great  quantities  of  wheat. 

A  vast  forest  occupies  a  great  part  of  the  middle 
belt.     In  its  colder  regions  the  hardy  grains — rye,  oats. 


PHYSICAL   EUROPE:   VEGETATION.— MLNERALS.— REFERENCE   TABLE. 


85 


!   y- 


-\k 


r^. 


^mi:-J^"X 


V. 


*"'"t3fe'  .. 


and  barley — are  cultivated ;  farther  south,  flax,  hemp,  and 
wheat. 

14.  The  warm  countries  of  the  Mediterranean  produce 
the  olive,  the  almond,  the  orange,  besides  rice  and  other 
grains. 

Grains,  fruits,  and  vines  are  cultivated  in  the  lowlands 
of  the  Atlantic  coasts  and  the  valleys  of  High  Europe. 

As  we  ascend  the  mountains  of  High  Europe  the  chestnut  gives 
place  to  the  oak,  then  follow  pine  forests  and  high  pastures, 
then  glaciers  and  perpetual  snow. 

15.  The  northwestern  coasts  of  Europe  have  extensive 
and  valuable  fisheries. 

16.  Hinerals. — The  mountains  of  Europe  furnish  an 
abundance  of  the  most  useful  minerals ;  among  these  are 
coal,  iron,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  and  copper. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  Europe  as  a  physical  division?  Of  what  is  it  made 
up.'  From  what  does  it  project?  Between  what  waters?  How  is  its  western  half 
divided?  What  one  in  the  northwest?  What  one  in  the  southwest? — 2.  Which  is 
the  larger  and  more  important  of  these  peninsulas  ? — 3.  What  large  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea?  In  the  Atlantic  Ocean.' — t.  What  is  the  character  of  Eastern 
Europe  ?  What  does  it  include  ? — .5.  How  many  and  what  mountain  systems  partly  en- 
close the  plain  ?  How  many  and  what  seas  break  its  borders  ?  Between  what  are  they 
situated?  What  sea  lies  entirely  in  the  plain?  What  do  these  seas  receive  from  the 
plain?  Where  is  the  lake  region?  Which  are  the  two  largest  lakes? — 6.  What  use 
is  made  of  these  rivers  and  lakes?  What  river  forms  the  principal  commercial  route 
of  Eastern  Europe.' — 7.  What  does  Western  Europe  include?  Of  what  does  High 
Europe  consist?  Which  is  the  only  large  plateau? — 8.  Name  the  chief  mountain  svs- 
tems  of  High  Europe.  Which  are  the  highest  mountains  in  Europe? — 9.  What  four 
rivers  flow  from  High  Europe  ?  To  what?  Through  what  ?  Of  what  countries  are 
they  the  chief  water-routes?  Which  are  the  chief  commercial  rivers  of  Western  Europe? 
Which  is  the  more  important  ? — 10.  What  is  the  character  of  the  climate  of  Western 
Europe.' — U.  What  is  the  general  climate  of  the  Mediterranean  countries? — 13.  What 
is  the  climate  of  the  Great  Plain? — 13.  How  many  belts  of  vegetable  and  animal  life  in 
the  Great  Plain  ?  Describe  the  arctic  belt.  By  what  animals  inhabited  ?  Describe  the 
southern  belt.  Where  are  the  salt  steppes?  The  prairies?  What  do  they  sustain  ? 
What  are  the  vegetable  products  ?    Describe  the  middle  belt.    What  are  its  products  ? 


— 14.  What  are  the  vegetable  products 
of  the  Mediterranean  region  ?  Of 
the  Atlantic  coasts.' — 15.  Where  are 
the  great  European  fisheries?  —  IG. 
What  are  the  principal  minerals  of 
Europe  ? 

(H.) — 2.  By  what  is  Western  Eu- 
rope bordered  ?  By  what  are  its 
shores  broken  ?  What  two  penin- 
sulas on  the  northern  border?  What 
peninsulas  opposite  them  ?  What 
peninsula  forms  the  southwestern  ex- 
tremity of  Europe  ?  Of  what  advan- 
tage is  the  peninsular  character  of  Eu- 
rope ? — i.  What  is  the  northern  limit 
of  the  Great  Plain  ?  The  southern 
limit  ?  With  what  other  plain  is  it 
connected?  What  western  extension 
has  it?  What  southern  extension? 
— .5.  Name  some  of  the  rivers  of  East- 
ern Europe. — 8.  What  is  said  of  the 
Alps? — 10.  With  what  is  Ireland  con- 
trasted ?  St.  Petersburg  and  Stock- 
holm? Hammerfcst?  What  are  the 
causes  of  the  mild  climate  of  Western 
Europe  ?  Describe  the  peculiarities  in 
the  climate  of  the  interior  of  Western 
Europe. — 11.  What  are  the  causes  of 
the  tropical  climate  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean ?  What  contrast « ith  New  York 
and  Boston  ?  What  is  the  climate 
of  the  Spanish  plateau?— 13.  What 
are  the  causes  of  the  varied  climate 
of  the  Great  Plain  ?— 13.  What  is  said 
of  the  anim.als  of  the  Arctic  regions? 
Of  the  rivers  ?  Of  the  inhabitants .' — 
14.  Of  the  mountains  of  High  Europe  ? 


Norway 

Sweden 

Russia  in  Europe. 

Russia  in  Asia 

British  Empire  (about) 

England  and  Wales. 

Scotland  and  islands- 

Ireland  and  smaller  islands. . 

Colonial  dependencies  

Spsin 

Spanish  Colonies 


ArcA  in 
Sqaare  Milet 

130,1  TO 

170,2.10 

1,808,485 

6,912,270 

3,811,000 

BS,330 

30,GS5 

31,S74 

7,684,970 

201,237 

113,673 


PopnUtioa. 


1,913, 
4,565, 

74,493, 

12,847, 
284,000, 

25,968. 

3,734, 

6,1. '19, 

267,935, 

10,62.5, 
6,399, 


500 
C63 
,800 
476 
,000 
,286 
,370 
,S39 
144 
860 
»7 


Nunc*. 

Portugal 

France 

Algeria  and  other  French  colonies. 

Italy 

Switzerland 

Austria 

Roumania 

Servia 

Montenegro 

Turkey  in  Europe 

Greece  


ATen  In       j 
Square  Milts. 


Fopolation. 


35,131 

211,423 

400,000 

115,415 

16,560 

112,000 

51,973 

19.4^3 

3.r.l2 

62,175 

22,875 


4,550,699 

37,321,186 

19,305,603 

23,452,639 

2,340,102 

22,144,244 

6,376,000 

1,700,211 

236,000 

4,490,000 

1,979,423 


Names. 

Denmark 

Gennan  Empire. . . . 

Prussia 

Bavaria- 

Saxony 

WiinCmberg 

Baden 

Hesse 

Alsace-Lorraine. . 
The  Netherlands.  . 
Belgium 


Area  in 
^u:kre  Mile*. 


1^37G 

210,193 
13t,0€C 
29,292 
G,777 
7.675 
(S.Wl 

5.RR0 
12,200 
1I.S73 


PopolkUoa. 


1,!169,039 

45,234,061 

27,279,111 

6,284,773 

2,760,586 

1.881,505 

1,507,179 

8,84,218 

1,566.670 

4.0CO,r^ 

5,519,844 


86 


POLITICAL   EUROPE.    QUESTIONS    ON    THE   MAP.— REVIEW    EXERCISES. 


/.'' 


//"' 


ii'S' 


'    Hi 


■::     \       -M\. 


fivS:Sl'Y\'' 


\"  H'\^'^ 


w 
o 

W 

o 

I — I 

H 

l-H 

o 


a: 
z 
u 

o 
U 


o 

o 

H 
CO 


;s  "  ^  /v. 


!3 


o 
Pi 


u 
■-I 
p. 
o 
g 

H 

< 

H 

2; 

o 
U 


C/5    o 

/v.      C 


-  W 

02  r-, 
K  W 

U  (^ 

^.  (^ 

c  c« 

-5  /v.  ?.  -^^ 

ti-(  « 

--•  t: 

fcx)  oj 

.£  £ 

O 

13  - 

^.  s 
bjo'3  1: 

3  "S     rt    '^• 

,o  c:   trt   « 

C  O    >;;    rt 

rti  1-    rt    t/1 

O  ^.  -- 


CO 


« 


■  ii    O 


^  3 


U 


It' 


<u 


o 

-a 

rs 


O 


u 


E   « 


^   > 


<    *-•    ^ 


^      IT.  [/I 

5;    c  c 

SEE 

S  fe  Oh 

to  .5  .2 

o3    >  i- 

■3  ^  "' 


o 

a 


i  1  S:  = 

M  <;  <;  ^ 

p  «;j  i-»  1— i 

M  .i2  -i! 

5  "^  -i:  - 

~  5  _fc_x) 

«  1-^  "^  'o 

^  ^5  >  > 


■I- 


-2   1= 


'•I 


-3  ^t^ 


c  -Q    cs 


«-  <U     tJ 

i-J  t-     /^ 

O  <u  kS  - 

X  m  g  ;5 


3 
OS 


3 

'53 


■t;    rt    <L>    D    >,' 
rt    >     —    ■         • 


c 
o   o 


3 


^  -5  -G  3:  - 
t;  -1.^  ■-*  cj 


.2  ° 

c/l 

3    "IJ 


2 


3 

z  p 


*-     1-1 
■V.     3 


g 


a 


bO 

E 

w 


bfj 


O   ^ 


4j    rt 
o 


o  ^3  n 


n    c 
(J    o 


■o§ 


rt    5 

<->  .a 


0°     - 


<Sq 


S  ^•^ 

ti   <u   o 

<U    J-.     o 

;-,  fa  IS 


ra    >     ri 

J3   S   <'-' 

-■^^ 

pq 

c/)     ^     OJ 

3   r-  x: 

ry     'X:      ■" 

3     3 


H 


JZ3 

H 

CZ2 
I — I 
O 

H 
M 
M 

H 
I — I 

> 

W 


.^  o  ^  s  t: 

S  ^.  <;  ■^  FL, 

%     M     O  f^  3 

t.  T  t;  -3 

Ml.,  s 

1) -^^  a, 

-  -d  CO 


t^f^ 


^.    aj    3 


5  "il  ^ 


^j  CO 


•~   >» 


SI 
«  z  -^^  Q  -^ 


CO 


o   ^ 


3   <^- 

§     « 


CO 


« 

I 

no 

a 

o 

H 

a 

04 


'A 
t-1 


!^ 

H 
W 

EH 

o 
o 

l-H 

E-t 
zn 
W 
l=> 


3  3 

w  § 

^  o 

rt  -3 

c 


3  o 

o  « 

3  ■" 
d 


rt    en 


t/3  O 

o  " 

c  ° 

3  3 

8  =" 


> 

do"' 

3 
3 
O 


09     rt 

.S  -G 

O 


-a 

CO  J3 


rt     1^    'Si 

2      ^ 

•  -    aJ    rt 
-a  CO    u 

CJ  -H 


>^    d  C    O.^  "o  '^• 

■^  <  tn    "    1/1  ~  M 

■^  nj    aJ  •"    3  n. 

3  s  -3  >,  o  I::, 

I  £  *^  ^i  ^  It; 

•3    O  >r-.3   ^.     rt  j_ 

i1  ^  --g  >   3  U  o 


g.2 

O    tf: 

J3    3 

*^   Pi 


3     O 


S    <D 


•v 


D 


<U    — 


5«     ° 


SEC 


T3 

>» 
& 

o 


a 

i^  5  s  CO  G  e 

■£  8.S  >,o 

■"    g  a;  ^   ^    o 

^    8  S  -^  ^"'^^ 

'"'  .y  S  >  -.  •£ 

§  <  1;  '^  7;  2; 

J*    u  s-  .5  /v. 

:tf  XI  3    C  ^    e 

CO    *-■  O     o    UH     3 

-as  Z   °   o 

3    O  --.  UH   "rt  2 

.      4->  10           ■-     o 

>i  >-.  rt  —;    a.  o 

ri      O  O      ^      rj     *-* 


^    aj 

.2    -s 

t/i   -^ 

3  -Q 

Pi     rt 


o   « 

"    Oi 


o  := 


2l 

3     CJ 


o 
i-i 

~   a. 

"-•    (U    c 


3    aJ 
3     ^ 

8^ 

3 

2  ° 


-^ 


^  i 


1.     3 

.2  O 


P5  t^ 


3  " 

-a    o 


a;    S  3 

■  CO  :s 


88 


rOLITICAL  EUROPE :  DESCRIPTION.— QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


DESCRIPTION. 


LXXXIV. 


GOVERNMENTS  AND  POPULATION. 

1.  Govcriiiiienfs.  —  Europe  contains  four  empires, 
Russia,  Turkey,  Germany,  and  Austria;  two  republics, 
France  and  Switzerland ;  twelve  independent  kingdoms, 
Norway,  Sweden,  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, Italy,  Greece,  Roumania,  Servia,  Denmark,  Belgium, 
and  the  Netherlands;  and  one  independent  principality, 
Montenegro.  Russia  and  Turkey  are  absolute,  Ger- 
many, Austria,  and  the  twelve  kingdoms  are  limited 
monarchies. 

Besides  these,  there  are  in  the  German  Empire  the  kingdoms  of 
Prussia,  Saxony,  Bavaria,  and  Wiirtemberg  ;  in  the  Austrian  Em- 
pire, Bohemia,  Galicia,  Hungary,  and  Croatia  and  Sla\'onia  ;  and 
in  the  Turkish  Empire  the  principality  of  Bulgaria.  Andorra  in 
Spain  and  San  Marino  in  Italy  are  small  but  old  republics. 

2.  Popnlation. — The  total  population  of  Europe  is 
estimated  at  316  millions,  three  fourths  of  it  being  in 
western  Europe.     It  is  nearly  all  Caucasian. 

The  three  chief  branches  of  the  Caucasian  race  in  Europe  are  the 
Celts  in  the  west,  the  Teutons  from  the  Alps  to  Scotland  and 
northern  Norway,  and  the  Sclaves  in  the  Great  Plain. 

The  people  of  the  eastern  half  of  Europe  belong  mostly  to  the 
Greek  Church  ;  those  of  the  northwestern  regions  are  princi- 
pally Protestants ;  nearly  all  the  rest,  including  more  than  half 
the  population,  are  Roman  Catholics.  Near  the  Black  Sea  are 
several  millions  of  Mohammedans. 


3.  JVorway  and  Sweden.  —  Norway  and  Sweden 
occupy  the  Scandinavian  peninsula.  Norway  is  the 
smaller  and  more  mountainous,  and  has  less  than  one 
half  as  many  inhabitants  as  Sweden.  The  kingdoms 
are  separate,  but  the  same  king  rules  over  both. 

4.  The  maritime  commerce  of  Norway  is  extensive  and 
important.     The  exports  are  lumber  and  fish. 

5.  In  Sweden  railways  and  a  system  of  canals  from 
the  Baltic  to  the  Cattegat  unite  the  internal  with  the 
maritime  commerce.  The  exports  are  grain,  iron,  and 
copper. 

6.  Christiania,  the  capital  of  Norway,  and  Bergen,  its 
largest  Atlantic  port,  have  a  large  trade  in  lumber  and 
fish.  Hammerfest,  the  most  northern  town  in  the  world, 
is  dependent  upon  the  cod-fisheries.  The  Norwegian  cod- 
fisheries  are  the  greatest  in  the  world. 

Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Sweden,  is  situated  on  several 
small  islands.  Gottenburg  is  an  important  port  and  man- 
ufacturing city.     Norrkoping  is  a  grain  port. 

7.  Rnssia. — The  Russian  Empire,  next  to  that  of  Great 
Britain,  is  the  most  extensive  dominion  in  the  world.  It 
includes  about  one  half  of  Europe  and  more  than  one 
third  of  Asia.  The  monarch  is  called  the  Czar,  or  em- 
peror.    The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Sclaves. 

[For  remainder  of  Section  LXXXIV.,  see  page  CO.] 


LXXXV. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

England  and  Wales. — What  three  countries  on  the  island  of  Great 
Britain  ?  What  waters  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ?  England 
and  France?  What  island  in  the  Irish  Sea?  What  hills  between 
England  and  Scotland  ?  What  mountains  in  Wales  ?  What  bay  west 
of  Wales?  What  two  rivers  flow  into  the  North  Sea?  For  what  is  the 
Thames  remarkable  ?  {For  the  largest  maritime  commerce  in  the  world?) 
What  river  flows  into  the  Bristol  Channel  ?  Into  the  Irish  Sea  ?  What 
city  on  the  Thames  ?  What  port  on  the  Humber  ?  What  city  northwest 
of  Hull  ?  Southwest  of  York  ?  West  of  Leeds  ?  Near  the  mouth  of  the 
Mersey  ?  South  of  Leeds  ?  In  the  northern  part  of  England  ?  Near 
the  centre  ?  Near  the  Severn  ?  What  two  cities  east  of  Liverpool  ? 
On  the  south  coast  ?     In  the  southern  part  of  Wales  ? 

Scotland. — What  islands  northwest  of  Scotland  ?  What  groups  north 
of  Scotland  ?  What  hills  in  Scotland  ?  What  peak  of  the  Grampians  is 
the  highest  in  Great  Britain?  {Ben  Nevis,  ^^"iQ  feet.)  What  name  is 
given  to  the  bays  of  the  coast  of  Scotland  ?  (Firtl/s.)  Name  the  five 
chief  firths  of  Scotland.  What  firth,  hills,  and  river  form  the  boundary 
between  Scotland  and  England  ?  What  river  flows  into  the  Firth  of 
Clyde  ?  What  canal  in  the  northern  part  of  Scotland  ?  What  three 
cities  on  or  near  the  east  coast  ?     On  or  near  the  Clyde  ? 

Ireland. — What  bays  on  the  western  coast  of  Ireland  ?  Which  is  the 
largest  river?     What  port  in  the  northern  part?     In  the  northeastern? 


In  the  eastern  ?    What  city  in  the  southern  part  ?    What  sea  port  near 
it  ?     What  port  on  Galway  Bay  ?     On  the  Shannon  ? 

Travels. — Through  what  cities  would  you  pass  in  travelling  by  railway 
from  Edinburgh  to  London  by  way  of  Newcastle  ?  Plymouth  to  Hull  by 
way  of  Birmingham  ?     Newcastle  to  Liverpool  by  way  of  Leeds  ? 


EEVIEW  EXEECISES. 

Cities  and  Towns. — In  what  part  of  the  country  1  How  situated  1 — 
London?  Liverpool?  IManchester?  Birmingham?  Leeds?  Sheffield? 
Bristol?  Bradford?  Newcastle?  Salford?  Hull?  Portsmouth?  York? 
Plymouth?  Merthyr  Tydvil?  Swansea?  EDiNBURtsH?  Glasgow? 
Dundee?  Aberdeen?  Paisley?  Greeneck?  Dublin?  Belfast?  Cork? 
Londonderry-?    Galway?     Limerick?   -   - 

Islands.— ?f//ivr«/«rt/i-(//— Man  ?    Hebrides?    Orkney?    Shetland? 

Mountains. —  Where  are  theyl — Grampian  Hills?  Cheviot  Hills? 
Cambrian  ?     Ben  Nevis  ? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays. —  Where  is  ?V?— North  Sea?  Irish  Sea?  St 
Georges  Channel?  English  Channel?  North  Channel?  Strait  of 
Dover  ?  Bristol  Channel  ?  Firth  of  Clyde  ?  Firth  of  Forth  ?  Solway 
Firth?     Moray?     Pentland?     Cardigan  Bay?     Galway?     Donegal? 

Rivers. —  Where  does  it  rise!  In  what  direction  docs  it  flow!  Into 
what  body  of  water  1 — Thames?   Severn?   Mersey?  Clyde?   Shannon? 


fi         l.xmginnle    ^Vcst        4        fmrn     Grec-uwii^h. 


J 


MAP    or    THTC 

BEITISH  ISLES. 


Scale  of  Uiles. 

50 75 


BUETL  L2n>  13.. 


ydrL^ 


SHETLAND   ISLANDS, 

Same  <cale  a«  nap 


29 


tUj-yi^,  imi,  6y  Harptr  A  iirUA*r».l— Revited  U  February,  IS'-S. 


90 


RUSSIA.— GREAT    BRITAIN    AND   IRELAND. 


8.  The  exports,  in  the  order  of 
their  importance,  are  grains,  flax- 
seed, lumber,  wool,  flax,  hemp,  and 
cattle.  The  chief  foreign  trade 
is  with  Great  Britain  and  Ger- 
many. 

9.  The  principal  cities  are  St. 
Petersburg,  the  capital  and  larg- 
est city  and  greatest  commercial 
depot ;  Moscow,  the  ancient  cai> 
ital  of  Russia;  and  Warsaw,  the 
chief  city  of  Poland.  The  last 
two  are  manufacturing  cities. 

Riga  and  Cronstadt,  on  the 
Baltic,  export  grain,  hemp,  flax, 
and  lumber;  Odessa,  on  the 
Black  Sea,  is  a  great  grain  port ; 
Astrakhan,  on  the  Caspian,  is 
noted  for  its  fisheries  and  its 
caravan  trade  with  Asia;  Arch- 
angel, on  the  White  Sea,  exports 
oats,  rye,  flax,  and  forest  prod- 
ucts. 

Questions  (I.)  —  1.  How  many  and  what 
empires  in  Europe?  How  many  and  what  re- 
publics? How  many  and  what  kingdoms  ?  Which  are  absolute  monarchies  ?  Which 
are  limited  ? — L'.  What  is  the  population  of  Europe  ?  In  what  part  is  most  of  it  ?  Of 
what  race? — 3.  Where  are  Norway  and  Sweden?  How  does  Norway  compare  with 
Sweden  in  size  ?  In  surface  ?  In  population  ?  What  political  connection  have  they  ? 
— i.  What  is  the  commerce  of  Norway?     What  are  its  principal  exports  ?- -5.  How 


IS  the  interior  commerce  of  Sweden  connected  with  the 
maiitmie  '  What  are  the  exports  ? — G.  What  is  said  of 
Chnstiania '  Bergen  ?  Hammerfest  ?  Of  the  fisheries 
of  NorHa\  '  Of  Stockholm?  Gottenburg?  Norr- 
koping' — 7  What  is  said  of  the  extent  of  the  Russian 
Empire  '  What  does  it  include  ?  What  is  the  title 
of  tlie  monarch  ?  Of  what  race  are  most  of  the  in- 
habitants?— 8.  What  are  the  leading  exports?  With 
what  countries  is  most  of  the   foreign  trade  ? — 9.  For 

what  is  St.  Petersburg  noted  ?    Moscow?    Warsaw?    Riga  and  Cronstadt  ?    Odessa? 

Astrakhan  ?     Archangel  ? 

(II.) — 1.  What  kingdoms  in  the  German  Empire?     In  the  Austrian?     What  small 

republic  in  Spain?     What  one  in  Italy?     What  is  said  of  them.' — 2.  What  branches 

of  the  Caucasian  race  in  Europe?     What  religions? 


GREAT     BRITAIN     AND     IRELAND. 


DESCRIPTION. 

1.  The  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
includes  these  two  great  islands  and  many  neighboring 
small  ones;  it  has  also  extensive  colonial  possessions  in 
other  parts  of  the  world.  The  kingdom  with  its  depend- 
encies is  generally  called  the  British  Empire. 

The  most  important  colonies  are  British  America,  Australia,  Tas- 
mania, New  Zealand,  British  India,  and  Ceylon.  Among  its  otiier 
possessions  are  Gibraltar,  Malta,  and  Cyprus,  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  South  Africa,  parts  of  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  with 
St.  Helena,  Mauritius,  and  other  African  islands,  many  of  the 
West  India  Islands,  and  parts  of  Central  and  South  America. 

2.  Occiipatious. — The  chief  wealth  of  Great  Britain 
is  in    its   manufactures,  mines,  and   extensive    maritime 


commerce.      Agriculture  is  carried  to  a  high  degree  of 
perfection ;  in  Ireland  it  is  the  leading  occupation. 

3.  nines. — The  mines  of  Great  Britain  supply  nearly 
one  half  of  the  coal,  iron,  and  tin  used  in  the  world,  one 
third  of  the  lead,  and  great  quantities  of  copper  and  salt. 

4.  ]flnnnractiires. — It  surpasses  every  other  country 
in  the  amount  and  variety  of  manufactures.  The  most 
important  are  of  cotton,  wool,  and  iron. 

5.  Coiiiincrce. — It  has  also  a  greater  maritime  com- 
merce than  any  other  nation. 

It  has  at  least  25,000  merchant  vessels,  and  more  than  200,000 
seamen.  They  carry  its  manufactured  products  to  every  country 
on  the  globe,  and  bring  in  return  food  and  raw  materials.  A 
large  part  of  the  food  and  two  thirds  of  the  raw  cotton  are  ob- 
tained from  the  United  States,  which  takes  in  return  a  greater 
quantity  of  manufactures  than  any  other  country.     Tiiis  commerce 


GREAT   BRITAIN   AND    IRELAND. 


91 


is  protected  by  the  largest  navy  that  has  ever  existed.  Fortified 
naval  depots  for  coal  and  provisions  have  been  established  on 
all  the  great  routes  of  maritime  trade.  Among  these  depots  are 
Gibraltar  at  the  entrance,  Malta  in  the  middle,  and  Cyprus  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ;  St.  Helena,  Cape 
Town,  and  Mauritius  on  the  South  African  route,  and  Aden  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Red  Sea  ;  Singapore  at  one  end  of  the  China 
Sea  and  Hong  Kong  at  the  other  ;  Jamaica  and  other  islands 
of  the  West  Indies  ;  Halifa.x,  the  Bermudas,  and  the  Bahamas 
on  the  coasts  of  the  United  States ;  with  many  others  in  India 
and  Australia,  besides  home  depots. 


the  empire;  if  opposed  by  a  majority  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
he  resigns,  and  the  sovereign  appoints  his  successor. 

7.  London,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  and  of  the  em- 
pire, is  the  most  populous  and  wealthy  city  in  the  world ; 
it  is  also  first  in  commercial  importance;  it  covers  122 
square  miles.  Liverpool  has  a  very  large  foreign  com- 
merce, especially  with  the  United  States;  Manchester 
manufactures    more    cotton  goods   than    any  other  city; 


iL^-'m^^^^"  ' 


BRITISH   NAVAL  RE\TEW 


The  several  countries  of  Europe,  and  in  many  instances  parts  of 
the  same  country,  differ  widely  in  race,  language,  and  religion. 
There  are  also  intense  commercial  and  political  rivalries.  As 
a  result,  mutual  distrust  and  jealousy  exist  among  the  several 
governments,  and  Europe  has  become  on^e  great  camp.  In  a 
time  of  professed  peace  between  three  and  four  millions  of  sol- 
diers stand  ready  for  war,  and  the  military  service  is  so  arranged 
that  this  vast  number  of  armed  men  can  be  more  than  doubled 
at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities.  Besides  all  this,  great  navies,  that 
of  Great  Britain  being  the  most  powerful,  are  ready  to  extend 
upon  the  sea  the  destruction  which  may  at  any  time  begin  upon 
the  land. 

These  enormous  armaments  are  maintained  by  a  grinding  taxation 
and,  in  many  countries,  by  a  merciless  conscription  that  with- 
draws millions  of  young  men  for  years  from  all  productive  in- 
dustry. In  consequence  of  this,  in  every  part  of  Europe  thou- 
sands of  women  are  obliged  to  work  in  the  fields,  and  to  en- 
gage in  other  forms  of  the  hardest  and  rudest  labor.  In  con- 
trast with  this  state  of  affairs,  the  United  States,  though  equal  in 
area  to  all  Europe,  has  but  a  small  navy  and  a  widely  scattered 
army  of  about  25,000  men. 

0.  GoTerniiient.  —  Great    Britain   is  a  constitutional 

monarchy. 

The  Legislature,  or  Parliament,  has  two  branches — the  House  of 
Lords  and  the  House  of  Comtnons.  The  members  of  the 
House  of  Commons  are  elected  by  the  people.  l"he  execu- 
tive power  and  the  entire  responsibility  of  the  government  are 
in  the  hands  of  a  small  body  of  men  called  the  Ministry ;  they 
are  appointed  by  the  sovereign,  through  the  influence  of  the 
Commons.     The  Prime  Minister  is  practically  the  real  ruler  of 


Leeds  and  Bradford  are  noted  for  woollen  manufactures, 
Sheflfield  for  cutlery,  Birmingham  for  general  hardware, 
Newcastle  for  coal.  In  W^ales,  Merthyr  Tydvil  and 
Swansea  are  the  largest  cities. 

In  Scotland,  Glasgow  is  the  largest  city ;  it  is  also  the 
leading  manufacturing  city  and  the  chief  seat  of  com- 
merce. Edinburgh,  the  capital ;  Dundee,  which  manu- 
factures sail-cloth  and  other  coarse  fabrics ;  and  Aber- 
deen, a  large  sea-port,  are  important  cities. 

In  Ireland,  Dublin  is  the  capital  and  largest  cit}'.  Bel- 
fast manufactures  more  linen  goods  than  any  other  city  in 
the  world.     Cork  and  Limerick  are  also  important  cities. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  Wh.it  does  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
include?  What  other  possessions  has  it?  What  is  meant  by  the  British  Empire? 
— 3.  In  what  does  the  chief  wealth  of  Great  Britain  consist  ?  What  is  said  of  agricult- 
ure ? — 3.  Of  the  mines  of  Great  Britain  ? — i.  Of  the  manufactures  ?  Name  the  most 
important. — 5.  What  is  said  of  the  commerce? — 6.  Of  the  government? — ~.  What  is 
said  of  London  ?  Liverpool  ?  Manchester  ?  Leeds  and  Bradford  ?  Sheffield  ?  Bir- 
mingham ?  Newcastle  ?  Merthyr  Tydvil  and  Swansea  ?  Glasgow  ?  Edinburgh  ? 
Dundee?    Aberdeen?    Dublin?    Belfast?    Cork  and  Limerick? 

(II.) — 1.  Name  the  most  important  British  colonies.  What  other  possessions  has 
the  United  Kingdom? — 5.  How  many  merchant  vessels  has  Great  Britain?  How 
many  seamen?  In  what  are  they  engaged?  With  what  country  is  the  chief  trade? 
How  is  the  foreign  commerce  nrotectcd  ?  How  is  the  navy  made  effective?  Name 
the  depots.  In  what  do  the  several  countries  of  Europe  differ  ?  What  rivalries  exist  ? 
What  is  the  result?  What  is  said  of  the  standing  armies?  Of  the  navies?  What 
country  of  Europe  has  the  most  powerful  navy  ?  By  what  means  are  these  armies  and 
navies  maintained  ?  What  is  the  consequence  ?  What  is  said  ef  the  army  and  navy 
of  the  United  Stales? — 6.  Describe  the  government  of  Great  Britain. 


WESTERN  AND  CENTRAL  EUROPE:  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP.— REVIEW  EXERCISES.— DESCRIPTION. 


93 


H 


w 

so 
I— I 
o 


H 

H 
I— I 

H 


I     rt 


•5  O       ii 


c 


C'>    i:  - 


^  p 

bl 

r! 

OJ 

^> 

1) 

m. 

in 

o  ^ 

C 
?> 

be 

x; 

•a 

o  - 

o 

/%.. 

Oh 

^ 

O 

f\.. 

c 
1) 

3 

/v. 

u 

- 

W 

< 

< 

•Xi 

U 

C3 

n 

i; 

L- 

^ 

m 

cn  ri.. 

ai 

'■^ 

U 

( 1 

^ 

n 

r3 

-a 

►J    « 

O 

r*.. 

;i. 

D 

(d 

N 

"^ 

c 

(-1 

M 

_1 

^.  M 

:j 

U 

^ 

a. 
O 

/v. 

c^ 

*-H 

Tl 

f/1 

p 

;C 

„ 

zj 

bjo 

>5 

rt 

rt 

c 

rt 

■^  «  -Q 


^  ^ 

^'-« 


;:i  I 


-^^  =     E     O 


■*s. 


c 
<; 


O     «     tn 

h-    c    o 

S  >>  5 
^  2 


tt  :« 


If 


< 

H 
2 

o 

u 


5    3 
—     tJO 

is 


I-    r"    c  ^— X 

^    J"^    3      .' 


3  ji: 


J2     ■*»   ^  c/; 


ffl 


S;2o 


2  > 


/v.    .Si      < 


CO 


O   o 


^  5  E 


«.2-^ 

1-1   ^   J3 


•«:;5 


I- 

<u 

s  ^ 
I  =s 

»  s 

^>   3 

w  3 
^  ^  I. 

CA   -J 


5^ 


rt 

u 


rl 


i" 

rt 

rj 

<s 

,-^ 

cq 

.•^ 

^ 

1- 

_rt 

^ 

•^ 

E 

OQ    .— 

'S 

-U     /v. 

§  2 


c 


1)    ?    ^ 


"  ?! 
-o   o 


~   o 


m  < 


SH 


.ti    c  -i  t)  -a 


<i 

fc 

3 

^ 

r. 

tj 

n 

1) 

'^ 

c 
o 

1 

■<. 

s 

■is 

■V. 

o 

/v. 

"3 

O 

2 

tS 

^ 

n.. 

•5 

•^ 

/v. 

c 

«*^ 

o 

0} 

> 
73 


.g  -S  o  ^s 


oO 


ji  in 


3 


i  § 

r: 
3 

-V.     ^        Q 


1^ 


t-'  -Q 


•£  .ii    o 

S       ■-' 

-  Jl 

<U    *-     1>    .-- 


—    O     D 

.^   '":,   in 

rt   1.-:    rt 


o  y  ►^ 


rt 


_         or 

^  ^  ■"  • 

2  ?  >. . 


n 


o 


^     ^     l-"     U     3     rt 


^ 

^ 

u 

rn 

;> 

'iZ 

^ 

.4-1 

3 

rt 

<: 

rt.. 

_s 

rt.. 

5: 

0 

n 

n 

/%.. 

0 

3 

u 

I) 

ri 

ii 

< 

>- 
rt 

CL-  .Si    o 


-.  i:  i>  h 


9-,- 

'a 
.2    rt 

^^ 


~    w     _     O 


li   ^     ?-- 


rt    3 
o 


0  rt 
c  > 
o 

o  ■" 
S  -a 


2  o 


.3   ij 
.^   3 

o  >-  "  i; 


^    O 


3    El. 


«i     *-    ■£      >^tS      U 


o   o 


i.'  lii  j=  —    >>  .=  J= 


1-    aj 

<:  " 


rt  3 
bC  O 
C   7) 

3 


J3 


^  Z  .: 


5  ^  ^ 


,  ,    •—    .E      CO     


o 

4-»    —     »^ 


3   2 


S  o  :i 


J=  .E  S^ 


«  t. 
~   o 


1)   ;r 


a :?  '- 

1)  „ 

E    />-.  (/i 

*-"    rt  1) 

EDS 

O  ^  j:: 

>.  u  3 

""  '-^  o 

u    a  ji 


O  ■" 

*.<  E 

bo  3 

<u  o 

a  o 
a> 

+j  .-» 

H  ^ 

O  .E 

S^ 

.2  '" 

'>  o 

M  E 

<U  3 

a 

eS  aJ 

S  3 

»  .ti 

o  ^ 

«  ;£ 

5 


■-  •£  P 

.-    o  r," 

B-   C  E 

ij    '->  ^ 

5^ 

?  3 

.i  O 


t;  .5  E  s 

5:    >^  5 


o    rt 

J3  J5 


■  *..  +J  Q  «■.  +J 

.E  tn  rt  >  tn  ed 

o  ^  >  "S  ^ 

r-  "^  *^  ^-"  rt  ^ 


:=   -    o    a    O  ii 

==  -c  =  £i  -  ^ 


i3  8 


—   t-  «- 


'3. 

ri 
U 


•<"    j-i 


U  3 

tn  *v.    o 

5  5.S 


^  "■  > 

3  /2 

—  5  rt 

E    '^     *- 

3  —i    rt 

o   U.5.C 

X2  .E     3 

tn    "  » 


^  W 


rt 
"     a.* 

O 


C3     >.   « 


3  -,  aj 

o  :?  .E 

tn  -^ 

-3  o..  E 

=  >,  O    ■ 

rt  i>  w 

.j2  ^  o 

3  a, 

•^  r-i  ^ 

.22  n 

3 


C3   -E 


3     O  >»u 

o  j::    o 


fci)  en    c) 


in  ^     '-' 


3  i>  - 

o  a 

■•n  ,^ 

aj  rt  - 


^    O 


Bt?    I 


—   >>.£  P 
^  ^  5,  a 

J3      4-.      *J 


O  . 


H  'o  U 


a.  <» 
a;  O 


:-s  g  E 

;  >«  c  o 

!   O  ty 

(U  o  is 


-  a  2 
i  ^2 

i:    0)   3 
—  x;    3 

■r.    *^    zj 

~  a^a 

3        P      r- 

Iff 

.s  i-3 

•—    (3    (O 
tn    »    C 

o         u 
a,       a. 


V.    (U    0) 

3   c  x: 
o   o  ■" 


OJ 


H 
H 

t> 


s 

H 
W 

EH 

o 
o 

I— t 
E-t 
CZ2 

M 
t=> 


3 
1;    ° 

E     1* 
-    .E 

^    :n 

rt  ■— 


■~   a. 


t^       *-     J= 


2      "• 


—    5    ^    t£  r:  -^ 


3J  •— : 


r-       0) 

—   72 


aj  U^ 

—  2 

rt     bJ3 

C     b/! 

O 


-::    tn 


:i    ^     E     -   _0     ^  £ 


O 

E  ~ 

o  > 

E  o 

w  «    aj  ...   ^ 


-s- 


.E    E  — 


~    E 

O 


a. 


o  ^ 


c 
a 

V.  J= 

E    *^ 

a."" 
o  a 


3 
-a 

3 

o 

i>  /v. 

=  2 
°  g 

o  ^ 
^   o 

>    « 


(u    o  1)  2  !^    SS 

bi)  s  .5  .S  S. 

<-:   ■"  B  "  -? 

—  -g  o  E  '-'  .y 

2  >  •-  o  2  5 


.^         ?= 


if. 

S  Ji  « 


0) 
bC 


E     i  ,^  -v.    ^„ 
tr:    c  J   .     ■^ 


.3    o  _ 


>,  c 


S    ^  -  V 


1) 


c  t;  >  1: 

g  2"  fe 

o  3  E 

3  0  j:: 

o  -^  -^ 


1 

n-> 

tfl 

/v. 

0) 

0) 

crt 

_c 

;  i 

0 

rt 

h-I 

0 

:5 

U-i 

J= 

"^ 

0 

"^ 

rt.. 

0 

;_ 

>. 

;« 

rt 

(/J 

-r: 

0 

C 

U 

> 

0 

-«-» 

'^ 

^ 

ZJ 

cS    O 


•:3  50 


E 


-  ^  S   rt   ^~        rt 


_o  •s 


i>    o    o    rt 


<u 
tn 

-a 


tn 
J3 


0)   73 


c    5 
o  r3 


ay 

E 

u    a3 


.E    ^ 

>Z  tn 

I  —  ^.    a; 


3  ■::  ^.  J  - 


u  .3 

5  g. 


o  ~- 

tn    2 

1)  -C 


3  .t: 


in    E 


■a    tn 


„   o 

-  Z 
3 
o 
tn  0-. 


1  >-  ^ 

IS  9  i^ 

CO  a.>  '^ 

60  ^ 


—    <u 


k.  ^^  x; 

a>  aj  H 

.  -  J= 

^  =E 


.   "■  jE 


„ -o  hJ         B 


Si 

o 

E 


J>     O 


tn    O 
E     tJ 


tn 


.«         j::    O  CS   >  .3 


f3 


-*-►'"'" 


cr^.sJ-S'?  (5 


=  5^  fe 


r=    O 


C    ^      Cr* 


Q.?»  .3    75  ^    — 


.3  x:  ^ 


B  < 


1^ 


tn   .      *.. 


C     3 

c   o 


3;    u 

3     3 

o  g 

-  o 


'3  ^ 


3   .5 


■5  'wO  5 


08  -g 

"3  3 

to  o 

-*^  3 

CQ  2 


';:^ 


w 
P-. 

O 

w 

< 

PC 
H 

w 
u 

z 

a: 
w 

H 
c/} 
W 


n 

•r; 

TJ 

«.^ 

0 

n 

T! 

.4-* 
0 

rt 

0 

3 

in 

C 

c 

rt 

i/i 

<iT 

> 

0 

0 

<u 

u 

C/2 

1^ 

(J 
rt 

0 
-4-* 

en 

3 

.a 

ri 

0 

rt 

0 

:-i 

^~' 

0 

O    ^    --3 


rt 

to 

D 
4-» 

Si 

O 

Oh 


^       O       Ci 

rp   jz  ^ 


tn     5 
(/2 


£    o    S 
o  -o 

o     to  i« 
_    c  .ti 

??  15    I- 

.S-        o 

'■jo'"' 

•  -    w     3 

fl,    o    S 
^        v2 

.ti     '.n 


c 

o 

'72 


*.>    3 


o 

£  -^    3 


j;j       <_) 


CJ 


-1  -  ^ 


03 


to  p 


o 
(J 
o 
t/i 

o 


<-• 

0 

0 

M— 1 

0 

x 

iJ 

-a 

G 

>, 

rt 

■*-* 

(n 

;~. 

0 

u 

i/T 

T3 

0 

a, 

>^ 

_o 

u 
0 

tn 

0 

a 

n 

2 

0 

0 

"rt 

.4-* 
;n 

_rt 

rt 

to 

en 
rt 

tn 
0 

rt 
G 

0 

_rt 
'p 
0 

c 

G 
0 

u 

0 

-a 

en 

<D 

u 

4-t 

ifi 

'> 

0 
X 

c 

ri 

0 
u 

ri 

ri 

(J 

rt 
1— * 

f— 

- 

c: 

o~ 

.*-» 

ri 

(_» 

•^ 

-o 

rt 

-0 

0 

a. 

tn 

tn 

<u 

c 

ri 

.*-< 

rt 

to 

f-^ 

^ 

rt 

3 

ri 

U 

:-< 

_c 

n 

^ 

^ 

C) 

0 

(-• 

tn 

0 

'in 

0 

£ 
'35 

4-) 

-a 
0 

'rt 

a. 

C 

c 

ri 

0 

T! 

0 

fO' 

0 

lU 

•4-* 

1 

0 

rt 

rt 

rt 

tyi 

_3 
ri 

J2 
1 

rt 

"o 

2^ 
rt 

to 

3 

<5 

^ 

1i 

a, 

0 

G 

c 

.4-» 
0 

ci 

rt 

0 

r* 

I— 

4-» 

^ 

2 

^ 

0 

_c 

-o 

G 

ty 

n 

u 

G 

rt 

>^ 

& 

OJ 

_> 

rt 

u 

rt 

o 

»— I 
E-i 

I— ( 

o 

CO 

w 


c 
o 
u 


-•  p 

—      Or: 

St  ^    -'"- 

5   .22   "> 

•«-  rt 

*     to  .^^ 

■<      3      O 

-  t;  c 

o 
o 

rt 


tn 
G 

'rt 


a  &, 
s 

fi  I     en 

•■•  rt     ^ 

«*  r-        J^ 

B<  .£ 

*  "rt   'C 


o 

O 


'■J 


in 


30 


94 


FRANCE.— ITALY. 


CATUEKING  COKK. 


The  chief  colonial  possessions  of  Spain  are  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the 
Philippine  Islands ;  those  of  Portugal  are  the  Azores,  the  Cape 

Verde,  and  the  Madeira  Islands,  and  Lower  Guinea  in  Africa. 

4.  France. — The  greater  part  of  the  people  of  France 
are  engaged  in  agriculture.  In 
the  extent  of  its  commerce  and 
the  value  of  its  manufactures  it 
is  second  only  to  Great  Britain. 
Coal-mines  near  Belgium  and  in 
the  Cevennes  furnish  an  abun- 
dance of  fuel  for  steam-power. 

The  country  is  covered  with 
a  network  of  railways.  Its  four 
great  rivers,  the  Garonne,  the 
Loire,  the  Seine,  and  the  Rhone, 
are  navigable  for  small  steamers, 
and  are  connected  by  canals. 

The  leading  exports  are  wines 
and  liquors,  silks,  woollens,  cot- 
tons, jewelry,  and  hardware. 

5.  Paris,  the  capital  of  France, 
is  the  largest  city  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe.  It  is  a  great 
centre  of  learning,  fashion,  and 
the  fine  arts.  It  is  noted  for  its 
magnificent  public  buildings,  its 
numerous  and  excellent  literary 
and  scientific  institutions,  and  its  varied  and  tasteful 
manufactures.  It  is  the  central  point  of  nearly  all  the 
railways  of  the  country.  Lyons,  the  second  city,  is  the 
chief  seat  of  the    silk   manufacture.     Anions?  the   other 


large  cities  are  Marseilles,  the  most  important  port ;  Bor- 
deaux, the  principal  depot  for  wines  and  brandies ;  Lille, 
noted  for  its  cloths  and  cotton  and  linen  goods;  and 
Ha\'re,  the  port  of  Paris. 

The  foreign  possessions  of  France  are  quite  extensive.  Algeria,  in 
Africa,  and  the  island  of  Corsica  are  provinces  having  represent- 
atives in  the  French  Legislative  Assembly.  Besides  tliese  there 
are  colonies  in  Africa,  the  West  Indies,  Guiana,  tlie  Indian  Ocean, 
Polynesia,  India,  and  Indo-China. 

6.  Italy. — Italy  has  a  large  export  trade  in  olive-oil, 
fruits,  sulphur,  and  in  manufactures  of  silk,  linen,  and 
straw. 

The  Po  and  the  Adige  arc  the  only  navigable  rivers. 
The  fertile  plain  through  which  they  flow  produces  a 
large  amount  of  wheat,  maize,  and  rice. 

7.  Rome,  the  capital  of  Italy,  is  the  most  celebrated  city 
in  history.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Roman  Em- 
pire. It  is  the  residence  of  the  Pope,  who  is  the  head  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Its  magnificent  ruins,  its  collections  of  ancient  sculptures  and 
paintings,  the  splendor  of  its  churches,  and  its  religious  im- 
portance attract  great  numbers  of  visitors  from  every  part  of 
the  world. 


Naples  the  laigest  cit}  is  distm- 
guisliLd  foi  the  btaut)  of  its  situation 
and  for  its  manufactures  of  silk. 
Among  other  important  cities  are  Mi- 
lan, noted  for  its  silk  trade  and  its 
cathedral ;  Palermo,  the  largest  city  in  Sicily ;  Turin,  re- 
cently the  capital  of  Italy;  Florence,  containing  one  of 
the  finest  collections  of  paintings  and  statuary  in  the 
world ;   Genoa,  the  birthplace  of  Columbus ;   and  Venice, 


SWITZERLAND.— AUSTRIAN    EMPIRE. 


95 


[N   VENICE. 


remarkable  for  its  situation  on  several  small  islands,  and 
for  its  numerous  canals,  which  take  the  place  of  streets. 

8.  Switzerlautl.  —  Switzerland,  the  highest  part  of 
Europe,  is  chiefly  a  land  of  mountains. 

The  ranges  of  the  Alps,  with  their  intermediate  valleys,  cover  two 
thirds  of  the  country.  A  high  plain  between  the  Alpine  system 
and  the  Jura  Mountains  constitutes  the  remaining  third. 
This  plain  and  most  of  the  Alpine  valleys  are  carefully  cul- 
tivated, and  flocks  and  herds  abound. 

9.  Switzerland  is  a  federal  republic  of  twenty-two 
small  states  called  Cantons.  About  three  fourths  of 
the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  about  one  sixth  are 
French,  and  most  of  the  remainder  Italians. 

10.  The  manufacture  of  small  articles,  such  as 
watches,  jewelry,  silk -stuffs,  ribbons,  and  to3's,  is  the 
chief  occupation ;  these  articles,  and  cattle,  butter, 
and  cheese,  are  the  chief  exports.  The  foreign  trade 
is  carried  on  chiefly  through  Germany  and  France. 

11.  Geneva,  noted  for  its  manufacture  of  watches 
and  for  its  beautiful  situation  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Geneva,  is  the  largest  city.  Basle,  the  second  city, 
and  Zurich  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
silks.     Berne  is  the  capital. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  W'hat  is  said  of  the  commerce  of  Spain  and  Portugal? 
Of  the  rivers  ?     Of  the  railways  .'     What  are  the  chief  e.\|)i)rts  of  Spain .'     Of 
Portugal  .' — li.  Fur  what  is   Madrid   noted  .'     Barcelona  ?     Seville  .'     Valencia  ? 
Malaga? — 3.   Lisbon?     Oporto? — 4.  What  is  the  chief  occup.'ition  of  the  people 
of  France  ?     What  is  said  of  the  commerce  and   manufactures  ?     Of  the  coal- 
mines?   Of  the  railways?    Of  the  rivers?    What  are  the  principal  exports? — ,").  What 
is  said  of  Paris?    Lyons?    Marseilles?    Bordcau.\?    Lille?    Havre? — (J.  What  are  the 
chief  exports  of  Italy  ?     What  arc  its  chief  rivers?     W'hat  are  the  productions  of  the 
plain  of  the  Po? — 7.  What  is  said  of  Rome  ?     Naples?     Milan?     Palermo?     Turin? 
Florence?     Genoa?     Venice? — 8.  Which  is  the  most  elevated  country  in  Europe? 
What  is  the  general  character  of  the  country.' — 0.  What  is  the  form  of  government  ? 
How  many  states  are  there?     What  are  they  called?    Who  are  the  inhabitants.' — 
10.  What  is  the  chief  occupation?     What  arc  the  chief  exports?     How  is  the  foreign 
tr-tde  carried  on .' — 1 1.  What  is  said  of  Geneva  ?    Basle  and  Zurich  ?    Berne  ? 

(n.) — ;!.  What  is  said  of  the  foreign  possessions  of  Spain  and  Portugal? — .'>.  Of 
France?  What  other  possessions.' — 7.  What  are  the  chief  attractions  of  Rome? — 
8.  What  niount.iins  cover  a  Urge  part  of  SwiUcrlanU?     Where  is  the  high  plain? 


XCI. 

AUSTEIA.-TUEKEY.-GEEECE.-DENMAEK. 

1.  Aa»«trian  Empire.  —  The  proper  official  title  of 
Austria  is  "  The  Austro-Hungarian  Empire." 

It  is  divided  into  two  distinct  and  nearly  independent  groups  of 
provinces.  Each  group  has  a  government  of  its  own  ;  there  is 
also  a  general  government  for  the  whole  empire. 

The  Kingdom  of  Hungary  and  its  dependencies  con- 
stitute nearly  one  half  of  the  empire.  The  Emperor  of 
Austria  is  King  of  Hungary. 

The  provinces  differ  so  much  in  nationality,  race,  language,  and 
religion  that  the  empire  is  with  difficulty  held  together.  One 
fourth  of  the  people  are  Germans,  and  are  mostly  in  the  prov- 
inces bordering  on  Germany ;  one  sixth  are  the  Magyars  of 
Hungary  (Mongols);  one  half  are  Sclaves;  the  remainder  are 
Jews,  Gypsies,  Greeks,  etc. 

2.  The  Danube  and  its  navigable  branches  form  an 
important  system  of  water-ways,  extending  entirely  across 
the  empire.     There  are  also  numerous  railways. 

3.  The  country  is  rich  in  a  great  variety  of  agricult- 
ural productions,  valuable  minerals,  and  extensive  forests. 


SCENE   IN    SWITZ5KLAND. 

The  chief  exports  are 
wheat,  wine,  salt,  wool, 
and  manufactures  of 
linen,  cotton,  iron,  and 
fjlass.  The  wines  are 
among  the  most  cel- 
ebrated in  Europe. 


96 


ROUMANIA,  SERVIA,  AND   MONTENEGRO.— TURKISH    EMPIRE.— GREECE.— DENMARK. 


4.  Vienna,  the  capital  of  the  empire,  is  the  largest  city ; 
it  is  the  chief  centre  of  manufactures  and  domestic  com- 
merce, and  is  connected  by  railways  with  every  part  of 
the  empire.  Buda-Pesth  is  the  capital  of  Hungary, 
and  the  great  emporium  of  the  kingdom.  Prague  is 
the  third  city  of  the  empire  in  population.  Trieste, 
the  principal  seaport  of  the  empire,  has  an  extensive 
commerce. 

5.  Roamania,  Servia,  and  9Iontene?ro.  —  These 
countries  were  recently  parts  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  but 
are  now  independent  Christian  states. 

C.  Turkish  Empire.  —  The  Turkish  or  Ottoman 
Empire  includes  European  Turkey,  Asiatic  Turkey,  a 
large  part  of  Northeastern  Africa,  a  part  of  Arabia,  Crete, 
and  other  islands. 

Though  possessed  of  unsurpassed  natural  advantages  for  agricult- 
ure, commerce,  and  other  industries,  an  oppressive  government 
has  made  Turkey  the  lowest  of  European  countries  in  the  scale 
of  civilization. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  European  Turkey  are  of  many 
races,  languages,  and  religions.  The  Turks  are  the  gov- 
erning race,  though  they  constitute  only  a  small  part  of 
the  population ;  they  are  Mongol  Mohammedans  from 
Asia.  Bulgaria  is  a  self-governing  but  tributary  prin- 
cipality. 

8.  The  chief  exports  of  Turkey  are  tobacco,  wine,  olive- 
oil,  cotton,  fruits,  silk,  wool,  carpets,  and  Morocco  leather. 


CONSTANTINOPLE. 


9.  Constantinople,  beautifully  situated  on  the  Bos- 
porus, is  the  capital  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  and  the 
residence  of  the  Grand  Sultan,  or  Emperor,  who  is  also 
the  head  of  the  Mohammedan  religion.     Adrianople  and 


Salonica  are  the  chief  commercial  centres,  and  are  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  carpets,  silks,  and  leather. 

10.  Greece. — Greece  may  be  divided  into  Continental 
Greece  and  Insular  Greece.  Continental  Greece  includes 
the  mainland  and  the  peninsula  of  the  Morea,  or  Pelopon- 
nesus; Insular  Greece  includes  the  Ionian  Islands  and 
those  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 

Insular  Greece  is  comm.ercially  the  more  important. 
It  contains  one  third  of  the  population,  and  all  the  larger 
towns  except  Athens  and  Patras. 

Greek  merchants  and  seamen  conduct  the  greater  part 
of  the  commerce  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Levant,  or 
eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean. 

The  principal  exports  are  olive-oil,  honey,  silk,  wax, 
wine,  currants,  figs,  and  raisins. 

The  ancient  Greeks  were  celebrated  above  all  other  peoples  for 
their  valor  and  patriotism,  and  for  their  genius  in  literature,  phi- 
losophy, and  the  fine  arts.  Their  poets,  philosophers,  orators, 
historians,  architects,  and  sculptors  have  never  been  surpassed. 

11.  Athens,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  was  noted  in 
ancient  times  for  its  pre-eminence  in  art  and  literature. 
Syra,  or  Hermopolis,  is  the  commercial  centre ;  it  is  the 
chief  station  of  the  lines  of  steam  vessels  navigating  the 
Eastern  Mediterranean.  Zantc,  Corfu,  and  Patras  are 
important  ports. 

12.  Denmark. —  Denmark  consists  of  a  number  of 
islands  and  the  northern  half  of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland. 
The  islands  contain  the  greater  part  of  the  population. 

13.  Agriculture  and  fishing  are  the  principal  occupa- 
tions. Horses,  cattle,  butter,  cheese,  pork,  and  grain  are 
largely  exported. 

The  colonial  possessions  are  Greenland,  Iceland,  the  Faroe  Islands, 
and  several  small  islands  in  the  West  Indies. 

14.  Copenhagen,  on  the  island  of  Zealand,  is  the  cap- 
ital and  largest  city. 

Questions  (I.) — I.  Wh.it  is  the  official  title  of  Austria?  What  kingdom  is  a 
part  of  the  (.mpire.'  Who  is  its  liing? — 2.  Wh.it  system  of  water-ways  is  there? 
What  other  means  of  transportation? — 3.  In  what  is  Austria  rich?  Wh.at  are  the 
principal  exports?  What  is  said  of  the  wines?  —  4.  For  what  is  Vienna  noted? 
Bnda-Pcsth?  Prague?  Trieste? — .5.  What  is  said  of  Rouinania,  Servi.a,  and  Mon- 
tenegro?—  G.  What  does  the  Turkish  or  Ottoman  Empire  inchide  ? — 7.  How  do 
the  inhabitants  differ?  What  is  said  of  the  Turks?  What  is  said  of  Bulgaria?— 
8.  What  are  the  exports  of  Turkey?— 9.  For  what  is  Constantinople  noted?  Adrian- 
ople and  S.ahmica?  — 10.  How  may  Greece  be  divided?  What  docs  Continental 
Greece  include  ?  Insular  Greece  ?  Which  is  the  more  import.int  division  of  Greece  ? 
What  is  said  of  it?  Who  conduct  most  of  the  commerce  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the 
Lev.int?  What  does  Levant  mean?  What  are  the  exports  of  Greece?— 11.  For 
what  is  Athens  noted  ?  Syra  ?  What  important  ports  ?— 12.  Of  what  does  Denmark 
consist?  Where  is  most  of  the  population  ?— 13.  What  are  the  chief  occupations? 
Exports  ? — 1 4.  For  what  is  Copenhagen  noted  ? 

(11.)—!.  How  is  the  empire  divided?    Howgoverned?    Why  is  Austria  governed 

with  difficulty?    Wh.at  part  of  the  people  are  Germans?    Wh.at  part  Mongols  ?    What 

.  race  is  most  numerous?    What  other  peoples  in  Austria? — C.  What  is  the  rank  of 

Turkey  in  the  scale  of  civilization  ?— 10.  For  what  were  the  ancient  Greeks  celebrated? 

— 13.  What  colonial  possessions  has  Denmark? 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE,  NETHERLANDS,  AND  BELGIUM. 


97 


iOrpyriffAt,  IS75,  kf  /larpr  i  V'olSrrt.]     RevistJ  lo  Ffbruan.',  1S36, 


XCII. 

QUESTION  a  ON  THE  MAP. 

Germany. — What  two  seas  bound  Germany  on  the  north  ?  What 
kingdom?  What  empire  east ?  What  empire  south ?  What  republic ? 
What  three  countries  on  the  west?  What  German  state  north  of  the 
Prussian  province  of  Brandenburg  ?  What  one  nearly  enclosed  by 
Hanover?  What  kingdoms  between  Prussia  and  Austria?  What 
group  of  small  states  west  of  Saxony?  (I'/ic  Siixis.)  What  kingdom 
west  of  Bavaria?  What  state  west  of  Wurteniberg?  What  state  be- 
tween Baden  and  Prussia  ?  {Hase.)  What  German  province  west  of 
Baden  ?     (Alsace-Lorraine.) 

Prussia. — What  five  rivers  cross  Prussia  ?  \\'hat  mountains  in  Prus- 
sian Sa.xony?  What  city  in  the  Rhine  Provinces?  Which  are  the  two 
chi2f  branches  of  the  Rhine  ?  What  city  on  the  Main  ?  In  Westphalia  ? 
In  Hanover?  In  Prussian  Sa.xony?  On  what  river  is  Magdeburg? 
A\'hat  city  is  the  capital  of  Prussia  ?  On  what  river  is  Berlin  ?  What 
port  near  the  mouth  of  tlie  Oder  ?     What  city  in  Silesia  ?     What  raount- 


ains  between  Silesia  and  Bohemia  ?    What  city  on  the  Gulf  of  Dantzic? 
What  one  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Prussia? 

Bavaria. — What  mountains  east  of  Bavaria  ?  What  Austrian  prov- 
ince? What  river  crosses  Bavaria?  What  German  states  form  the 
northern  and  western  boundaries?  What  city  is  the  capital?  On  what 
river?  What  city  nearly  west  of  Munich?  What  one  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  kingdom  ? 

Saxony. — What  German  states  border  on  Saxony?  What  Austrian 
province?  What  mountains  between  them?  What  city  is  the  capital? 
What  city  in  the  northern  part? 

Other  States. — What  city  is  the  capital  of  Wurt^berg  ?  Of  Baden  ? 
What  city  in  Alsace?  What  port  on  the  Elbe  neaFits  mouth?  What 
city  on  the  Weser  ?     On  the  Baltic  northeast  of  Hamburg? 

Netherlands. — What  water  on  the  west  and  north?  What  country 
south?  What  three  provinces  of  Prussia  on  the  east?  What  sea  in  the 
Netherlands?  What  great  river  crosses  the  kingdom  ?  What  city  on  the 
ZuvdcrZee?  What  one  south  of  Amsterdam  ?  West  of  Utrecht?  South- 
west of  Leyden.?     Southeast  of  The  H.igue  ?    What  city  is  the  capital  ? 


08 


THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE  .AND  NETHERLANDS  AND  BELGIUM:  REVIEW  EXERCISES.— DESCRIPTION. 


Belgium. — What  German  provinces  east  of  Belgium  ?  What  one 
south.'  What  country  southwest.'  What  two  rivers  in  Belgium?  Into 
what  do  they  flow  ?  What  mountains  near  the  French  border .'  What 
cities  on  or  near  the  Scheldt?  What  city  west  of  Antwerp?  Northwest 
of  Ghent?     On  the  Meuse  ?     What  city  is  the  capital  ? 


XCIII. 

REVIEW  EXERCISES. 

Cities. — /«  what  part  of  the  country  1     How  situated  1  —  Berlin? 
Breslau?    Cologne?    Magdeburg?    Konigsberg?    Hanover?    Frankfort- 


on-Main  ?  Daiitzic?  Stettin?  Barmen?  Posen  ?  Munich?  Nurem- 
berg? Augsburg?  Dresden?  Leipsic  ?  Stutigart  ?  Hamburg? 
Bremen?  Lueec?  Carlsruhe?  Strasbourg?  The  Hague?  Am- 
sterdam? Rotterdam?  Utrecht?  Leyden  ?  Brussels?  Antwerp? 
Ghent?     Liege?     Bruges? 

Mountains.— ^F//<'ri?tfr,f///r>'?—Bohmerwald?    Erz?    Riesen?    Harz? 

Ardennes? 

Rivers.— W7/(rr^  does  it  rise?  In  what  direction  does  it  Jlffiv?  Into 
what  body  of  water? — Rhine?  Moselle?  Main?  Weser  ?  Elbe? 
Oder?     Vistula?     Meuse?     Scheldt? 

Seas  and  Gulfs.— JF/wv  is  ///—North  Sea?  Baltic  Sea?  Zuyder 
Zee?    Gulf  of  Dantzic? 


GERMAN    EMPIRE    and    NETHERLANDS   AND    BELGIUM. 


XCIV. 

DESCRIPTION. 


BHRBNBREITSTEIN. 


1.  The  German  Empire  is  a  confederation  of  twenty- 
six  states,  and  is  the  greatest  miHtary  power  in  the  world. 
It  contains  four  kingdoms — Prussia,  the  largest  and  most 
populous,  Saxony,  Bavaria,  and  Wurtemberg. 

Besides  these  kingdoms  there  are  grand  duchies,  duchies,  princi- 
palities, and  the  free  cities  Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  Lubec. 

2.  Government. —  The  general  government  of  the 
empire  is  a  limited  monarchy.  All  the  separate  states 
are  also  limited  monarchies,  excepting  tlie  three  free 
cities,  which  are  democratic  republics.  The  King  of 
Prussia  is  the  German  Emperor. 

The  Legislature  of  the  empire  consists  of  two  bodies — the  Federal 
Council,  consisting  of  59  members,  and  somewhat  resembling 
the  English  House  of  Lords ;  and  the  Reichstag,  consisting  of 
397  members,  who  are  elected  bv  universal  suffrage. 


The  Kingdom  of  Prussia  is  one  of  the  most  powerful 
monarchies  of  Europe.  It  is  noted  for  its  great  and  efifi- 
cient  armies,  the  general  intelligence  of  its  people,  and 
the  most  complete  and  comprehensive  system  of  public 
schools  in  the  world. 

3.  Population. — The  total  German  population  of 
Europe  is  about  fifty-four  millions.  Of  these  about  forty- 
three  millions  are  inhabitants  of  the  empire.  Austria  has 
about  eight  millions,  Switzerland  two  millions,  and  Rus- 
sia one  million. 

The  Germans  are  remarkable  for  their  attainments  in 
science,  literature,  and  art,  and  for  their  military  skiU. 

4.  Iflannfactares. — The  manufactures  are  varied  and 
extensive.  The  exports  are  wheat,  wine,  zinc,  and  manu- 
factured articles.  Prussia  furnishes  about  half  the  zinc 
used  in  the  world. 

5.  The  principal  cities  of  the  German  Empire  are 
Berlin,  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Prussia ;  Breslau, 
the  principal  wool  market  on  the  Continent  of  Europe ; 
Cologne,  the  chief  city  of  the  Rhine  Provinces,  noted 
for  its  cathedral  and  its  trade  in  wines;  Konigsberg  and 
Dantzic,  the  principal  grain  ports  of  Prussia ;  Stettin,  an 
important  port ;  Coblentz  and  Magdeburg,  famous  for 
their  strong  fortifications  ;  Barmen,  celebrated  for  its  ex- 
tensive cotton  manufactures  ;  and  Frankfort,  the  financial 


THE  GERMAN   EMPIRE.— HOLLAND   AND  BELGIUM. 


99 


centre   and   the   emporium   of  inland 
trade. 

Of  the  three  free  cities,  or  Hanse 
Towns,  Hamburg  is  the  chief  commer- 
cial city  of  the  continent  of  Europe, 
and  the  depot  of  trade  with  America 
and  Great  Britain  ;  and  Bremen  is  the 
principal  port  for  the  German  emigra- 
tion to  the  United  States. 

Dresden,  the  capital  of  Saxony,  is 
noted  for  its  art  galleries ;  Leipsic,  for 
its  extensive  manufacture  of  books  and 
for  its  annual  fairs. 

Munich,  the  capital  of  Bavaria,  is  noted  for  its  art  gal 
leries  and  its  manufacture  of  telescopes  and  other  scien 
tific  instruments. 


Among  other  cities  of  Germany  are  Stuttgart,  cele- 
brated for  its  vineyards  ;  and  Strasbourg,  for  its  cathedral 
and  for  its  famous  sieges. 

6.  IVetlierlands  and  Belg:iiiiii. — These  countries  are 
densely  populated,  Belgium  being  the  most  crowded  part 
of  Europe. 

7.  Possessions. — The  colonial  possessions  of  the  Neth- 
erlands arc,  next  to  those  of  Great  Britain,  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  valuable  in  the  world. 

They  include  the  most  important  portions  of  the  East  Indian  Archi- 
pelago, Dutch  Guiana,  and  several  islands  in  the  West  Indies. 

8.  Snrface. — A  considerable  portion  of  Belgium,  and 

a  still  larger  part  of  the  Netherlands,  lie  below  the  level 

of  the  sea. 

The  waters  of  the  ocean  are  kept  out,  in  part,  by  long  hills  of  sand 
called  "  dunes,"  which  have  been  thrown  up  by  the  waves  and 
winds,  and  in  part  by  great  banks  of  earth  called  dikes,  which 
face  the  sea  and  extend  up  the  rivers. 

The  southern  part  of  Belgium  is  mountainous,  and  is 

rich  in  timber,  coal,  and  iron. 

These  supply  the  elements  of  mechanical  power,  and,  together  with 
the  abundance  of  labor  and  the  number  of  the  ports,  railways, 
navigable  rivers,  and  large  canals,  place  these  countries  among 


the  foremost  in  the  world  in  all  the  forms  of  mechanical  industry, 
in  foreign  and  domestic  commerce,  and  in  wealth. 

9.  Occnpations. — Agriculture  is  the  principal  occu- 
pation in  the  Netherlands,  and  manufactures  and  mining 
in  Belgium. 

10.  Commerce.  —  The  foreign  trade  is  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  world.  The  Netherlands  export  fish, 
dairy  products,  and  the  produce  of  their  extensive  East 
and  West  Indian  colonies.  Belgium  exports  a  great 
amount  and  variety  of  fine  manufactured  goods,  includ- 
ing those  of  silk,  cotton,  wool,  linen,  leather,  and  iron. 

11.  Amsterdam,  the  largest  city  of  the  Netherlands,  is 
remarkable  for  its  many  street  canals,  its  great  dikes,  and 
its  extensive  maritiine  commerce ;  and  Rotterdam,  the 
second  city,  for  its  distilled  liquors.  The  Hague,  Utrecht, 
and  Leyden  are  important  cities. 

The  chief  cities  of  Belgium  are  Brussels,  the  capital 
and  largest  city,  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  lace 
and  carpets;  Antwerp,  the  principal  port  and  fortress  of 
Belgium ;  Ghent,  second  only  to  Manchester  in  England 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  ;  Liege,  noted  for  fire- 
arms and  cutlery ;  and  Bruges,  celebrated  for  its  manu- 
factures of  linen  and  lace. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  is  the  German  Empire .'  How  many  and  what  kingdoms 
(Iocs  it  contain  .' — 2.  What  is  the  government  of  the  empire .'  Of  the  separate  states  ? 
Of  the  free  cities.'  Who  is  the  German  Emperor.'  What  is  said  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Prussia  ?  For  what  is  it  noted  .' — 3.  What  is  the  total  German  population  of  Europe  ? 
Of  the  German  Empire?  Of  Austria?  Of  Switzerland  ?  Of  Russia?  For  what  are 
the  Germans  remarkable? — 4.  What  is  said  of  the  manufactures?  What  are  the  ex- 
ports ? — ,">.  What  is  said  of  Berlin  ?  Breslau  ?  Cologne  ?  Konigsberg  ?  Dantzic  ? 
Stettin?  Coblentz  and  Afagdeburg?  Barmen?  Frankfort?  Hamburg?  Bremen? 
Dresden?  Leipsir?  Munich?  Stuttgart?  Strasbourg? — «.  What  is  said  of  the  popu- 
lation of  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium  .' — 7.  Of  the  colonial  possessions  of  the  Nether- 
lands ?— 8.  Of  the  surface  of  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium  ?  Of  the  southern  part  of 
Belgium  ?  In  what  is  it  rich  ? — 9.  What  are  the  leading  occupations  in  these  countries  ? 
—It).  What  is  said  of  the  foreign  trade  ?  What  are  the  principal  exports  of  the  Nether- 
lands? Of  Belgium.'— U.  For  what  is  .Amsterdam  noted?  Rotterdam?  What  other 
large  cities?     For  what  is  Brussels  noted?    Antwerp?    Ghent?     Liege?    Bruges? 

(II.)— 1.  What  other  political  divisions  are  included  in  the  German  Empire  ? — 2.  Of 
what  does  the  legislature  consist?^".  Which  are  the  colonial  possessions  of  the  Neth- 
erlands .'—8.  How  are  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium  protected  from  the  waters  of  the 
ocean  ?  In  what  respects  are  these  countries  amonj  the  foremost  in  the  world  ? 
What  arc  the  causes? 


PHYSICAL  ASIA:   QUESTIONS  ON   THE  MAP.— ANIMALS. 


101 


■K.5it:f;E2t?':;£££;i'2S 

g  -   «^   S  •=  j=   £   9   u   ir,  .^  -^   Jl 

o 


c 


3  I" 
t/:    o  /v. 


t/i 


1/1    ^ 


(U 


c 
5:2 

fin   Ol 


1-  1,  u 

4-.  S  ^ 

i-  O  a; 

SI  ^  ^ 


c/) 

'"^ 

0) 

o 

OJ 

ji: 

— 

.Q 

E 

•c 

o 

rt 

•-/: 


1)     3 


^  —  ^  -5  ~    Ji    « 
.-     3     rt     «     _     r=   -7:; 


o;   3  i; 


>  -5 


£  S 
o 

a 


■Si 

-a 
0 

rt 

•73 
c 
0 

c 

0 

13 

n 

^ 

n 

u 

rn 

3 
0 

0 

3 

^  -71  ^  :5  -■ 


1-    -^ 

"    ^    c 

0  J2    S 


3     rt 

"I   « 

0) 

•5   C 


e=  -a 


ii  S 


-i..   ?;   1;   o 


3 


=  -0.55   ^ 


—   1) 
0 


o  ^ 


„    ■"     (U     O    ■"  > 


w      4j      !« 

.n  —    E 


3    0. 

rt  C! 

0)     (/) 


«    c 

::r    u 


rt    — 


rtS 

>    o 


3      U 
rt  .Q 


0)  <u   .-    r;  ^ 

"    '^-    _Q      =      S)    - 


o   *-'  <I^ 


rt    =2 
O.  E 


C  O 


r^^   .3 


rt    n 

rt   ti 

j::    aj 


3 
_   ,.   o 


t;     -      ^     -    -..     ^    • 


_     3   — 


rt  O 

C  j; 

rt  •-- 

i-  3 

■->  O 

^  t« 

o  ^ 

rt 


V-    rt 


^      U     ^  J3    ;= 


rt    rt 


n    o 

CO 


~     3 

o 

3     C 


:r-    rt    r. 


3    rt 
rt    o 


4J 


t/1   .Q 

^     rt 


o  -^ 

3  •£ 

GJ 

.c  a 

■?i  E 

0  « 


2  rt 
r-  V 
>  c« 

-  i 

.5  o 


5  « 

CI  QJ 

rt  -73 
CO 


rt 
c/5  —    <-> 

rt 


-a 

rt  J=    c 
o   ♦-'    rt 

O    rt 


C    rt    rt  J= 
r-     CJ     cj    -^ 


c/l 


i  ^  i;  ■-    n  -5  .b  -5  < 


o 


o 

;zi 

o 

►—I 
E-i 

CQ 

M 

t3 
O* 


_rt 
t/i  " 

<  '5 


O     rt 

3   " 


-5  S  -  u  ^  ^  u 


.3   ^.    ■"  .C   - 


E-         rt   w         fcr,  iJ  "t: 


fc/3 
-333 


rt 


O  "^  c 

rt  o  5 

3  - -^ 

"  t/i 


.22  i  ^  —    <"    3  .t; 


O    rt 


0 

J^ 

in 

0 

ttJ 

0 

3 

3 

*-' 

0 

r.. 

0 

■1-.  'U 

rt  «. 

_o 

4J  ^ 

t/l  3    , 

rt  u  r 
o        ; 


»    .3 


a 
3  j= 

ej   — 

^   o 

rt    ij 
t/i 

rt 


O    X    «; 
3    <u  __ 


~    11 


3     rt 


rt    S 


rt 

o 


3 


^    r'    rt    O 

(-1      !-■      u      V. 


-C     -T^ 


^    G.  3  .So 


<U  -S     3  ■ 


'   rt    - 
11    n 

,  C/3    71 


rt    S  <x: 


tr.    <r. 

O 


-3    .--     (/5 

rt 

OJ 


n  ^   '^  ~- 


o   « 


^  :  s  i 


'o   CU 

S  -a-;"  rt 

to     C    "  aj 

ci;  _  ^ 

o  2  S  o 


;?rtE 


<u  *j  •:^   {/5 


rt 

x; 


—        rt 


£  c-.i 


oi2  Z 

3 

rt  3  ~- 

i:  -E  -^ 

in  V  ^ 

e.  o 

III 

>-  >   c 


rt'     3     J   . 

rt    >,t/2  ' 

gj     3, 

— '    rt 


C/2 


1^ 


I— "  ?  .E 


ffi 

4J 

**- 

0 

OJ 

<1) 

^ 

0 

•;:: 

CJ 

(1) 

^ 

trt 

V  ri  ^ 

—  ■p  tu 

«  >  s: 

•  c  --  r 

H  (11 


.3    rt 


(A 


■=:     '^"!^     '^ 


-V.  pq 
3 


<u  o 


3  _rt 
'rt    3 


■    5=    3.2 


s  g  I 

rt    2  ~ 


:^  Lfl  U 

"  r?  ^ 

>  -2  rt 

•J  p  ° 


oS 

o    rt   .- 
^30 

_     k-     o 


3  y  u 

1—        ^      *T* 


0)    ^ 


_rt 

—     3 

3 


tfl 


3 
CI 


^       o  "5  *j 


I     £-5 


C  1) 

k- 

3   — 

k-     ^ 

0 

U   

«    rt 

^  S  «  S^  S> 


aj 

3 

rt        U       J* 

5    h-     r, 


3 

.2   .3    'rt 
J-   ^     C 

O  4-- 

;3  ^.    rt 


S    « 

rt-S^ 
■:i  p 


•^    t/ 
3    c 

'x 


2  c 
.3  ij 

0  .t: 


<u  i;   £. 

o    2  ,.. 


rt 

U     /v. 

C/2    o 


.r:  t:  >    o   o 


rt  rt 

_   c  — 

O     o   ?^ 


3     S 


E  ° 


-3  o 


73  rt 

3    o 
rt    o 


—    rt    O 


3   c. 

i)    rt 


4-.     3 

2  'rt  - 


o 

3 


^  g  £  J 


^W  ii 


■■    2  rt  M  o    1)    rt  ^ 

JJ  o  b  '?    ^    "    rt 

—    .11  ^  gj  *^    aj   *^    ^ 

IT.  X^    V  'Iri  V        ■'-'^r" 

.3  'o  .3  "^^    <£  >  > 


■«> 


ri     rt 
-3     Q. 


20 


^.    ^ 


J=    p.. 


"'  E  E  -^ 

3  5  >-  t« 

•3  .B  >,  u 

t/1  /^    ^*- 


1)  > 

■"  rt 

3  ^Xl 

^  rt  ^ 


o 
o 

>, 


<  - 


E  .E 

OJ    o 

~   c 
-  £ 

•5       rt 

o  ^ 


lU 


O  ^4-1 

o 


-—    **■    ^3 

o   o  2 


c    S 

3   .5 

■"     3 
«J     O 

S  -^^  jj  ^. 

OJOii   ^    rt 
o  •  —  — 

■-  =  o  i 

o   5   w  •" 
£   S   b   u 

-.2   rt 


•-    C    rt 
■*-•     3     C 

rt    n 


rt 

•:%    ^  lU 

is  J 

-^.  •£  ^ 

"^  »j-i  "O 

O  rt 

O  1) 

S   -3  ,3 


•£  ^ 


a 


^  ^  J= 

O    3 

o 

c/i    in 


i3   «  ,v.  < 


^    *^   o  ^^  -i^   2 

'*■•      .n      ,«      (/I      (1      3 


41    rt 


&>;*'  — 


rt 

1>     3 


■E   o 

rt   w 

3     rt 


rt  .-    a>   3  '^   t^ 
1^    ..  .3    rt  2    I- 


w  .:ii    in  ^ 


tfl  w 


O  -a  J:i 


5  c  s  ■£ 

3  -rt    _    3 


s  ^  s 


3 
«     rt 

r,      S- 

''*    rt 

.3  J 


v 
3  t: 
b   3 

rt    tn 

>..  x: 

rt   ^ 

S.E 


a^H?ft8fe^fl(r,, 


PHYSICAL  ASIA:   DESCRIPTION.— QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP.-REVIEW  EXERCISES. 


103 


•  Bd 

4_1 

1 

< 

C8 

c 

c 

< 

t/i 

i-i 

•n 

^ 

o 

O 

rt 

a 

c 

C3 

U 

u 

c 

— 

H^ 

o 

3 

r- 

-^ 

*-■ 

o 

' 

*-• 

, 

Q- 

J3 

>> 

n 

OJ 

= 

> 

tr 

u 

•  — 

^J 

j_, 

1- 

IJ 

ID 

ri 

3J 

n 

u 

^ 

OJ 

C) 

n 

i» 

E 

o 

'Ji 

'in 

c 

oT 

bi) 

O 

> 

u 

c 

o 

<D 

>.^ 

r- 

o 

ID 

" 

o 
u 

O 

O 

— 

dl 

5 

D 

P 

-n 

U 

yj 

C 

o 

O 

o 

w 

o 

rt 

rt 

E 
o 

O 

o 

c 

'fl 

-Q 

.-> 

j^ 

i>s 

3 

o 

c 

— 

s^ 

-T3 

C 

rt 

HI 

rt 

9 

p^ 

o 

(/) 

•n 

— 

0) 

t) 

15 

Cl- 

rt 

o 

rt 

QJ 

«-^ 

.c 

*< 

— 

o 

-== 

-U 

H 

t— 1 

o 

rt 

3 

(U 

< 

i-i-i 
o 

a, 

'r 

_C 

»— -I 

>, 

o 

>. 

OQ 

<1) 

a-i 

rt" 

'rt 

< 

o 

c 

C 

'75 

h 

'5 

-4-* 

^ 

3 

< 

-d 

r! 

C) 

-*-» 

OJ 

J 

_N 

O 

t/1 

-a 

3 

< 

> 

'o 

c 

3J 

U 

1 — 1 

c 

rt 

-a 

."2 
> 

.2' 
< 

.2 

< 

.22 

c 

'rt 

CO 

rt 

.5 

0 

J3 

< 

CL. 

■4-J 

c 
rt 

rt 
S 

0 

C 

c 

Si 

_rt 

-C 

rt 

,   , 

p^ 

rt 

«f< 

Oh 

c 
-5 

-■ 

.2' 
< 

CO 

rt 

Si 
0 

■^     If)     c. 


(/) 


o     g 


en      o 
3       OJ 


5z; 

"I 


C 
rt 


-a 


o     o   •- 


Kk  It'        -o   OJ  'in  ^ 

P"     Ph     4^     p    ^  -rt 


M 


M 


to 


'*^  .S  -^    - 


rt 

-xi 
c 
rt 


en 


en 

O 

en 

in 


tn 

C 

'rt 

c 


tn 

o 
o 


rt 


rt 


Sii    c    o 


o 
ri 


Zi 


'5:  •- 


< 

h-I 


o   S 
^  -a 


n 


5:2 


u 


^   V 


■^ 


■I  i 


3:  S 

o 

ra 

^  s 

o  u 

>•  ^ 


■3    -J 

rt    D 

rt  r=  < 

>^  rt.. 

^K      rt 


Ji  ^   C/5    m 


O    9 
in 

-6 


j^ «. 


u  -a 


C/2    5 


rt.  si  .= 

rt  i* 

u        P3 
9  rt. 


"-■art  ti 

3     rs   "■■  ..i!   '>■•   rt..    " 

rt  —    O    rt    c    u  l^ 

"     i    H  O     bO   O   rt. 
C  Crt    2         'rt    S'lS 

-  2  2      .5  (^ 

tC.y    O  rt.  oi  '-' 


X 


pa 


^  5 


rt..  f 


rt 

tn 

D 

(IJ 

u 

0 

^ 

irt 

.,-1    --C 

C3    ■- 


<  S  o 

•  I'' « D  o  g  i  5 

U  5  o|  <  =  o 

;  Cfl  K  Crt  ><  S  M  hJ 


.s    rt 


IJ  ■-  rt 


US.- 

.  5J  rt.  .J 

■^      N    rt. 

rt.    ><      rt 


N    rt  rt. 

ort.  2 

z  =  5 

I  ^£ 

>>*.   .^    "^ 

•*^   tc 

Ai    rt  rt.. 

S  ■■«  .2 

•s.   /v.    trt  I. 

7  "  =■ 

'.•St:    o 

'O    ~  ■=  „ 
o  |ji  :^     ; 

'ot  5- 

•— I  rt.  rt.  a. 

rt    o    '^ 
"C  -a  U 


v^  ^ 


■«^rt. 

rt 
5  "rt 


3  rt.    o 

„    rt  -f^ 


^  n  ^ 
"a  -^  ^ 
M   r:  ^ 


<U     "    rt. 


g   5  5 

rt    ^     ~ 


>:^ 


^   U   rt 
i2  rt.   o 


.i    r'S      rt 

o  ^   to 


^   o 


u 


rt 


S-     rt    ^ 

^i         n 
brt.   £ 


o 

lirH 


rt 

O   I— 
C   '^ 


m  ^  rt. 

I  !^  S 

i>~  <•  ._ 

'::  ,-■  Oh 


I  rt. 
■*  rt 


s 
'3  Z^ 

§0 


E  I    rt      ~  1; 


U      r- 


UJ 


rt.  n 

1/1  .,_, 


o 


to    rt..      ^ 

rt  I*- 
■— .   O 


CO 


■S;  rt 

«    o 


rt  -a 

-<;    C    i) 
■fc   "S   J3 

W6 


""^    rt 


I 


u 


.5  r^ 

01  tn 

ui  3 

—  -a 


^9 


rt.    bO 


O  rt. 


V^^' 


to 


1-^ 


S>^ 


SI 


c 
o 

t.  (n 

o 

o 


S  S 


o 
o 

£ 


o 


rt 


c   0 


•  rt  .ti  rt 
c  o  j=: 
E  -> 

O    rt  "^ 

O  rt 

^T"  "-•  *^ 

U  'rt  rt 

tn  •  — 

O    rt  ji: 

^3    ^  *- 

>    a;  'yi 

o-s': 

K  2  o 


S-  o 
o 
o 

>.  E 

rt 
o    CJ 

•j-i  ' — ' 

o  ■" 
_    c 

rO 

o 

C    rt. 


c/1     V 
•r^    CJ 


ij     rt  -p 

>  ?:  '5. 

03     -   -C 


rt.  _j-  "^^  >-,  1-" 

t^  -Jl  N  ■—  ^ 

»-•  ■—  r-  — '  e.^     rt.. 

CJ  ^  ,  "  C:  O.  't^ 


^■5      S 


O) 


rt 

OJ 


«*  .5  : 
•2  ^ 


o 


Q  r- 


OJ 


t_    o 


rt  C!.  jj 

O  rt  ^ 

o  o  ~ 

ji  :2  = 

^  HI  •- 

I*-  73 

O  rt.  3 

f  rt  .£2 

o  '^  '■J' 

0.75  ■„ 


!-i  OJ  3 

<-  -5  S 

O  "  ■" 

rt  o  c 

.t;  •"  • 

o.  i;  4-. 

rt  °  n 

o  ^^ 

0  rt  ^ 


rt 


O 
Q. 
rt 
CJ 


^  rt.    „ 


'^     fcj      CJ 

p  :£  - 


-3     O 


c_C4 


CJ    •■«  >—   >. 


.3        K  •= 


rt    rt  '^*    *-•  ^~* 


qt     ■"      CJ 

pq  >  ^ 


o   ^w  .;2   ci- 


o 


CJ    5 


tr> 


O  rt.  .» 

^  O  ^ 

'^  S  j; 

c/2  _  ^ 


(/)  3 
OJ    o 


0,  -n    rt    <u    IJ 

J3   '3     "^   .3     ^ 


a 

cd   « 

DQ     C 

'S  £ 

>«  ~  -^ 
,.6P    rt     " 


^|;oJ 


.5   r    rt 


o 

CJ 


■  -    I-  > 


005 


.3 -^ 

0     CJ 


c  -a 


-   3 
c  O 


CJ  ^ 


3  ~ 

uo  rt 

CJ  -; 

_  I/: 

rt  •  — 

Oh  ■" 


IS 


;       "S 


<  _g    p->-  •£  - 
5:  W  5  .5  5 


r~    <{•  ^    ^  > 


>»  o 

=>  t;  to 

Eh  _g  _rt 

>.  CJ 

ri  a. 


w 

•| 

r/J 

>; 

t— 1 

■^ 

H 

0 

■<i 

H 

pci 

s 

H 

M 
W 

^ 

0 

^ 

."K. 

^ 

W 
1— 1 

> 

^ 

M 

:*: 

P5 

S 

"    rt 

rt        j; 

5:  J2 


S3   -v. 


1  ttJIIfl 

^      ^       •*       ht  «»  0 

iliiiii 

1 

S5 

BokhaTa 

Ind'p'i  Turkestan.. 

Afghanistan 

Reloochistan 

Persia 

J 

r-sZ      1      g 

•*    =    ws         0         0 

»  c  0        0        £ 

s  1 S     g     1 

.      =  .-  ,        =        c  1 

-1  :  a  «  g     §      § 

<  d- .  «  =  "       »        B 

1«    1   «    O!                                    «- 

1      . 

1 ; 

n 

«3           : 

'S,    • 

'-0 

1i 

rt    rt 
O.  CJ 


a-rt 

CJ   J2 


CJ    t^ 


-s   o   o   ;: 


aj    O 


rt    ?.^^ 

6o>  ■"  z; 


3   J3   .3     Q. 

o  t:  z  ~ 
'"  ^  o  ." 


rt     t/l 

;i    rt 

>   '-J 


C      ~-4     ~_ 

—      I.-.. 

U   o 


H 
H 

o 


p-t 

M 
W 
E-i 

!Z! 
o 

o 
I— I 

EH 

02 

M 
t) 


in  3  S 

CJ  e  "^ 

CJ  rt  .t; 

o  .3 

_  S-  o 

k-'  .*-< 

*^  rt.  X 


CJ 

.3 

E  O 


'A        rt 


CJ    o 

3  ~ 


CJ 

o 

3 
'> 
o 


'5  -J  ^ 


<  £  rt 

•^  >,  o 

«-  »-     CJ 

o  S  O 


u 

I..J 

o 

4_t        I/] 

in    rt 

CJ     CJ 


o 

3 


j::    CJ    CJ 


O    rt    2 


3     >,   -•   — 

O   .3     3    .,_, 

X  ^  a  rt 


:^  >  ^ 


3        rt 

O     X 


c:  12 


I   S  t? 


-a 


g  •=  >  -rt 

<»    J    rt.     CJ 

U    i;     D 


rt 

CJ 

*_, 

-3 

rt.. 

rt.. 

^ 

.3 

•;3 

ri 

tn 

CJ 

:> 

4-t 

rt 

?• 

^ 

0 

rt.. 

1 

.2 
'3 

m 

rt.. 

rt 

rt. 

-a; 

in 

U 

CJ 

1.. 
CJ 

CJ 
> 

rt 
u 
in 

IE 

0 

0 

3 

'3. 

u 

C 

rt 

in 

0 

CJ 

rt 

=q 

'■3 

^^' 

t"" 

^ 

0 

^ 

-a 

ol 

rt 

i> 

■T. 

^ 

3 

CQ 

'!7i 

0 

ti 

*-- 

X 

rt 

< 

< 

0 

en 
rt 

j3 

CJ 

0 

rt 

CJ 
'Si 

3 
rt 

■5. 

._    rt    d.. 
*Ci.  o    rt 


<U     in    ■" 


O  ^     rt 

D-rt. 

^    rt  rt. 

rt     3     _ 


I      °     CJ     _   „ 


•r    >,rt. 

rt'S.S 

CJ   ■"  j= 
to^  L> 

o  ^  ^ 


to        C     ^ 


CJ 
X 

to 

n 


0 
c 

■Ji 

t\^. 

X 

-s 

ri 

0 

CJ 

rt.. 

rt 
CJ 

2J 

0 

v^ 

rt 

0 

CJ 

CJ 

> 

0 

§D 

U 

0 
CJ 

0. 

t: 
0 

0 

"rt 

0 

•SI    ^    ^^  ^    ri 


to  o 

»H  S       .* 

m  O  rr 

03  I-    .^ 


j::  ■-.- 


■5,  "    u 
rt    ..J    *- 

O     rt    rt 


"•5    O 
"rt    >.  C 


,,  ^  ♦- 

i:  CJ  (- 
•5  «.3 
CJ  J  ^ 

<=<J3 

•-a  =^    5 


"■* 

0 

C 

c 

r- 

/v. 

0 

^ 

rt.. 

£ 

K) 

m 

GJ 

0 

^ 

c 

*-- 

0 

0 

r- 

— 

., 

r^ 

f— . 

yj 

0 

^ 

UJ 

U 

"" 

£^ 

T 

c; 

0 

> 

rt 
CJ 

OJ 

x: 

OJ 

1) 

^ 

^ 

c 

0 

•y) 

,- 

3 
0 

OJ 

>. 

^ 

CJ  -r; 

rt 


ii    o    o 


■f-  —    ri 


i>  •:; 


CJ 

CJ 


'.   c 

S  " 
la 


J=    rt 


Ci 


O   rt. 


?  "   2  >  r^   rt"'.5 


-  -      B 


o  a.: 


U 


o   CJ  3  n 

•a    cs.  >-  3 

e    c  CJ  -£ 

'-'    >-  S 

^  o  i; 

K  S  O 


T"      T*      •* 

^    —    rj 

rt    rt    CJ 

o.  a.  c 

n  '^  .2 
.a-  ^  3 

o  •-    CJ 

=  rt  E 

C    c    CJ 

a.-_5  ■n 

CJ  CJ  CJ 
-3  V    in 

in  -a  "3 
c  3  •-' 
-  «    rt 

^  3  C 
3     b- 

X  *^ r 

'sort 
CJ    O   -17 


os  .2    n 
■§   Si 

•^    JZ      r. 

-2  .-^  ■« 


pq  —  C2 
o  o 


104 


PHYSICAL   ASIA. 


In  [he  south  and  southwest  are  immense  grassy  regions,  called 
steppes,  the  liotne  of  barbarous  nomadic  Tartars,  who  subsist 
principally  upon  sheep  and  horses. 

Between  these  belts  is  a  vast  ever-green  forest,  abounding  with 
fur-bearing  and  other  wild  animals.  Its  cleared  portions  are  in- 
habited by  Europeans. 

4.  Desert  Asia  is  a  broad  belt  of  high  and  dry  pla- 
teaus, extending  from  the  Red  and  Mediterranean  seas 
almost  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  plateau 
of  Thibet  is  the  highest  in  the  world. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  this  belt  excepting  Ar.nbia  has  great  extremes 
of  climate — hot  and  dry  summers  and  severe  winters.  The  belt 
of  deserts  is  broken  by  the  low  and  fertile  plain  of  the  Euphrates, 
once  the  seat  of  powerful  empires.  The  mountain  slopes  and 
other  fertile  portions  of  the  plateau  contain  populous  agricultural 
communities,  civilized  but  not  enlightened.  The  remaining  por- 
tions are  inhabited  by  nomadic  tribes. 


SANU-Si'OUlS   IN    run    bEsERT. 


5.  Peninsular  Asia  is  the  most  important  division  of 
the  continent.  It  crosses  and  includes  the  western  part 
of  the  Plateau  Belt.  Its  southeastern  peninsulas,  Hindo- 
stan,  Indo-China,  Corea,  with  the  projecting  portion  of 
China,  contain  at  least  one  half  of  all  the  human  race. 
The  densest  populations  are  found  in  the  low  plains. 

Palestine,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Turkey,  is  noted 
not  only  as  the  Holy  Land  of  the  Bible,  but  also  for  its 
physical  peculiarities.  It  contains  the  Dead  Sea,  which 
IS  situated  in  a  most  remarkable  depression  of  the  earth. 
The  surface  of  this  sea  is  about  1300  feet  below  the  level 
of  the  Mediterranean.  Its  waters  are  intensely  salt,  and, 
except  near  the  mouth  of  the  River  Jordan,  which  flows 
into  it,  contain  no  animal  life. 


East  of  the  Indus  River  the  climate  is  hot  and  moist ;  west  of  the 
Indus  it  is  hot  and  dry. 

Judaism,  Christianity,  Mohammedanism,  Brahminism,  and  Bud- 
dhism, which  are  the  chief  religions  of  mankind,  originated  in 
Peninsular  Asia. 

0.  Insular  Asia  includes  the  richest  and  most  im- 
portant archipelagoes  in  the  world. 

Note. — With  the  exception  of  Ceylon  and  Japan,  Insular  Asia  will  be  described 
in  a  separate  division,  under  the  name  of  Malaysia. 

7.  Two  races,  the  Mongol  and  the  Caucasian,  occupy 
nearly  the  whole  of  Asia.  The  Himalaya,  Hindoo-koosh, 
and  Caucasus  Mountains  separate  them.  Nearly  all  to 
the  north  of  these  mountains  are  Mongols ;  nearly  all  to 
the  south  are  Caucasians.  Malay  Peninsula  and  parts  of 
Insular  Asia  are  occupied  by  the  Malay  race. 

8.  Vegetation. — The  bamboo,  aloe,  ebony,  and  san- 
dal-wood, among  trees ;  the 
banana,  date,  fig,  olive,  tam- 
arind, and  cocoa,  among 
fruits;  cinnamon, cloves,  and 
nutmegs,  among  spices;  be- 
sides sugar,  hemp,  flax,  rice, 
opium,  tea,  coffee,  and  cot- 
ton, indicate  the  great  diver- 
sity of  Asiatic  vegetation. 

'.•.  AnlmaLs.  —  Among 
the  chief  animals  of  Asia 
are  the  tiger,  elephant,  tapir, 
buffalo,  rhinoceros,  orang- 
outang, arctic  fox,  pango- 
lin, or  ant-eater,  zebra,  and 
camel.  Poisonous  serpents, 
the  crocodile,  and  other  rep- 
tiles abound  in  southern 
Asia. 

Our    domesticated     animals, 

the  lior.se,  ass,  goat,  sheep, 

ox,  bog,  our  common  fouls,  all  of  our  grains  excepting  maize,  and 

mnny  of  our  most  important  fruits  and  vegetables,  were  deiived 

from  Asia. 

Questions  (T.l — 1.  What  is  said  of  the  size  of  Asia?  In  what  pnvticnlare  docs 
Asia  surpass  all  other  continents? — 2.  Into  how  many  and  what  physical  bells  may  it 
be  divided?— ;>.  What  plain  occupies  the  greater  part  of  Arctic  Asia? — 1.  What  is 
Desert  Asia?  What  is  its  extent?  Which  is  the  highest  plateau? — .i.  Which  is  the 
most  important  division  of  the  continent?  What  other  belt  does  it  partly  include? 
What  is  said  of  the  population  ?  For  what  is  Palestine  noted  ?  What  remarkable  sea 
does  it  contain  ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  the  Dead  Sea?  Of  its  waters? — f>. 
What  does  Insular  .\sia  include  ? — 7.  What  two  races  occupy  nearly  the  whole  of  Asia? 
By  what  are  they  separated  ?  Where  arc  the  Mongols?  The  Caucasians?  The  Ma- 
lays.'— S.  What  is  said  of  the  vegetation? — It.  Name  the  principal  animals  of  Asia. 

(II.) — 3.  Hctwecn  what  limits  does  the  Silxirian  Plain  extend  ?  What  is  the  char- 
acter of  its  clim.atc  ?  (Jf  wh.at  does  it  consist  ?  Describe  the  northern  lielt.  Somhern 
belt.  Middle  belt. — t.  What  is  the  climate  of  Desert  Asia?  By  what  is  the  belt  of 
deserts  biokcn?  liv  whom  are  the  plateaus  inhabited? — .■>.  What  is  the  climate  east 
of  the  Indus  Kiver?  West?  What  religions  have  originated  in  Pcninsulai-  Asia? 
— J.  What  aniuuls  were  derived  from  .Asia?  What  other  things? 
[For  Sections  XCVll.  and  XCVIII  ,  see  p.  103J 


POLITICAL    ASIA. 


XCIX. 

DESOEIPTION. 

1.  Asiatic  Rnssia. — Asiatic  Russia  covers  more  than 
one  third  of  Asia.  It  includes  Siberia,  Russian  Turkestan, 
and  Georgia  or  Trans-Caucasia,  and  extends  from  Behring 
Strait  to  the  Black  Sea. 

2.  Niberia. — Among  the  resources  of  Siberia  are  furs 
from  the  forest  belt;  gold,  chiefly  from  East  Siberia;  cop- 
per, iron,  and  gold  from  the  Ural ;  and  fossil  ivory  from 
the  islands  of  New  Siberia. 

The  longest  inland  commercial  route  on  the  globe  ex- 
tends from  Pekin,  through  Maimatchin,  Irkoutsk,  Tomsk, 
and  Tobolsk,  to  Moscow  and  St.  Petersburg. 

The  population  of  Siberi.a  is  about  3,500,000  mostly  occupying  the 
river-valleys  in  the  south.  A  large  part  are  exiles  or  descendants 
of  exiles  from  European  Russia,  whence  about  12,000  criminals 
are  banished  every  year.  The  worst  are  condemned  to  labor  in 
the  mines.  Most  of  the  others  take  their  families  with  them, 
and  receive  small  grants  of  land. 

Irkoutsk  is  the  principal  city.  Tobolsk,  Tomsk,  Omsk, 
Barnaul,  and  Tinmen  are  important  commercial  towns. 

8.  Russian  Tiiriiesfan.  —  Russian  Turkestan  in- 
cludes the  greater  part  of  the  country  between  the  Caspi- 
an Sea  and  the  Altai  Mountains.     It  contains  a  number 


of  districts  called  khanates,  and  several  populous  cities. 
Many  of  these  khanates  have  been  recently  annexed  by 
Russia.  The  native  rulers  are  continued,  but  only  as 
vassals  of  Russia.  The  inhabitants  arc  Mohammedan 
Tartars. 

4.  Georgia,  or  Trans-Caucasia,  has  a  population  nearly 
as  large  as  that  of  Siberia.  The  people  are  said  to  be  the 
handsomest  in  the  world.  Tiflis  is  the  chief  city,  and  has 
a  great  caravan  trade  with  Persia. 

5.  Independent  Turkestan  includes  those  Tartar 
khanates  that  are  not  yet  annexed  by  Russia. 

C.  Cliinese  Empire. — The  Chinese  Empire  includes 
China,  the  dependent  provinces  of  Mantchooria,  Mongolia, 
Kashgaria,  and  Thibet,  and  the  tributaiy  kingdom  of  Corea. 

The  Chinese  Empire  is  one  of  five  great  governments 
which  together  cover  more  than  half  of  the  land  surface 
of  the  clobe.  These  are,  in  the  order  of  their  area,  the 
British  Empire,  the  Russian  Empire,  the  Chinese  Empire, 
the  United  States,  and  Brazil. 

7.  Population. — The  total  population  of  the  empire  is 
estimated  at  435,000,000,  and  consists  chiefly  of  Mongols. 
The  dependent  provinces  contain  only  about  30,000,000 ; 
all  the  rest  are  in  China,  five  sixths  of  them  being  in  the 
eastern  half   of   it.      This  is   the  densest   population  in 


106 


POLITICAL   ASIA. 


the  world.  Nearly  three  millions  li\e  in  boats  and  in 
floatine  gardens  and  houses  on  rafts  in  the  rivers  and 
canals. 

8.  Government  and  Religion. — The  government  is 
an  absolute  monarchy.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Bud- 
dhism. 

9.  Occnpations. — Agriculture,  which  is  regarded  as 
the  noblest  of  employments,  is  the  chief  occupation  of 
the  Chinese.  The  implements  used  are  very  rude  and 
simple. 


STREET  IN  CHINA. 


10.  Productions. — Rice,  tea,  cotton,  and  silk  are  the 
great  staples,  and  furnish  the  principal  food,  drink,  and 
clothing.  All  the  manufactures  are  the  products  of  hand 
labor;  those  of  silk  and  porcelain  are  the  most  valuable. 

11.  Commerce. — The  domestic  commerce  of  the  Chi- 
nese Empire  is  unparalleled  in  extent.  Its  chief  water- 
routes  are  the  large  canals  and  the  navigable  rivers  and 
lakes.  The  mountains,  steppes,  and  deserts  of  the  interior 
plateaus  are  crossed  by  caravans  of  camels.  A  great  cara- 
van trade  with  Russia  has  its  depot  at  Maimatchin,  where 
tea  is  cxchanfjed  for  furs,  woollens,  etc.  The  extensive 
maritime  commerce  is  in  the  hands  of  foreigners. 


The  principal  exports  are  tea  and  raw  silk.  The  chief 
imports  are  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  opium,  and  wheat. 

12.  Education. — Education  is  compulsory.  All  adult 
males  are  able  to  read  and  write,  and  possess  a  knowledge 
of  the  elements  of  arithmetic. 

Government  officers  of  all  grades  below  the  emperor  are  selected 
by  means  of  a  public  competitive  examination  to  test  their  schol- 
arship, and  may  be  of  the  most  hnmble  parentage. 

The  Chinese  are  not  surpassed  by  any  people  in  the  world  in 
frugality  and  industry  and  in  skill  in  their  various  occupations. 
They  have  possessed  the  mariner's  compass  and  practised  the 
arts  of  printing,  silk-making,  and  paper-making  from  time  im- 
memorial. They  were  also  very  eaily  acquainted  with  the  man- 
ulacture  of  gunpowder,  but  did  not  make  use  of  it  in  war. 

The  people  are  unwarlike.  When  not  on  duty  the  soldiers  are 
employed  in  useful  trades. 

Among  the  more  important  public  works  are  excellent  roads,  great 
canals,  and  the  famous  wall,  more  than  I'.'OO  miles  long,  completed 
B.C.  21],  to  keep  the  Mongol  Tartars  out  of  China. 

13.  No  other  country  contains  so  many  great  and  walled 
cities  as  China.  Their  population  is  variously  reported, 
and  changes  rapidly. 

Pekin  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.  Shanghai,  the 
chief  port,  is  the  principal  depot  of  the  great  basin  of  the 
Yang  tse  Kiang,  and  has  three  fourths  of  the  foreign  com- 
merce. Han-chau,  a  triple  city,  is  the  great  depot  of  in- 
ternal trade.  Canton  is  the  second  cit}-  in  foreign  trade. 
Fuh-chau  is  the  chief  place  of  shipment  of  black  tea. 
Nankin,  once  the  populous  capital  of  China,  is  now  nearly 
all  in  ruins.  Among  other  places  are  Seoul,  or  King- 
kitao,  the  capital  of  Corea ;  Maimatchin,  the  depot  of  the 
Russian  trade ;  and  Lassa,  the  capital  of  Thibet  and  the 
residence  of  the  Grand  Lama,  or  Buddhist  chief-priest. 

14.  Japan.  —  The  Empire  of  Japan  consists  of  four 
large  mountainous  islands  and  many  smaller  ones. 

15.  Productions. — The  agricultural  and  manufactured 
products  and  the  exports  are  similar  to  those  of  China. 

1(5.  CJorcrnment.  —  The  government  of  Japan  is  a 
constitutional  monarchy.  The  emperor  is  called  the  Mi- 
kado. After  centuries  of  nearly  complete  exclusion,  for- 
eigners have  recently  been  admitted  to  Japan.  Since  that 
time  the  Japanese  ha\e  been  quick  to  appreciate  and 
adopt  the  arms,  uniform,  naval  and  military  systems,  light- 
houses, steam  power,  and  telegraph  of  Europeans.  They 
surpass  the  Chinese  in  intelligence,  and  equal  them  in  me- 
chanical skill.  They  are  of  the  same  Mongol  race,  and 
have  similar  religious  beliefs,  but  differ  greatly  in  lan- 
guage and  political  institutions.  In  many  respects  their 
civilization  compares  favorably  with  that  of  any  other 
nation.  The  elementary  education  of  males  is  universal, 
systematic,  and  compulsory. 


JAPAN.— BRITISH  INDIA  AND  INDOCHINA. 


107 


17.  Tokio,  known  as  Yedo  un- 
til 18G8,  is  the  national  capital 
and  largest  city,  and  has  an  ex- 
tensive commerce  ;  its  port,  Yo- 
kohama, is  the  chief  depot  of  the 
foreign  trade ;  Kioto  was  former- 
ly the  capital  and  the  residence 
of  the  emperor;  Ozaka,  the  sec- 
ond city,  is  the  principal  port  of 
the  domestic  commerce  of  the 
empire. 

Questions  (I.)  —  1.  How  much  of  Asia  is 
occupied  by  the  Uussi.in  Empire?  What  coun- 
tiies  does  it  include?  What  is  its  extent? — 
'_'.  Name  the  principal  resources  of  Siberia,  and 
whence  derived.  What  long  route  of  inland 
commerce,  and  through  what  cities?  What  is 
said  of  Irkuutsk?  What  other  towns? — 3.  What 
does  Russian  Turkestan  include  ?  How  is  it  gov- 
erned? Who  are  the  inhabitants? — 4.  What  is  said 
of  the  population  of  Georgia?  What  is  said  of  the 
Georgians  ?  Of  Tiflis? — ').  What  is  said  of  Inde- 
pendent Turkestan  ? — (>.  What  does  the  Chinese 
Empire  include  ?  Name  in  their  order  the  five  most 
extensive  governments  of  the  globe.  What  part  of 
the  land  surface  do  they  cover  ? — 7.  What  is  the 
total  population  of  the  empire  ?  Of  what  race 
are  they?  How  is  the  population  distributed? 
What  is  said  of  the  water  population? — 8.  What 

form  of  government  in  China?  What  is  the  prevailing  religion? — 0.  What  is  the 
principal  occupation  ?  How  is  it  regarded  ?  What  is  the  character  of  the  iniplenienis 
used  ? — lOi  Name  the  staple  productions.  What  do  they  furnish  ?  What  is  said  of 
manufactures?  Which  are  the  most  valuable? — II.  What  is  said  of  the  domestic 
commerce  of  China?  What  are  its  w.ater-routes  ?  Where  are  caravans  employed? 
How  is  the  trade  with  Russia  conducted?  WHiich  are  the  principal  exports?  The 
l)rincipal  imports? — 12.  What  is  said  of  education  .' — 13.  What  is  said  of  the  cities 
of  China?  Of  their  population?  What  is  said  of  Pekin?  Shanghai?  Han-chau  ? 
Canton  ?  Fuh-chau  ?  Nankin  ?  Seoul  or  Kingkitao  ?  Maimatchin  ?  Lassa  .' — 
U.  Of  what  does  the  Empire  of  Ja|ian  consist? — 1.5.  W'hat  is  said  of  the  agricultural 
and  manufactured  products  and  the  exports.' — IC.  Of  the  government?  What  is  the 
emperor  called?  What  has  been  the  policy  of  the  Japanese  towards  foreigners? 
What  European  inventions  have  the  Japanese  adopted?  How  do  the  Japanese 
compare  with  the  Chinese?  What  is  said  of  their  civilization?  Of  education.' — 
17.   For  what  is  Tokio  or  Ycdo  noted  ?     Yokohama?     Kioto?     Ozaka? 

(H.) — 3.  W'hat  is  the  population  of  .Siberia?  Where  located?  What  is  said  of  the 
exiles.' — 12.  How  are  the  government  officers  of  China  selected?  For  what  are  the 
Chinese  distinguished?  What  arts  have  they  long  practised?  What  is  said  of  the 
character  of  the  Chinese  ?     Of  their  public  works  ? 


This  plain  contains  the  Valley  of 
the  Indus,  the  lower  half  of  which 
is  mostly  desert,  and  the  Valley 
of  the  Ganges,  which  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  populous  countries 
in  the  world,  being  surpassed  only 
by  portions  of  China. 


.f.-:.^. 


GATHERING  TEA. 


c. 

BRITISH  INDIA  AND  INDO-CHINA. 

1.  British  India. —  British  India  includes  nearly  all 
Hindostan  and  most  of  the  wiestern  coasts  of  Indo-China. 
It  is  the  richest  and  most  important  dependency  ever 
possessed  by  any  nation. 

2.  Sarrace. —  Hindostan  consists  of  the  Himalayan 
highlands  in  the  north,  the  plateau  of  the  Deccan  in  the 
south,  and  the  great  plain  between  them. 


3.  Tnhabitanis. — The  inhab 
itants  number  about  253  millions, 
being  about  four  fifths  as  many  as  in  all  Europe.  Six 
sevenths  are  Hindoos,  whose  religion  is  Brahminisni;  most 
of  the  remainder  are  either  Buddhists  or  Mohammedans. 
There  are  also  Parsees,  or  Persian  fire-worshippers,  Jews, 
and  European  Christians,  and  many  whose  religious  be- 
lief is  the  grossest  heathenism.  The  greater  part  of 
the  Europeans  are  in  the  British  army  of  India. 

The  Hindoos  have  possessed  a  wonderfully  rich  poetical,  philo- 
sophical, and  religious  literature  from  times  long  before  the 
Christian  era.  British  India  is  rapidly  adopting  the  civilization 
of  Europe. 

4.  Government. — The  country  is  under  the  control 
of  a  Governor-General  and  a  Supreme  Council  appointed 
by  the  British  Government.  The  Queen  of  England  is 
"  Empress  of  India."  The  capital  is  Calcutta.  The  rich 
and  populous  island  of  Ceylon  is  a  separate  colony. 

5.  Prodiietions. — The  principal  vegetable  productions 
are  rice  and  other  grains,  cotton,  sugar,  opium,  indigo, 
jute,  and  spices.  Rice  is  the  principal  article  of  food, 
and  cotton  the  chief  material  for  clothing. 

(3.  Commerce.  —  The  maritime  commerce  is  chiefly 
with  Great  Britain  and  China,  and  is  controlled  by  native 
and  British  merchants.  The  routes  of  an  extensive  car- 
avan trade  radiate  from  Hindostan  to  all  tbe  countries 
of  Central  and  Western  Asia.  Among  the  most  impor- 
tant articles  of  export  are  cotton,  opium,  sugar,  jute,  indigo. 


108 


BRITISH   INDIA,  INDOCHINA,  PERSIA,  AFGHANISTAN,  BELOOCHISTAN,  AND  ARABIA. 


fine  fabrics  of  silk  and  cotton,  and  costly  Cashmere  shawls. 
Ceylon  is  noted  for  its  export  of  coffee  and  cinnamon. 

7.  Railways,  etc. — The  principal  cities  are  connected 
by  railways,  by  means  of  which  the  cotton  and  other 
produce  of  the  interior  are  brought  to  the  ports.  Nearly 
all  the  railways  and  telegraph  lines  of  Asia  are  in  British 
India.     Steamboats  ply  on  the  principal  rivers. 

8.  Calcutta,  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  British  In- 
dia, is  the  chief  commercial  centre  of  Hindostan ;  Bom- 
bay is  the  chief  cotton  port;  and  Madras  is  the  centre 
of  an  extensive  trade.  Benares,  the  chief  seat  of  Hindoo 
learning  and  religion,  is  the  most  sacred  city  of  Hindo- 
stan. Among  other  important  cities  are  Lucknow,  Patna, 
Hyderabad,  Delhi,  Surat,  and  Cashmere. 

9.  Indo-China. — Indo-China  includes  Burmah,  Siam, 
Anam,  and  man}^  smaller  independent  states.  All  have 
despotic  governments.  The  southeastern  coast  is  called 
Cochin  China.  The  interior  of  these  countries  is  but 
little  known  to  Europeans. 

10.  Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  resemble  the  Chi- 
nese in  race,  religion,  and  civilization. 

11.  Commerce.  —  The  foreign  commerce  is  chiefly 
with  China  and  by  inland  routes.  The  productions  and 
exports  are  similar  to  those  of  Hindostan. 

12.  Bankok,  a  large  part  of  which  consists  of  houses 
built  on  floating  rafts  of  bamboo,  is  the  capital  of  Siam 
and  the  largest  city  in  the  peninsula;  Mandalay  is  the 
capital  of  Burmah,  and  Hue  the  capital  of  Anam. 

l;i  The  British  possess  parts  of  the  west  coast  of  the 
Malay  peninsula,  and  the  island  and  fortified  city  of  Singa- 
pore, one  of  the  most  important  ports  of  the  East.  It 
controls  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  the  chief  gateway  of  Asiatic 
maritime  commerce,  and  is  the  great  depot  for  tin,  which 
is  obtained  from  neighboring  mountains  and  islands.  The 
Frenoh  possess  an  important  province  in  Indo-China;  Sai- 
gon, a  fortified  port  on  the  southern  coast,  is  its  capital. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  What  does  British  India  include  ?  What  is  said  of  it  ?— 2.  De- 
scribe the  surface  of  Hindostan. — 3.  How  many  inhabitants  in  British  India?  What 
portion  are  Hindoos?  What  is  their  religion?  What  other  religions  are  found  in 
India?  With  what  are  most  of  the  Kmopcan  residents  connected? — 4.  By  whom  is 
the  country  governed  ?  What  city  is  the  capital  ?  What  island  is  a  province  of  British 
India?— 5.  What  are  the  principal  vegetable  prcduclions?  The  chief  article  of  food  ? 
Of  clothing? — C.  With  what  countries  is  the  maritime  commerce?  What  is  said  of 
the  caravan  trade?  What  .are  the  most  important  exports? — 7.  What  is  said  of  the 
means  of  communication  ?— 8.  For  what  is  Calcutta  noted?  Bombay?  Madras? 
Benares?  Name  other  important  cities. — 9.  What  countries  are  included  in  Indo- 
China?  What  is  the  character  of  their  governments?  What  name  is  given  to  the 
southeast  coast?  What  is  known  of  the  interior  ?— 10.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabit- 
ants?—11.  Of  the  commerce?  Of  the  productions  and  exports .'—12.  For  what  is 
Bankok  noted  ?  Mandalay  ?  Hue  .'—13.  What  and  where  are  the  British  possessions  ? 
Their  port?  Why  important?  Of  what  is  it  a  depot?  What  other  liuropean  nation 
has  possessions  in  Indo-China?    What  and  where  is  the  capital? 

(II.) — 1.  What  two  valleys  does  it  contain?  What  is  the  character  of  each? — 
8.  What  is  said  of  Hindoo  literature?     Of  the  civilization  of  British  India? 


CI. 

PERSIA,  AFGHANISTAN,  BELOOCHISTAN,  AEABIA, 
AND  TURKEY, 

1.  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Beloochistan.  —  Per- 
sia, Afghanistan,  and  Beloochistan  occupy  the  desert 
plateau  of  Iran,  between  the  valleys  of  the  Tigris  and  the 
Indus.  Persia  is  the  largest  and  most  important.  They 
are  traversed  by  many  high  mountain  ranges. 

2.  The  high  plateaus  of  the  central  region  contain 
broad  steppes  and  deserts,  with  many  rich  oases  which 
determine  the  caravan  routes. 

o.  Beloochistan  is  mostlv  a  barren  wilderness.  Afsfhan- 
istan  is  of  commercial  and  military  importance  because  it 
contains  the  chief  routes  from  India  to  Western  Asia. 

4.  Gorernnients.  —  The  gov^ernments  are  extremely 
oppressive.  The  supreme  ruler  of  Persia  is  called  the 
Shah.  Afghanistan  is  noted  for  its  frequent  and  cruel 
civil  wars ;  the  monarch  is  called  the  Khan.  Beloochistan 
consists  of  a  number  of  small  states,  under  the  headship 
of  the  Khan  of  Kelat. 

5.  Inhabitants. — The  inhal-itants  are  of  various  Mo- 
hammedan races,  and  live  mostly  in  towns  and  villages. 
The  deserts  and  oases  have  a  large  nomadic  population, 
mostly  robber  hordes  of  Arabs,  Turks,  and  Afghans. 
The  Persians,  on  account  of  their  polite  manners  and 
comparatively  high  civilization,  are  sometimes  called  the 
French  of  Asia. 

6.  Exports.  —  Persia  exports  silks,  woollens,  shawls, 
carpets,  and  cotton,  silk,  and  wool. 

7.  The  chief  cities  of  Persia  are  Teheran,  the  capital ; 
Ispahan,  once  one  of  tlie  most  splendid  cities  of  the  East, 
but  now  fallen  into  decay ;  Tabriz,  noted  for  its  great 
trade  with  Russia ;  Bushire,  the  principal  port  on  the 
Persian  Gulf;  and  Meshed,  the  Holy  City  of  Persia. 

Kelat,  the  capital  and  chief  town  of  Beloochistan,  and 
Cabul,  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Afghanistan,  Herat, 
and  Kandahar  are  important  as  military  stations  and  as 
depots  of  the  great  cara\an  routes. 

8.  Arabia. — Arabia  is  about  one  third  as  large  as  the 
United  States.  It  consists  of  three  regions:  a  great 
plateau,  having  many  large  and  fertile  valleys,  occupies 
the  interior ;  surrounding  this  is  a  broad  belt  of  deserts, 
covering  more  than  one  third  of  the  peninsula;  along  the 
coasts  is  a  low  and  narrow  sandy  plain  containing  a  few 
fertile  districts. 

9.  tiiovcrnment. — The  interior  contains  several  inde- 
pendent states  governed  by  despots  called  sultans. 


POLITICAL    ASIA:   TURKEY. 


109 


About  five  sixths  of  the  population  live  in  towns  and  villages  ; 
the  remainder  are  tribes  of  plundering  nomads,  called  Bedouins. 
The  heads  of  the  tribes  are  called  sheiks.  They  are  nearly  all 
subject  to  the  sultans. 

The  principal  state  is  the  Nedjed,  which  occupies  the 
greater  part  of  the  interior  plateau.  Riad  is  the  capital 
and  the  residence  of  the  Sultan.  Muscat,  the  capital  of 
Oman,  is  the  largest  city  of  eastern  Arabia. 

10.  Yemen  and  Hedjaz,  on  the  western  coast,  are  prov- 
inces of  the  Turkish  Empire.  Yemen  is  very  fertile. 
Hedjaz  contains  the  holy  cities  of  Mecca  and  Medina. 

Mecca  is  the  birthplace  of  Mohammed,  and  contanis  the  Kaaba,  the 
most  sacred  of  mosques.  It  is  annually  crowded  with  caravans 
of  pilgrims  from  all  parts  of  the  Mohammedan  world.  An  im- 
mense amount  of  trade  is  at  the  same  time  carried  on.  The 
camel,  "the  ship  of  the  desert,"  is  the  principal  beast  of  burden. 
The  horses  of  Arabia  are  famous  for  speed  and  beauty. 

11.  Besides  the  cities  al- 
ready mentioned  are  Sana; 
Jiddah,  the  port  of  Mecca; 
Mocha,  noted  for  its  coffee ; 
and  Aden,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain. 

The  most  valuable  pearl 
fishery  in  the  world  is  at 
Bahrein  Island,  near  the 
Strait  of  Ormus. 

12.  Asiatic  Turkey. — 
Asiatic  Turkey  is  the  most 
important  part  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire. 

1:5.  GoTernineiit. —  It  is 
divided  into  provinces,  which 
are  governed  by  pachas  aj> 
pointed  by  the  Sultan. 

Turkey  was  for  centuries  one 
of  the  richest  regions  of  the 
world.  The  arbitrary  and 
oppressive  nature  of  the  gov- 
ernment has  long  since  reduced  it  to  utter  poverty  and  degra- 
dation. Provinces  once  flourishing  and  densely  populated  are 
now  dry  and  solitary  wastes. 

14.  Coininerce. — Maritime  commerce  is  in  a  low  con- 
dition. The  caravan  -trade  connects  the  chief  cities  with 
Arabia  and  Persia.  There  are  few  roads.  The  Lebanon 
Mountains  in  the  southwestern  part  produce  large  quan- 
tities of  raw  silk. 

15.  The  principal  cities  are  Smyrna,  the.  chief  com- 
mercial city  of  Western  Asia,  noted  for  its  exportation 
of  figs  and  other  dried  fruits ;  Bagdad,  the  centre  of 
the   caravan   trade    with   Arabia   and    Persia ;    Bassorah, 


the  chief  port,  near  the  Persian  Gulf ;  Damascus,  a  depot 
of  the  caravan  trade  with  Persia,  and  said  to  be  the  old- 
est city  in  the  world;  Beirut,  the  sea-port  of  Damascus; 
and  Jerusalem,  the  sacred  city  of  Christians,  Jews,  and 
Mohammedans.  Aleppo,  Brusa,  and  Trebizond  also  are 
important  cities. 

Japan,  China,  and  India  have  possessed  extensive  commerce, 
books,  and  definite  systems  of  religion  and  government  from 
the  earliest  ages.  For  many  centuries  the  social  condition  of 
these  countries  remained  unchanged.  Important  and  rapid 
changes  are  now  taking  place  in  consequence  of  the  adoption 
and  introduction  of  the  railway,  the  telegraph,  and  other  prac- 
tical applications  of  the  sciences  and  arts  of  Europe. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  Where  are  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Beloochistan  ?  Which  is 
the  most  impurlam?  By  what  are  they  traversed  ?— 2.  What  is  the  character  of  the 
central  region  ?— 3.  Of  beloochistan }  Why  is  Afghanistan  important  .'—4.  What  kind 
of  government  have  these  countries?  What  is  the  title  of  the  Persian  monarch  .»  For 
what  is  Afghanistan  notedi"    What  is  the  monarch  called .'    Of  what  does  Beloochistan 


consist .'  Under  what  leadership  ? — .5.  W  hat  is  said  of  the  inhabitants .'  Of  the  popu- 
lation of  the  deserts  and  oases?  Of  the  Persians? — 6.  What  are  the  e.vports  of  Persia? 
— 7.  For  what  is  Teheran  noted  ?  Ispahan?  Tabriz?  Bushirc?  Meshed?  Kelat? 
Wh.1t  other  caravan  depots.' — 8.  How  large  is  Arabia?  Of  what  docs  it  consist? 
What  is  the  interior?  What  surrounds  it  ?  What  surrounds  the  whole? — !).  What 
does  the  interior  contain  ?  By  whom  governed  ?  Which  is  the  principal  state  ? 
Where  is  it?  What  city  is  the  capital  ?  What  is  said  of  Muscat.' — 10.  Of  Yemen 
and  Hedjaz? — 11.  Name  some  other  cities.  For  what  is  Bahrein  Island  noted? — 
12.  What  is  said  of  .Asiatic  Turkey? — 13.  How  is  it  divided?  By  whom  are  the 
provinces  governed? — 14.  What  is  said  of  the  maritime  commerce?  Of  the  caravan 
trade?  Of  the  roads?  Where  is  silk  produced.' — ir>.  What  is  said  of  Smyrna?  Of 
Bagdad?  Of  Bassorah  ?  Of  l)am.iscus  ?  Of  Beirut?  Of  Jerusalem?  What  other 
important  cities. 

(II.) ^9.  What  part  of  the  popuhition  is  not  nomadic?    Who  are  the  Bedouins? 

To  whom  arc  the  liedonins  subject.' — 10.  For  what  is  Mecca  noted?  What  is  said  of 
the  pilgrims  ?  Of  trade  ?  Of  the  camel  ?  Of  Arabian  horses  ?— 13.  What  was  once 
the  condition  of  Turkey?  What  is  its  present  condition  ?— 1.5.  What  is  said  of  the 
social  condition  of  Japan,  Cl.ina,  and  India'     What  changes  are  now  going  on  ? 


.110 


OCEANICA:   QUESTIONS    ON   THE   MAP.— REVIEW    EXERCISES. 


m^t 


W)  ^  '^^^fg^K^  j^^^'^^^f^  i 


k.. 

, 

A    '-'^ 

T)  -,',  -a  '^'  *^  o. 

u 

(A 

JJ             (U  _:;    C    M  ;"    3 

.c 

(D    .™ 

.3             £■    rt    S    c    OJ    O 

o 

rt 

'E. 

r: 

O 

c 
"o 

CJ 

nd.     What  strait  s 
at  range  of  mounta 

le  colony  ?    What  ot 
land? 

imall  islands  scatte 
northeast  of  New  C 
s,  see  small  maps  ; 
untry  do  they  belo; 
Slame  the  three  larg 
Hawaii?    What  gr 
argest  ? 

V 

*— 

rt  ^ 

ofth 
ith  Is 

the  s 
mds 
istion 
at  CO 
;r?     1 
o  in 
the  1 

x; 

_o 

.■3  cfl     ii    ~   cr  ?    3    o    _ 

rt.. 

O 
o 

he  cap 
ity  on 

given 

What 
owing 
)     To 
c  of  Ca 
lat  vol 
Whicl- 

^j 

o 
o 
> 

o 

C 

ta 

c 
(/: 

chief  islan 
1  has  many 

hat  city  is 
?     What  ( 

:   name  is 
Polynesia.) 
nd  the  fol 
emisphere 
f  the  Trop 
pital  ?     W 
Islands? 

3 

>-u     g  —  ^KOSi^ 

O 

rt 

sz  ■;: 

«     >  ^.  .2    c:  ■£    OJ  "? 

c  — 
o  j: 

s 
iz:  £ 

4) 

/v.      ._. 

South  Island  ? 
y  on  North  Is 

Polynesia. — \ 
er  the  Pacific 
nia?     (For  th 
ap  of  Westeri 
hat  group  sou 
hat  city  is  th 
st  of  the  Frie: 

^ 

> 

/\.. 

.-     (U 

r- 

>-  ^  - 

'o 

E  « 

.s  -S      §  -o  s  ^  ^  s 

rt    (J    u    .ji    rt    -ji    ".  -J) 

Vhat  se 

What 
?     Nam 
What  i 

Malacc 

What  i 
It  three 

What  i 

^.    c    3    n    "    rt  :S    bp 

s 

of  Asia 
rgest  isla 
st  of  Bor 
Mindanai 
the  Strai 
n  Sumatr 
lorneo  ? 
:iva  belon 
bes? 

• 

EH 

theast 
the  la 
orthea 

On 
nd  in 
Dorts  i 
hof  B 
and  J: 
f  Celel 

H 
H 

o 

sou 
his 
ds  n 
on  ? 

isla 
ree  \ 
Sout 
itra 
st  ol 

Q 

rchipelago 
its?     Whic 
up  of  islan 
,ty  on  Luz 
It  city  and 
What  th 
Borneo  ? 
ip  do  Sum: 
it  group  ea 

2 

EH 

A 

"£S":i:'::T30.S 

3 

Malaysia. — What 
Malaysia  ?     What  st 
in  Borneo  ?    ^Vhat  g 
tw-o  largest.     W'hat 
west  of  Borneo  ?     \\ 
long  to  Great  Britaii 
between  Sumatra  an 
has  it?     To  what  gr 
east  of  Borneo  ?    W 

O  C  E  A  N  I  C  A. 


CIV. 

DESCEIPTION. 

1.  Oceanica. — Oceanica  includes  all  the  islands  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean  south  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer.  It  consists 
of  the  great  archipelagoes  of  Malaysia  and  Melanesia,  the 
continent  of  Australia,  together  with  the  islands  of  Tas- 
mania and  New  Zealand,  and  Polynesia. 

2.  Malaysia.  —  The  population  of  Malaysia  is  about 
30,000,000,  or  nearly  five  times  as  much  as  that  of  all 
the  rest  of  Oceanica.  The  people  are  mostly  Moham- 
medan Malays,  and  are  brave,  intelligent,  and  in  part  civ- 
ilized.    The  climate  is  similar  to  that  of  the  West  Indies. 

3.  The  Philippine  Islands,  the  most  northern  group  of 
Malaysia,  belong  to  Spain.  The  capital,  Manila,  is  a 
great  emporium  ;  its  exports  include  sugar,  tobacco,  ci- 
gars, indigo,  Manila-hemp,  cordage,  and  hats. 

Java,  Celebes,  the  Moluccas,  many  smaller  islands,  and 
parts  of  Sumatra  and  of  Borneo  belong  to  the  Nether- 
lands, and  are  called  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  They  arc 
rich  in  spices  and  tin,  and,  next  to  British  India,  are  the 
most  magnificent  of  colonial  possessions.  Java,  the  most 
important  of  these  islands,  contains  about  eighteen  millions 
of  inhabitants.  Batavia,  the  capital  and  the  chief  com- 
mercial depot,  exports  the  tin  of  Borneo  and  Banca,  the 


pepper  of  Sumatra,  the  cloves,  nutmegs,  and  other  spices 
of  the  Moluccas  and  Celebes,  and  other  tropical  products. 

4.  Helanesia. — Melanesia,  or  "  Land  of  the  Blacks," 
is  a  long  group  of  islands  extending  from  New  Guinea 
to  New  Caledonia.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  cannibal,  negro- 
like race  called  Papuans. 

5.  Australia.  —  The  continent  of  Australia  and  the 
islands  of  Tasmania  and  New  Zealand  are  British  posses- 
sions. The  area  of  Australia  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
the  United  States,  excluding  Alaska.  Its  colonial  divi- 
sions are  Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  West 
Australia,  and  South  Australia,  with  its  dependency. 
Northern  Territory.  Victoria,  the  most  important,  equals 
in  area  all  the  New  England  States,  together  with  New 
Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Maryland. 

The  greater  part  of  the  interior  of  Australia  is  yet  unexplored.  It 
probably  consists  mainly  of  low  desert  plains.  The  continent  is 
nearly  encircled  by  a  rim  of  low  mountains,  the  highest  being  on 
the  eastern  side.  Between  these  and  the  almost  unbroken  coasts 
is  a  narrow  belt  of  lowlands.    There  are  but  few  rivers. 

G.  Population. — The  European  population  is  about 
two  millions,  the  greater  part  being  in  Victoria  and  New 
South  Wales.  The  original  savage  inhabitants  are  nearly 
exterminated. 

7.  Ciovcrmucut. —  The  colonics  are  politically  inde- 


OCEANICA:    AUSTRALIA    AND   POLYNESIA. 


113 


pendent  of  one  another,  and  are  governed  by  representa- 
tives chosen  by  universal  suffrage,  and  by  executive  offi- 
cers appointed  by  the  Crown. 

8.  Climate.  —  The  northern  part  of  Australia  has  a 
tropical  climate ;  the  southern  part  is  subject  to  sudden 
and  great  changes  of  temperature,  and  to  an  irregular 
succession  of  floods  and  droughts. 

9.  Yegetatioii.  —  In  the  wooded  regions  the  trees, 
which  are  chiefly  evergreens,  stand  wide  apart,  have  few 
leaves,  and  cast  little  shade.  Some  exceed  in  height  the 
great  trees  of  Cahfornia. 

10.  Animals.  —  Many  of  the  native  quadrupeds  are 
pouched  animals,  some  being  as  tall  as  a  man,  others  no 
larjjer  than  a  rat.  Anions:  the  most  sinorular  are  the 
kangaroo,  the  wombat,  and  the  duck-bill;  the  last  has 
webbed  feet  and  a  broad  bill  like  a  duck.  Amons:  the 
birds  are  the  apteryx,  which  has  no  wings,  and  the  lyre- 
bird, the  tail-feathers  of  which  resemble  a  lyre. 

11.  Productions. — Australia  produces  wheat,  indigo, 
cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  tin,  and  copper.  The  scattered  but 
rich  grasses  support  many  millions  of  sheep  and  cattle. 
It  is  the  chief  wool-growing  country  in  the  world,  and  is 
second  only  to  the  United  States  in  the  production  of  gold. 

12.  Commerce. — Nearly  all  the  maritime  commerce 
is  with  Great  Britain,  and  is  carried  on  by  steamers. 
Railways  and  telegraph  lines  connect  the  two  largest 
cities,  Melbourne,  the  capital  of  Victoria,  and  Sydney,  the 
capital  of  New  South  Wales,  with  other  towns.  Other 
important  towns  are  Ballarat,  Geelong,  Paramatta,  Ade- 
laide, Brisbane,  and  Perth.  The  chief  exports  are  wool, 
cotton,  wheat,  gold,  and  copper. 

The  Australian  Colonies  and  New  Zealand,  though  distant  nearly 
half  of  the  circumference  of  the  globe  from  Great  Britain,  are  in 
telegraphic  communication  with  that  country.  A  land  line  from 
the  principal  cities  crosses  the  middle  of  the  continent  to  the 
northwestern  coast,  and  is  continued  by  an  ocean  cable  to  British 
India.  Other  lines  and  cables  connect  this  latter  country  with 
London.  A  line  of  ocean  steamers,  plying  between  Australia, 
the  Feejee  and  Sandwich  Islands,  and  San  Francisco,  connects 
the  commercial  system  of  the  United  States  with  that  of  Aus- 
tralia. 

13.  Tasmania  and  Now  Zealand  are  very  moun- 
tainous. The  productions  of  Tasmania  are  similar  to 
those  of  Australia.     The  capital  is  Hobart  Town. 

New  Zealand  is  a  little  larger  than  Great  Britain. 
Gold,  wheat,  and  New  Zealand  flax  are  the  chief  exports. 
Wellington  is  the  capital. 

14.  Polynesia. — Polynesia  consists  of  many  thousands 
of  small  oceanic  islands  situated  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  and 
within  the  Torrid  Zone. 


These  islands  are  mostly  in  parallel  chains,  and  appear  to  be  the 
tops  of  mountain  ranges  whose  bases  are  deep  in  the  ocean. 
If  the  mountain  is  entirely  below  the  sea,  the  island  u.sually 
consists  of  an  irregular  oval  ring  or  reef  of  coral,  enclosing  a 
lagoon,  having  one  or  more  openings  to  the  sea,  and  crowned 
with  cocoanut-palms  and  bread-fruit  and  other  trees*  Such 
an  island  is  called  an  atoll ;  many  hundreds  of  atolls  some- 
times constitute  a  single  group. 


• ,-  •■*-_,','«."' 


'dfeKts^ 

'  >iii 

M 

W: 

Snffi 

.^^,5^-V<^;^^ 

^^ 

i^     -. .       M 

.    -.  "f 

CORAL  ATOLU 


15.  The  Polynesians  are  mostly  Malays  and  Pagan  sav- 
ages. The  Sandwich  Islands,  Tahiti,  the  Feejee  Islands, 
and  the  Samoan  Islands  have  become  Christian  states. 

16.  The  Sandwich  Islands,  the  most  important  group, 
produce  sugar  and  cotton  of  an  excellent  quality.  They 
contain  many  volcanoes ;  one  of  these,  Mauna  Loa,  has 
the  largest  crater  in  the  world ;  its  black  lava  wall  en- 
closes a  lake  of  fire.  The  government  is  a  limited  mon- 
archy.    The  capital,  Honolulu,  is  an  important  port. 

Note. — The  trade  of  the  United  St.ites  with  the  countries  on  the  shores  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean  and  witli  the  islands  scattered  over  its  surface  is  rapidly  grow- 
ing in  importance.  From  some  of  these  islands  the  exports  are  already  large 
in  quantity  and  of  great  value.  No  other  equal  area  of  land  surface  on  the 
globe  is  capat)le  of  yielding  a  larger  amount  of  sugar,  cotton,  and  other  trop- 
ical products,  and  no  people  are  so  well  situated  to  engage  in  this  commerce 
as  those  occupying  the  western  coast  of  the  United  States. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  What  does  Oceanica  include?  What  great  archipelagoes? 
What  continent?  What  islands?  What  other  division.' — 2.  What  is  the  i)opulation 
of  Malaysia?  Of  what  race  and  religion?  Of  what  character  and  social  condition? 
What  is  said  of  the  climate  ?— ;!.  What  islands  belong  to  Sp.iin  ?  What  is  the  capital  ? 
What  is  said  of  it  ?  What  are  the  exports  ?  What  islands  belong  to  the  Netherlands? 
What  is  said  of  them?  Of  Java?  Of  Batavia?—!.  What  is  Melanesia?  By  whom 
inhabited  ?— 5.  To  what  country  do  Australia,  Tasmania,  and  New  Zealand  belong? 
What  is  the  area  of  Australia?  Name  its  colonial  divisions.  What  is  said  of  the 
area  of  Victoria.' — G.  What  is  said  of  the  European  population  of  Australia?  Of 
the  original  inhabitants? — 7.  How  are  the  colonies  governed?— 8.  What  is  the  climate 
of  Australia  ?— !).  What  is  said  of  the  trees  of  Australia  ?— 10.  Of  the  native  animals  ? 
—II.  Of  the  productions?  Of  the  sheep  and  cattle?  Of  wool?  Of  gold  ?— 12.  How 
is  the  maritime  commerce  conducted?  W'ith  what  country?  W'hat  are  the  means 
of  internal  communication  ?  Name  the  important  towns.  What  are  the  chief 
exports  ?— 13.  What  is  the  character  of  the  surface  of  Tasmania  and  New  Zealand? 
What  are  the  productions  of  Tasmania  ?  Its  capital  ?  What  is  the  size  of  New  Zea- 
land? What  are  the  chief  exports?  What  city  is  the  capital?— 14.  Of  what  docs 
Polynesia  consist  ?— 15.  Of  what  race  are  the  Polynesians  ?  In  what  social  state  ? 
What  three  important  exceptions  ?— 16.  What  is  said  of  the  Sandwich  Islands?  Of 
their  volcanoes ?    Government?    The  capital? 

(II.)— .5.  What  is  said  of  the  interior  of  Australia?  Of  the  mountains?  Of  the 
lowlands?  Of  the  coasts?  Of  the  rivers  ?— 13.  How  do  the  Australian  colonies  com- 
municate with  Gre.it  Britain  ?  How  is  the  commercial  system  of  Austr.ilia  connected 
with  that  of  the  United  States  ?— 14.  How  arc  the  islands  arranged?  What  do  thej 
seem  to  be?     What  is  an  atoll? 


W  "Weit 


10      Looeltiids  Crom         0       Or««Dwl<-h 


A  T  L'  A  K  T  I  G 


,AZOBE9 


Oi  C  £  A  ir 

XADEIBA  IS. 
(Zb  nmgali     Mogadon 
Mor 


'3lca 


CAN ART  I  ft. 


IC. 

man 


•/"  /;  /■:  s  A  n  £  I. 

TIMBUCTOO 


i,E o N E ^^oy:  ■.",•-—-■;_,      "-^ i 

MONROVI 


EROON  MTS. 


EQUATOR 


Fernando  Pol.  ii-*^^       ,^ 


G  r  J  X  z*  A 


ghto/Jim/ra    jynX 


CAPE  I-. 

AKIJAFO   S 


i  T  J  E    cf&?i(Sfca_^jfe 


St-ThoiiiasI./i'^'-'^boon^gaTo;;. 


Ascension  I. 

9 


C.  Lopez C 


x^ 


^ 


& 


)XGOtV«f>,..' 


*o=> 


;r_;._  p      E     S     E     R    T         BEL' 

''~  'M/>w  ■  "-~'         ".-  I.,,,, 

■^    SAHARA       ohGRE  /nr^:^.E  S  E  R  T 
V    ,1  t^■*  THE    SAHEL  „      A',    "'"''' 

7     "^ 


;r=  -.JCUcmlia 


{.mbiloj^   S-'' 


Njaro  Y   '■^^ivrtlinda 


□  flal 
ijJQuiloa 


-■.-7-^AS«.#^w       V«A.    /<7/      \~„Bj^CJ)ilgado 


tA.V(,A-y,l-^^lV^KOI«l 


rnVSJCAL    MAI* 

OP 

AEHICA 


s 

C.St-M«rj 


St.lt*lrM  B.\ 

o.ooodr 


'09TB.CM 
wool 


K AL A  II A  III 
^A     D  r.  S  E  H  T 


tei 


£*.<.v<>ij 


TBANSVAAlL      i  "^S-^ 
PRETORIA^   /\    f  tj^        if. 


/r.  is    /< 

nirieoles    ^     *    y 
'JO'i  /  C.St.Mar 


1 


Mj>E('oi,aNA: 


■!*\<fyJP<)i-l  Natal  y 

■■'a/N7VTALCT»«r.Br.i.) 


CAPE  TOWN 
CAFE  tiOOD  JIUFJ 


*>. 


lAiDcItuile  EmI     00    from  GrucnitlctL 


MASCARENE  IS. 


Keunlon  BL         (To 


Itluil 


Ro.lrlKUei  I. 


Troiilo  of  I  DpHrnra 


POLITIC^VL  MAP   OF 

AFRICA 


Srnle   of  1111*^0 

0     nw    sno    300   100    iKTO  v^v 


io  H  I  O  J 

:     4i.u6u     ' 


iooKlmde  EttHt    »7    from  WaBliliiKtoti   lO? 


{'"{•yri^M,  IBlv,  fty  ll'ifptr  <*  A'r.MfM.J     R«vi»ed  lo  tcbruJirj,  Ib^ti. 


cv. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

In  what  zone  is  most  of  the  continent  of  Africa  ?  (See  Physical 
Map.)  What  waters  surround  it  ?  What  cape  at  the  northern  extrem- 
ity ?  At  the  eastern  ?  The  southern  ?  The  western  ?  Near  Cape 
Agulhas?  What  great  island  is  nearly  parallel  to  the  eastern  coast? 
What  channel  between  them  ?  What  mountains  parallel  to  the  south- 
ern coast  ?  To  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  ?  To  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
What  desert  is  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  By  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn  ?  What  river  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Africa  ?  Name 
its  three  principal  branches.  What  plateau  is  partly  drained  by  the 
Blue  Xile?  What  lakes  by  the  White  Nile?  Name  other  lakes  in 
the  Lake  Region.  What  river  flows  into  the  Mozambique  Channel  ? 
What  rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  What  islands  northwest 
of  Madagascar  ?  East  of  Madagascar  ?  (Mascarcne  Islands.')  Name 
the  two  largest.  What  solitary  islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  south  of 
the  Equator  ? 

What  general  name  is  given  to  the  countries  forming  the  northwest- 
ern border  of  Africa  ?  (See  Political  Map.)  Name  the  Barbary  States. 
What  country  occupies  the  northeastern  part  of  Africa  ?  What  prov- 
ince in  the  southern  part?  In  the  southwestern  part?  What  country 
southeast  of  Nubia  ?  Northwest  of  Madagascar  ?  North  of  Mozam- 
bique ?  What  three  British  colonies  in  Southern  Africa  ?  \Miat  state 
northeast  of  Cape  Colony  ?  What  general  name  is  given  to  the  western 
coast  north  of  the  Equator  ?  South  of  the  Equator  ?  What  countries 
west  of  Upper  Guinea  ?  What  name  is  given  to  the  coast  north  of 
Sierra  Leone  ?     To  the  countr}'  south  of  Sahara  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  of  Eg)-pt  ?  At  the  western  mouth  of  the 
Nile  ?     At  the  eastern  mouth  ?     What  name  is  given  to  the  triangular 


piece  of  lowland  having  Cairo,  Alexandria,  and  Damictta  at  the  angles? 
{The  Delta,  from  its  resemblance  to  A,  the  Greek  letter  D.)  VV'hat  towns 
on  the  Suez  Canal  ?  What  three  cities  in  Abyssinia  ?  What  is  the 
capital  of  Zanguebar  ?  On  what  island  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  Mada- 
gascar? Name  the  capitals  of  Cape  Colony  and  Natal.  Of  Orange 
Free  State.  Of  Liberia.  Of  Sierra  Leone.  What  city  is  the  capital 
of  Morocco  ?  What  city  southwest  of  Fez  ?  What  three  cities  in 
Algeria  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  Tripoli  ?  Of  Tunis  ?  Of  Fezzan  ? 
Barca  ?    What  four  cities  in  Soudan  ? 


CVI. 

EEVIEW  EXEECISES. 

Principal  Divisions  and  Subdivisions.  —  Where  is  it? — Barbary 
States  ?  Morocco  ?  Algeria  ?  Tunis  ?  Tripoli  ?  Barca  ?  Fezzan  ? 
Egypt?  Nubia?  Egyptian  Soudan  ?  Abyssinia?  Zanguebar?  Mo- 
zambique ?  Cape  Colony  ?  Natal  ?  Transvaal  ?  Orange  Free  State  ? 
Upper  Guinea?  Senegambia?  Sierra  Leone?  Liberia?  Lower 
Guinea  ?     Sahara  ?     Soudan  ?  . 

Rivers.  —  Il'here  docs  it  rise  I  In  what  direction  docs  it  Jlow  f 
Into  what  body  of  water  /—Nile  ?  White  Nile  ?  Blue  Nile  ?  Atbara  ? 
Zambesi?    Orange?    Congo?    Niger? 

Cities.  —  In  what  part  of  the  country!  How  situated  1 — Cairo? 
Alexandria?  Damietta  ?  Port  Said?  Suez?  Gondar  ?  Antalo  ? 
Ankobar?   Zanzibar?  Tananarivo?    Bloemfontein ?   Cape  Town? 

PlETERMARITZBL'RG?      PRETORIA?      MONROVIA?      FrEE  ToWN  ?      FeZ  ? 

Morocco?     Algiers?      Constantine?      Oran  ?      Tunis?      Tripoli? 
MouRzouK?    Bengazi?    Timbuctoo?    Kano?     Sokoto?     Kuka? 


Atlas  JI13. 


SAHARA    OR    GREAT    DESERT 


ABYSSINIAN  PLATEAU 

S(l.)(-!(00<l/"( 


/^/  ^       »,oa/i. 


Enony  ^Its. 

«iy  u  10^11  /?. 


PROFILE  SECTION   OF  AFRICA- 


36 


116 


PHYSICAL   AFRICA. 


'm^  PHYSICAL  AFRICA 


CVII. 

DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Africa  contains  about  one  half  of  all  the 
land  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  It  has  a  laiger  pio- 
portion  of  plateau  surface,  more  unbioken 
coasts,  a  hotter  and  dryer  climate,  moie  exten- 
sive deserts,  and  more  numerous  and  gigantic 
animals  than  any  other  of  the  six  continents. 
It  also  has  a  greater  number  of  barbauan  in- 
habitants than  all  the  rest  of  the  world  togethei. 

The  northern  tropic  passes  through  the  centie  of  the 
Great  Desert,  and  the  southern  tropic  through  the 
Kalahari  Desert.     Between  these  desert  bthb  is  i 
broad  fertile  region,  most  of  it  being  delu.;ed  with 
tropical  rains  during  several   months   of  the  jeni 
This  belt  contains  the  greater  part  of  the  population 
and  of  the  vegetable   and  animal  life.     A  snnller 
fertile  belt  is  found  in  the  Atlas  region,  and  mothei 
in  Cape  Colony.     The  Great  Karroo,  in  the  south 
ern  belt,  is  a  low  plateau,  similar  in  charactei  to  the 
llanos  and  pampas  of  South  America.      1  he  conti 
nent  has  therefore  five  parallel  physical  belts,  thiee 
of  them  broad  tracts  of  fertile  land,  and  two  intei 
mediate  ones  of  desert. 

2.  Snrrace. — Nearly  the  whole  suiface  con- 
sists of  broad,  low  plateaus.  The  edges  of  the 
continent  are  partly  bordered  and  it's  suiface 
broken  by  short  mountain  ranges. 

The  highest  plateau  is  that  of  Abyssinia.  '1  he  longest 
mountain  ranges  lie  along  the  eastern  coast.  These 
mountains  contain  the  snow-covered  peaks  Kilinia 
Njaro  and  Kcnia,  the  liighest  in  Africa.  The  Atlas 
Mountains,  near  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  Kong, 
near  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  are  the  only  other  important 
ranges. 

o.  A  narrow  strij)  of  lowland  extends  be- 
tween the  mountain  borders  and  the  coasts  and 


PHYSICAL    AFRICA.— POLITICAL    AFRICA. 


117 


along  the  southern  base  of  the  Atlas.      The  only  other 
lowland  lies  near  the  centre  of  the  continent. 

4.  The  coast  is  remarkable  for  the  deadliness  of  the 
climate  and  for  the  small  number  of  islands,  peninsulas, 
gulfs,  and  navigable  rivers. 

The  entire  nortiierii  coast  has  but  one  large  river,  the  Nile  ;  the 
eastern,  the  Zambesi  ;  the  western,  the  Niger,  the  Congo,  and 
the  Orange.  A  group  of  great  fresh-water  lakes  lies  upon  the 
east  side  of  the  continent,  some  of  which  are  connected  with  the 
Nile.     Lake  Tchad  lies  in  the  central  lowland. 

5.  Yeg^etation.  —  Except  in  the  middle  belt,  Africa 
is  comparatively  deficient  in  vegetation.  The  tropical 
forests,  though  covering  a  large  part  of  the  central  belt, 
are  less  dense  and  less  extensive  than  those  of  South 
America.  Among  the  most  useful  trees  are  the  oil- 
palm  of  Guinea,  the  date-palm   of  the   Barbary  States 


and  the  oases,  and  the  acacia,  which  supplies  the  gum- 
arabic  of  commerce. 

0.  Animal<<i.  —  Among  the  animals  of  the  central 
belt  are  the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  giraffe, 
chimpanzee,  and  gorilla ;  in  other  parts  of  the  conti- 
nent are  the  gnu  and  other  antelopes,  the  zebra,  and  the 
hyena.  The  ostrich  and  the  sacred  ibis  are  remarkable 
among  birds,  and  the  crocodile  and  the  horned  viper 
among  reptiles. 

Questions  (I.)— 1.  What  part  of  the  land  of  the  Torrid  Zone  is  in  Africa?  For 
what  is  Africa  remarkable  among  the  continents? — 3.  What  is  the  character  of  the 
surface  of  Africa? — 'A  Where  are  the  lowlands? — i.  What  is  said  of  the  coait? — 
5.  Of  the  vegetation  ?— 6  Of  the  animals  ? 

(Ill — 1.  What  circle  passes  through  the  Great  Desert?  Through  the  Kalahari 
Desert?  What  lies  between  these  desert  belts?  What  does  this  fertile  belt  contain? 
What  two  other  fertile  belts?  What  is  the  relative  position  of  these  belts? — 2.  Which 
is  the  highest  plateau  >  Where  arc  the  longest  mountain  chains?  What  peaks  do  they 
contain  ?    What  other  important  ranges  ? — 4.  What  is  said  of  the  rivers  ?    Of  the  lakes  ? 


THS  SUEZ   CANAL. 


POLITICAL     AFRICA. 


CVIII. 

DESOEIPTION. 

1.  Population. — The  population  of  Africa  is  estimat- 
ed at  206  millions.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Sahara  and 
the  countries  north  and  east  of  it  are  mostly  of  the 
Caucasian  race,  though  much  darker  than  Europeans. 
The  negro  race  occupies  nearly  the  whole  continent 
south  of  the  Sahara,  and  forms  much  the  greater  part 
of  the  population. 


2.  Gorernnient. —  All  the  native  governments  are 
despotisms,  and,  except  in  Egypt  and  the  Barbary  States, 
are  of  the  rudest  and  simplest  description. 

3.  Coniincrce.  —  The  limited  commerce  of  Africa  is 
in  the  hands  of  the  white  race.  Caravans  cross  the 
Great  Desert  from  the  Barbary  States  by  the  lines  of 
oases,  and  barter  European  and  Asiatic  manufactures 
for  the  gold,  gums,  ivory,  and  ostrich  feathers  of  Cen- 
tral Africa.  •  Similar  articles  from  the  interior  are  brought 
to  the  eastern  and  western  coasts.     The  Suez  Canal  and 


118 


CAUCASIAN    AFRICA. 


the  Alexandria  and  Suez  Railway  are  a  part  of  the  com- 
mercial systems  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Questions.  —  1.  What  is  the  population  of  Africa?  How  is  it  distributed?  — 
2.  What  is  said  of  the  native  governments  ? — ;5.  What  race  controls  the  commerce  of 
Africa?  ])escribe  the  caravan  trade.  'I'o  what  commercial  systems  do  the  Suez 
Canal  and  UaiUvay  belong? 


CIX. 

CAUCASIAN  AFEICA. 

1.  Egypt.  —  Egypt  and  its  dependencies,  Nubia  and 
Eg>'ptian  Soudan,  occupy  the  Valley  of  the  Nile  from 
the  Equator  to  the  Mediterranean.  They  are  a  portion 
of  the  Turkish  Empire. 

2.  The  Wile. — The  heavy  tropical  rains  in  Abyssinia 
and  farther  south  cause  the  Lower  Nile  to  overflow  its 
banks  from  June  to  December. 

The  water  slowly  rises  for  three  months,  and  as  slowly  subsides, 
leaving  a  narrow  river  for  the  rest  of  the  year.  A  belt  of  low 
land  from  one  to  seven  miles  wide,  crossing  the  desert  region 
from  the  mountains  to  the  sea,  is  thus  alternately  a  continuous 
lake  and  a  broad  green  ribbon  of  grasses  and  cotton.  Not  a 
single  stream  joins  the  Nile  for  the  last  1200  miles  of  its  course, 
rain  being  almost  unknown  except  in  the  Delta. 

This  remarkable  valley  was  for  thousands  of  years  the  seat  of  a 
powerful  empire,  famous  for  its  wealth,  industry,  learning,  and 
skill  in  the  arts.  The  pyramids  and  temples  of  ancient  Egypt 
have  been  preserved  by  the  dry  climate,  and  are  the  most  stu- 
pendous and  magnificent  ruins  in  the  world. 

Egypt  is  by  far  the  most  important  country  in  Africa.  It  is  the 
only  one  that  resembles  Europe  in  its  manufactures,  agriculture, 
education,  railways,  and  telegraphs,  and  in  the  organization  of 
its  army  and  navy. 

3.  Government.  —  The  government  is  a  despotism. 
The  chief  ruler  is  called  the   Khedive,  or  Viceroy. 

•i.  Commerce. —  Alexandria  and  other  cities  export 
large  quantities  of  grain  and  cotton.  The  Suez  Canal, 
recently  completed,  belongs  to  Egypt,  and  is  the  most 
important  maritime  trade  route  in  the  world.  It  con- 
nects the  commerce  of  Europe  with  that  of  southern 
and  eastern  Asia.  An  important  railway  connects- Alex- 
andria, Cairo,  and  Suez,  and  forms  a  portion  of  the  over- 
land route  to  India. 

5.  Population. — The  population  of  Egypt  and  its  de- 
pendencies is  about  seventeen  and  a  half  millions ;  four 
and  a  half  millions  are  in  Egypt. 

Most  of  these  are  of  Arab  descent ;  the  remainder  are  Berbers  and 
other  African  tribes,  with  a  small  number  of  Copts,  who  are  de- 
scended froin  the  ancient  Egyptians.  The  Turks  are  the  ruling 
class,  and  Mohammedanism  is  the  prevailing  religion. 

G.  Cairo,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city  in  Africa.  Alex- 
andria is  the  second  city  and  largest  sea-port,  Port  Said 
and  Suez  are  at  the  ends  of  the  sjreat  canal. 


7.  Barbary  States. — The  Barbary  States  are  Mo- 
rocco, Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  and  Barca. 

The  Barbary  States  are  so  called  from  the  Berbers,  a  pastoral  and 
agricultural  people  occupying  the  Atlas  region.  The  other  prin- 
cipal races  are  the  Moors,  the  Arabs,  the  Turks  from  Asia,  and 
the  Erench  from  Europe  ;  all  but  the  last  are  Mohammedans. 

The  fertile  valleys  and  slopes  of  the  Atlas  are  called  the  "Tell,"  or 
(jrain  Country.  South  of  the  Tell  is  the  Sahara,  or  Country  of 
Oases ;  it  abounds  in  dates.  The  name  Sahara  is  also  given 
by  European  geographers  to  the  Great  Desert. 

8.  Alorocco. — Morocco  derives  its  name  from  the  Moors. 
It  is  a  semi-barbarous  country,  governed  by  a  sultan.  It 
exports  wool,  hides  and  skins,  wheat,  and  almonds.  Fez, 
the  capital,  is  the  western  depot  of  the  caravan  trade  be- 
tween Europe  and  Central  Africa. 

9.  Aljs^eria. — Algeria  is  a  pio\ince  of  France.  It  ex- 
ports grain,  dates,  cotton,  indigo,  and  sugar.  The  chief 
cities  are  Algiers,  the  capital,  Constantine,  and  Oran. 

Europeans  form  but  a  small  part  of  the  population,  and  are  mostly 
in  the  sea-port  towns.  The  rest  of  the  inhabitants  are  about 
equally  divided  between  the  Berbers  of  the  Tell  and  the  Arabs 
of  the  Sahara,  which  here  contains  many  small  oases. 

10.  Tunis. — Tunis,  Tripoli,  and  Barca  are  unimpor- 
tant states,  and  are  dependencies  of  the  Turkish  Empire. 
They  export  olives,  oil,  grain,  and  dates.  Fezzan  is  a 
dependency  of  Tripoli.  Tripoli,  the  capital  of  Tripoli, 
has  a  large  caravan  trade  with  Central  Africa. 

11.  Sahara. — The  Sahara  is  the  most  extensive  desert 

on  the  globe. 

It  is  the  western  portion  of  the  desert  belt  that  extends  from 
China  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  consists  of  rocky  plateaus  and 
mountain  ridges,  separated  by  broad  tracts  of  gravel  or  shifting 
sand.  Rain  falls  during  certain  parts  of  the  year  in  the  mount- 
ain regions,  and  oases  occupy  the  low  and  moist  spots.  In 
the  higher  plateaus  the  people  are  said  to  wear  furs  in  the 
winter. 


12.  A  line  of  oases  from 
Tripoli  through  Mourzouk  in 
Fezzan  to  Lake  Tchad  is  the 

principal  cara\'an  route. 


ABYSSINIA.— NEGRO    AFRICA:    SOUTH    CENTRAL  AFRICA    AND    AFRICAN    ISLANDS. 


119 


This  line  divides  the  Sahara  into  two  parts.  The  western,  called 
the  "  sahel,"  or  "plain,"  is  sandy,  and  has  few  oases;  it  furnishes 
Soudan  with  salt.  The  eastern  is  the  Libyan  Desert,  and  has 
many  oases.     East  of  the  Nile  is  the  Nubian  Desert. 

13.  Popnlation. — Sahara  is  sparsely  populated.  The 
inhabitants  are  similar  in  their  habits  to  the  Bedouin  Arabs. 

14,  Abyssinia. — Abyssinia  is  the  most  elevated  country 
in  Africa.  Many  of  its  mountain  peaks  are  covered  with 
snow  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  The  country 
is  in  a  barbarous  condition,  and  has  little  or  no  com- 
merce.   Gondar,  Antalo,  and  Ankobar  are  the  chief  cities. 

Questions  (I.) — 1.  Where  are  Egypt  and  its  depcntlencies  situated?  Name  the 
dependencies.  Of  what  empire  is  Egypt  a  part  ? — 2.  How  do  the  tropical  rains  affect 
the  Lower  Nile? — 3.  What  is  the  government ?— 4.  What  are  the  exports?  What  is 
said  of  the  Suez  Canal?  What  railway  in  Egypt? — 5.  What  is  the  population  of 
Egypt? — 6.  What  city  is  the  capital?  For  what  is  Alexandria  noted?  Where  are 
Port  Said  and  -Suez  ? — 7.  Name  the  Barbary  States. — 8.  From  what  does  Morocco 
derive  its  name  ?  What  is  its  social  condition  ?  Its  government  ?  Its  exports?  Its 
chief  trade  centre?  Its  capital.' — 9.  Of  what  country  is  Algeria  a  province?  What 
are  its  exports  ?  Its  capital  and  other  cities  ? — 10.  What  is  said  of  Tunis,  Tripoli,  and 
Barca?  What  are  their  exports  ?  What  is  said  of  Fczzan  ?  What  is  the  capital  of 
Tripoli  ?  For  what  is  it  noted .' — 11.  How  does  the  Sahara  compare  with  other  deserts  ? 
— 13.  Where  is  the  great  line  of  oases.' — 13.  What  is  said  of  the  population  of  Sahara? 
— 14.  Which  is  the  most  elevated  country  in  Afiica?  What  is  the  social  condition  of 
the  country  ?     Name  the  chief  cities. 

(II.) — ~.  Describe  the  effect  of  the  tropical  rains  upon  the  Lower  Nile.  For  what 
was  ancient  Egypt  remarkable  ?  What  is  the  present  condition  of  the  country  ?  In 
what  respect  does  it  resemble  Europe  ? — 5.  To  what  races  do  the  people  belong  ?  Who 
are  the  ruling  class  ?  What  is  the  prevailing  religion  ? — 7.  Why  are  the  Barbary  States 
so  called?  What  are  the  other  principal  races  ?  Of  what  religion  are  they  ?  Where 
and  what  is  the  Tell?  The  Sahara.' — 9.  What  part  of  the  population  of  Algeria  is 
European?  Who  are  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants.' — 11.  Of  what  is  Sahara  a  part? 
Of  what  does  it  consist?  What  and  where  are  the  oases? — 13.  How  does  the  line  of 
oases  divide  the  Sahara?  What  is  said  of  the  western  part?  The  eastern  part? 
What  other  desert  east  of  the  Nile  ? 


ex. 

NEGEO  AFRICA. 


1.  Coast  Regions  and  Climate. — The  greater  part 
of  the  lowlands  along  the  western  and  eastern  coasts  has 
a  hot,  moist  climate.  North  of  the  mouth  of  the  Orange 
River  the  coast  for  seven  hundred  miles  is  entirely  desert. 
The  interior  is  little  known. 

2.  Colonies. — A  line  of  European  colonies  and  trading 
towns  extends  from  Cape  Verde  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  thence  to  Mozambique.  Cape  Colon}-,  Natal, 
and  Caffraria  are  the  most  important,  and  belong  to 
Great  Britain.  Transvaal  and  Orange  Free  State  are 
independent  Dutch  republics. 

On  the  western  coasts  are  Senegambia,  in  part  claimed 
by  the  French ;  Sierra  Leone,  a  British  colony  of  negroes 
rescued  from  slave-ships ;  Liberia,  an  independent  repub- 
lic of  negroes  from  the  United  States.  The  rest  of  the 
Guinea  ports  belong  to  England,  Portugal,  and  Spain. 

On  the  eastern  coast  Mozambique  is  partly  in  possession 
37 


of  the  Portuguese.    The  coast  of  Zanguebar  is  held  by  the 
Arabs;  Zanzibar,  the  capital,  is  the  residence  of  the  Sultan. 

3.  Exports. — The  principal  exports  from  the  eastern 
and  western  coasts  are  the  palm-oil  of  Guinea,  gums, 
spices,  sugar,  ivory,  ostrich  feathers,  and  gold ;  from  the 
southern  coasts  wool,  hides,  tallow,  ostrich  feathers,  and 
diamonds. 

4.  Soudan. — Soudan  is  a  broad  fertile  belt  crossins:  the 
continent  south  of  the  Great  Desert.  The  principal  cities 
are  Kano,  Sokoto,  Kuka,  and  Timbuctoo.  They  have  a 
great  caravan  trade  to  the  Mediterranean  coasts.  The 
exports  are  gold,  ivory,  ostrich  feathers,  and  gum-arabic. 

In  its  heavy  tropical  rains,  extensive  forests,  fertile  soil,  and  great 
heat,  Soudan  somewhat  resembles  the  selvas  of  the  Amazon.  It 
contains  a  large  number  of  populous,  semi-barbarous  states. 

Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Mohammedans,  the  rest  Pagans.  The 
religion  of  the  Pagan  negroes  combines  a  belief  in  evil  spirits, 
witchcraft,  and  magic  charms,  and  is  known  as  Fetichism. 

5.  South  Central  Africa.— The  central  plateau  south 
of  Soudan  is  but  little  known.  Ivory  is  the  principal  arti- 
cle of  commerce. 

Large  fresh-water  lakes  lie  south  of  the  Equator  and  towards  the 
eastern  side  of  the  continent.  The  Victoria  Falls  in  the  Zam- 
besi River  are  exceeded  in  grandeur  only  by  those  of  Niagara. 
In  the  extreme  south  is  the  Kalahari  Desert. 

6.  African  Islands. — Madagascar  is  about  equal  in 
area  to  the  five  North  Central  States  of  the  United  States. 
The  government  is  a  despotic  monarchy.  The  capital 
and  largest  city  is  Tananarivo.  Tamatave,  the  chief  port, 
exports  cattle  and  rice. 

Mauritius,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  exports  sugar, 
and  is  a  stopping- place  for  vessels  crossing  the  Indian 
Ocean.     Reunion,  or  Bourbon,  is  a  French  colony. 

The  Atlantic  Islands  are  of  small  size,  and  are  pre- 
cipitous, volcanic  rocks.  St.  Helena  and  Ascension  belong 
to  Great  Britain.  The  Cape  Verde  and  the  Madeira 
Islands,  belonging  to  Portugal,  and  the  Canaries,  belong- 
ing to  Spain,  export  wine,  5ugar,  and  coffee. 

Questions^.) — 1.  What  is  the  character  of  the  climate  of  the  eastern  and  western 
coasts  of  Africa  ?  What  long  desert  coast  ?  What  is  said  of  the  interior  ? — 2.  W  here 
are  the  European  colonies?  Which  are  the  most  important?  To  what  country 
do  they  belong  ?  What  are  Transvaal  and  Orange  Free  State  ?  What  other  colonies  are 
there?  What  republic?  To  what  nations  do  the  other  pons  belong?  Who  hold 
the  eastern  coast  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  Zanguebar  ? — 3.  What  are  the  exports  ?— 
4.  What  is  Soudan  ?  Mention  its  chief  cities.  With  what  coasts  do  they  trade,  and 
how?  What  are  the  exports.' — 5.  What  region  of  Africa  is  yet  but  little  known? 
Wh.it  is  the  principal  article  of  export  ,'—6.  To  what  states  is  Madagascar  equal  in 
surface  ?  What  is  the  government  ?  Which  is  the  capital  city  ?  The  chief  port  ? 
Its  exports?  W'hat  is  said  of  Mauritius?  Of  Reunion?  What  is  the  character 
of  the  Atlantic  Islands  ?  To  what  country  do  St.  Helena  and  Ascension  belong  ? 
What  other  islands?    To  what  countries  do  they  belong?     W'hat  are  their  exports? 

(II.) — 1.  What  does  Soudan  resemble?    What  does  it  contain?    Of  what  religions 
are  the  inhabitants  of  Soudan?     Describe  the  religious  belief  of  the  Pagan  negroes.     *■ 
— 5.  Where  are  the  fresh-water  lakes?     What  is  said  of  the  Victoria  Falls?     What 
desert  in  the  south? 


^ 


„^„J,        ;v     1.1.     f„.,n      »)      C-nrtA.      M 


c;-^ 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP, 


Name  the  chief  Atlantic  ports  cf  Norlii  America. 
Which  one  is  the  most  important?  What  ports  on  or 
near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  Name  the  chief  Pacific  ports 
of  North  America.  Which  is  the  most  important.' 
Which  are  the  two  chief  river-ports  of  the  St.  Lawrence? 
Of  the  Mississippi  ? 

Which  is  the  most  northwesterly  port  of  South 
America?  |7a»)  What  port  near  the  eastern  extremity 
of  South  America  ?  What  ports  between  Aspinwall  and 
Fernamhuco?  Between  Pernambuco  and  Cape  Horn? 
Name  the  principal  Pacific  ports  of  South  America. 
Which  one  is  farthest  north?  Near  what  Caribbean 
port  IS  It?    By  what  arc  they  connected  ?  (80) 

*  The  numben  in  tlii»  leuon  nlei  to  pages  in  ibe  boolc  where  the 
answeis  may  be  found. 


Name  the  two  principal  ports  of  the  llritish  Islands. 
For  what  is  the  port  of  London  remarkable  ?  (ill)  What 
pons  in  Ireland  >  (sn)  In  Scotland  ?  (Sa)  Which  is  the 
chief  port  of  the  north  of  France  ?  (tl2)  What  ports  of 
Europe  are  on  or  near  the  North  Sea?  (87,  92)  On  or 
near  the  Baltic  ?  (S7,  U-J).  In  Iceland  ?  (87)  Name  the 
chief  ports  of  Kurope  between  the  Strait  of  Dover  and 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar.  (»2)  Name  three  Spanish  ports 
on  the  Mediterranean.  (<I2)  Name  the  chief  French 
port.  (!I4)  The  chief  Italian  ports.  {il2)  In  Sicily.  The 
chief  port  of  Austria,  (nii)  Of  Greece.  (9ti)  Of  Turkey. 
(92)     What  port  on  the  White  Sea?  (87) 

Name  the  chief  Mediterranean  ports  of  Africa.  (114) 
The  Atlanrtc  ports,  (lit)  What  port  near  the  southern 
extremity  of  Africa  ?  What  ports  on  the  eastern  coast  ? 
(114)     At  the  ends  of  the  Suez  Canal?  (114) 

What  Asiatic  sorts  are  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea? 


(102)    The  Ked  Sea?  (102)    Persian  Gulf?  (10- 
bian  Sea?  (102)     On  or  near  the  Hay  of  Bengal?  |l"-l 
The  China  Sea  ?  (102)     What  P.atilic  ports  of  Asia  at 
north  of  Canton?  (102)     Name  the  chief  ports  o  «" 
tralia.     Tasmania.  (Ill)      New   Zealand.     Ihe  mi'"' 
Archipelago.     The  Sandwich  Islands. 

Where  is  the  chief  manufacturing  district  oi       ^ 
rope?    Of  North  America?    WJiat  European  pwMu^^ 


very  large  trade  with  the  United  Stales?  (91)  ^pp 

the  principal  exports  fiom  New  ■^'o'''  "'     "[  vorki 
((14,  90)      How  do    these   articles   '"'"^f'"^ 


(34,  42,  C4,  e.i)     From  what  parts  of  the  Uni«d^^_'"^^, 
does  most  of  the  wheat  come?     OflhemaW. 
•     Gold  ? 


*Wch  are  the  chief  cotton  ports  ?     (New  Orleans.  Gal- 

»Mlon,  Mobile,  Savannah,  Charleston.  Norfolk,  aii<i  New 

oris.)    T[,g  (.|,jgf  gj.jjju  ports?     (New  York,  Boston, 

■^luladelphia,  and  Baltimore.)     What  are  the  chief  ex- 

jwrts  from  Liverpool  to  the  United  States  ?  (34)     Name 

articles  of  commerce  between    French   ports  and 

»ose  of  the  United  States.     The  German  ports.     Rus- 

'""ports.     Spanish.     Italian.     Turkish.     Greek. 

*    A  steamer  from  London  to  Smyrna,  with  an  assorted 

"^1  touches  at  Cadiz,  Gibraltar,  and  the  leading  pons 

,  I     ^Mediterranean  :  what  classes  of  articles  will  prob- 

«ei  1°""'"""'  "1=  'liitf  P"'  °f  her  cargo?    The  same 

J.    ,  *^i's  from  Smyrna  to  New  York,  stopping  at  the 


Tobacco?     Provisions?     Petroleum?     '^°'''' j  ^.^  to  i  bnwT'j;™  I"""'  "''''  "''''='  "'"  '>"=  P'ol"tly 
export  drygood-s  ana  ii^^.^^j  ,  ^»8_    She  then  sails  from  New  York   for  London: 
"  ~  '1  her  cargo  now  probably  be ' 

steamer  from  New  York  to  Rio  Janeiro  touches  at 


Why  does  not  New  York  export  drygooo-j  •■•-  ^^^.^^j  i  ^^^^ 
Great  Britain?  (tlO)     What  other  ports  01  '",,.,,) 
States  have  an  important  share  of  the  foreign  traa        ^ 


St.  Thomas,  W.  I.,  and  other  intermediate  ports  :  "li"  "■ 
tides  is  she  likelv  to  carrv  out  ?•  To  bring  b.ick.'  W  hy 
not  cotton  ?  Wiiat  cargoes  from  New  York  to  Monte- 
video and  Buenos  Avres?    What  return  cargoes? 

How  far  by  steamer  from  New  York  to  Aspinwall? 
To  New  Orleans  ?  At  what  port  rlo  New  York  and  New 
Orleans  steamers  touch?  (Havana.)  Name  the  chief 
exports  of  western  South  America.  wk.,. 

What  are  the  chief  exports  of  San  Francisco?  W  here 
is  most  of  the  gold  and  silver  sent  ?  (To  New  \  ork-^=i.d 
China)  Of  the  wheat  and  flour?  (To  England.)  Will 
wh"  Chinese  ports  has  San  Francisco  an  importan 
Tr  de?  What  Japanese  ports'  ,«'i.h  wlia.  i:or^,  ° 
Australia?    New  Zealand?    Sandwich  Islands .     South 

"  •  Remember  that  the  mmof.etores  of  oearlv  aU  "™"""°"?; 
thoK  of  W..tem  Europe,  Eastern  NonbAmen*  aod  E-rem  A... 
are  very  limited  ^^^^^^^ 


America?  Mexico?  Why  does  the  steamer-route  from 
Yokohama  to  San  Franci>co  differ  from  the  route  by 
sail  >  Whence  does  San  Francisco  import  most  of  its 
coal  >  (Australia  and  Uritiih  Columbia.)  Name  six  of 
the  chief  cities  on  the  great  railroad  routes  between 
San  Francisco  and  New  York.   (Clj,  IJ.) 

Wh"  arc  the  chief  export,  of  Tasmania,  New 
Zealand,  and  Australia?  To  what  country?  What 
articles  arc  probably  imported  m  return  ? 

3i%£S^ffwhencf"  = 

"h«  par«  of  the  world  is  traffic  still  carried  on  b, 
caravans  ? 


k 


122 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY— GENERAL  REVIEW. 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY-GENERAL    REVIEW. 


How  is  the  earth  known  to  be  a  globe  ?  What  has  caused  it  to  be  flattened  at  the 
poles?  What  is  the  length  of  the  polar  diameter.'  Of  the  equatorial  diameter  ?  Of 
the  circumference?  Describe  the  general  physical  condition  of  the  earth.  {Ans.  The 
earth  is  by  many  supposed  to  be  a  slowly  cooling  and  shrinking  ball  of  matter,  which 
was  once  entirely  in  a  molten  state.  Its  cooled  and  hardened  crust  is  comparatively 
thin,  and  is  the  surface  upon  which  we  live.  Mountain  ranges  are  the  folds,  ridges,  and 
lines  of  fracture  of  the  crust.  The  broad  hollows  of  the  surface  are  partly  filled  by  the 
ocean.  Volcanoes  are  openings  to  the  still  melted  interior  of  the  earth,  and  are  mostly 
found  upon  the  lines  of  fracture.)  What  evidences  have  we  of  the  heat  of  the  interior 
of  the  earth?  (Ans.  Volcanoes,  hot-springs,  earthquakes,  and  the  gradual  increase  of 
heat  with  the  depth  in  deep  borings  and  mines.) 

Name  the  two  great  land  masses.  What  is  the  position  of  the  line  of  direction  of 
each?  How  many  continents  in  each?  What  separate  continent  is  there?  Name 
the  six  continents  in  the  order  of  their  size.  How  are  most  of  the  islands  arranged? 
How  many  classes  of  islands  are  there  ?  What  are  continental  islands?  Where  are 
the  principal  chains?  What  are  oceanic  islands?  Where  are  the  principal  chains? 
What  are  volcanic  islands?  Coral  islands?  Where  chiefly  found?  Name  two  of 
each  class  of  islands. 

What  is  a  mountain  system  ?  Where  is  the  longest  system  in  the  world  ?*  What 
is  its  direction  ?  Where  is  it  highest  ?  Name  the  piincipal  mountain  chains  of  North 
America.  Of  South  America.  Where  is  the  chief  mountain  system  of  the  Old  World  ? 
Where  is  it  highest?  Name  the  principal  mountain  chains  of  Asia.  Of  Europe.  Of 
Africa.  Of  .-\ustralia.  Where  are  most  of  the  volcanoes  of  North  America?  In  what 
countries  ?  Where  are  the  volcanoes  of  South  America  ?  What  island  chains  of  Asia 
abound  in  volcanoes?  What  can  you  say  of  the  volcanoes  of  Malaysia?  (Ans.  They 
are  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  equal  area  in  the  world.)  What  volcanoes  com- 
plete the  "fire  circle"  of  the  Pacific?  (Ans.  Those  of  Melanesia  and  New  Zealand.) 
What  oceanic  islands  of  the  Pacific  contain  volcanoes?  Which  has  the  greatest  crater 
in  the  world?     What  volcanoes  are  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea?     In  Iceland? 

What  is  a  plateau?  Which  continent  has  the  greatest  proportion  of  plateau  sur- 
face? Which  the  least?  Where  are  the  great  plateaus  found  in  each  continent? 
Describe  the  great  plateau  belt  of  North  America.  How  high  is  it?  W'hat  great 
mountain  system  rests  upon  it  ?  Through  what  countries  does  it  extend  ?  Describe 
the  Eastern  Highland.  What  mountain  system  does  it  contain?  Name  some  of  the 
ranges.  Where  is  the  highest  plateau  belt  of  South  .America?  What  countries  lie 
wholly  or  partly  in  it?  In  which  is  it  highest  and  broadest  ?  How  high  is  it?  What 
mountain  system  rests  upon  it  ?  In  what  country  is  the  broadest  plateau  of  South 
America?  Is  it  high  or  low?  What  mountains  does  it  contain?  Where  is  the  chief 
highland  belt  of  Europe  ?  What  countries  lie  wholly  or  partly  in  it?  Which  are  its 
chief  mountain  chains  ?  For  what  are  the  plateaus  of  Asia  remarkable  ?  In  what 
parts  of  the  continent  are  they  ?  Name  some  of  them.  Which  is  the  highest  ?  How 
high  is  it?  W'hat  mountain  chains  rest  upon  these  plateaus?  .Which  is  the  highest 
plateau  of  Africa?  What  mountains  rest  upon  it?  What  can  you  say  of  the  plateaus 
of  Australia? 

What  is  a  lowland  plain  ?  Where  is  the  great  low  plain  of  North  America?  By 
what  is  it  divided?  Into  what  two  plains?  Which  way  does  each  plain  slope?  How 
can  you  tell  this  by  the  map?  What  plain  east  of  the  .Appalachian  Mountains? 
Where  is  the  great  low  plain  of  South  America?  Name  its  three  principal  divisions. 
What  countries  lie  wholly  or  partly  in  each?  Describe  the  llanos.  The  selvas.  The 
pampas.  Where  is  the  great  plain  of  Europe  ?  What  mountain  walls  partly  enclose 
it?  What  countries  lie  wholly  or  partly  in  it?  What  other  plains  in  Europe?  In 
what  countries?  Where  is  the  great  lowland  plain  of  Asia?  With  what  other  plain 
connected?  What  countries  are  in  it  ?  What  great  lakes  in  its  western  part?  What 
plains  in  other  parts  of  Asia?  For  what  are  the  plains  of  China  and  Hindostan  re- 
markable ?    In  what  part  of  Africa  are  the  plains  ? 

Name  the  five  chief  divisions  of  the  ocean.  Which  are  the  three  great  oceans? 
Which  is  the  largest?  For  what  else  remarkable  ?  The  Atlantic?  The  Indian?  The 
Arctic?  The  Antarctic?  Name  the  chief  islands,  border  seas,  and  gulfs  of  the  Pacific. 
Of  the  Atlantic.  Of  the  Indian.  From  what  level  are  all  heights  estimated'  What 
can  you  say  of  it  ?  (Ans.  After  allowing  for  the  temporary  effects  of  tides,  winds,  etc., 
the  surface  of  the  sea  stands  at  the  same  level  in  all  parts  of  the  world.)  What  are 
ocean  currents  ?  What  can  you  say  of  their  extent  ?  Of  their  causes  ?  Name  some 
of  the  principal  currents.  Of  what  use  are  they?  Describe  the  equatorial  currents. 
The  Gulf  Stream.     The  Japan  Stream.     The  polar  currents. 

How  high  does  the  atmosphere  extend  ?  W  here  is  it  most  dense  ?  Why  ?  At  what 
height  does  plant  life  cease?  Why?  What  can  you  say  of  the  composition  of  the 
atmosphere  and  of  the  use  of  each  part  ?  (Ans.  The  atmosphere  consists  chiefly  of  a 
mixture  of  three  gases.  Dry  air  contains  about  one  fifth  part  oxygen,  nearly  four  fifths 
nitrogen,  and  about  one  five-hundredth  p.irt  carbonic  acid.  There  is  also  a  variable 
quantity  of  watery  vapor,  which  is  the  source  of  all  rains  and  dews.  The  oxygen  is  the 
vital  element  in  the  breath  of  animals,  but  would  destroy  life  if  it  were  not  so  greatly 

•  For  mounuins,  plateaus,  and  plains,  consult  Ihe  physical  maps  and  Ihc  sections  of  tlic  continents. 


diluted  with  nitrogen.  Carbonic  acid  furnishes  all  plants  with  carbon,  of  which  they 
are  chiefly  composed.)  What  is  the  chief  source  of  the  watery  vapor?  What  arc  the 
effects  of  the  heat  of  the  sun  upon  air  ?  In  what  zone  are  these  effects  the  most  power- 
ful ?  What  are  winds  ?  Describe  the  trade-winds.  The  counter-trades.  In  what  re- 
spects are  wind^  similar  to  ocean  currents  ?     Of  what  uses  are  winds  ? 

What  is  climate  ?  Upon  what  does  it  chiefly  depend  ?  How  afl'ectcd  by  latitude  ? 
By  elevation  ?  By  sea  winds  ?  By  land  winds  ?  By  ocean  currents  ?  By  distance  from 
the  sea?  What  is  meant  by  the  annual  rain-fall  of  a  country?  In  which  zone  is  it 
greatest  ?  Describe  the  tropical  rain-belt.  How  does  it  aflTect  climate  and  vegetation  ? 
How  do  high  mountains  aff'ect  climate?  What  is  the  chief  cause  of  deserts?  Where 
is  the  great  desert  belt?  What  states  or  countries  in  each  continent  have  a  very  dry 
climate  ? 

What  is  a  river  system?  A  basin  or  valley?  What  great  rivers  flow  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  ?  W'hat  plains  do  they  drain  ?  What  great  rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic 
and  its  seas,  etc  ?  What  plains  or  what  plateaus  do  they  drain  ?  Which  is  the  most 
extensive  river  system  of  North  America?  Name  some  of  the  principal  branches. 
Of  South  America?  The  chief  branches?  What  great  rivers  flow  into  the  Indian 
Ocean?  What  plains  or  what  plateaus  do  they  drain?  Into  the  Pacific?  What 
plains  or  plateaus  do  they  drain  ?  What  rivers  of  Europe  and  Asia  do  not  flow  into 
the  ocean  ?  Into  what  do  they  flow?  Why  are  such  lakes  salt?  Are  there  any  salt 
lakes  in  the  United  States?  Where?  In  any  other  part  of  the  world?  Where? 
Where  is  the  Dead  Sea?  For  what  remarkable?  In  which  continents  are  the  two 
chief  systems  of  fresh- water  lakes?  With  what  rivers  and  ocean  are  they  connected? 
What  is  meant  by  "perpetual  snow?"  By  the  "snow-line?"  How  does  its  height 
vary?  What  are  glaciers?  How  formed?  Where  found  in  Europe  ?  In  Asia?  In 
North  America?  What  is  Greenland  supposed  to  be?  (Ans.  An  archipelago  in 
which  both  land  and  sea  are  filled  with  glaciers.)  What  are  icebergs?  How  formed? 
(See  page  15.)  (Another  cause  is  that  the  lower  ends  of  arctic  and  antarctic  glaciers 
are  sometimes  pushed  forward  along  the  sea-bottom  and  into  very  deep  water.  Being 
lighter  than  the  salt  water,  they  have  a  tendency  to  float,  and  thus  break  off.) 

Upon  what  does  the  character  of  vegetable  lite  chiefly  depend  ?  (Ans.  Upon  climate 
and  soil.)  Where  is  the  principal  forest  region  of  North  America?  What  parts  of  it 
abound  in  pines  and  firs?  Where  are  the  prairie  regions?  What  vegetation  is  found 
on  the  great  western  plains?  Near  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean?  W'here  is  the 
western  forest  region  ?  Which  are  its  principal  trees?  Where  are  the  largest  trees  in 
the  world  ?  What  is  the  character  of  the  vegetation  of  the  West  Indies  and  the  low 
parts  of  Central  America?  Name  some  of  its  trees.  Where  are  the  grassy  regions 
of  South  .America  ?  The  desert  regions  ?  The  great  forest  region  ?  Name  some  of 
its  most  useful  trees.  The  chief  forest  regions  of  Europe  ?  Of  Asia?  Name  some 
Asiatic  plants.     Where  is  the  principal  forest  belt  of  Africa? 

Name  the  chief  food  plants  of  the  temperate  regions  of  North  America.  Of  the 
warmer  regions  and  the  West  Indies.  Of  South  America.  Of  southern  Europe.  Of 
the  rest  of  Europe.  Of  southern  Asia.  Of  Africa.  Of  Australia.  Which  is  the 
principal  grain  of  the  world  ?  (Ans.  Rice  ;  it  supports  more  than  one  third  of  the 
human  race.) 

Name  some  quadrupeds  foiind  in  the  colder  parts  of  North  America.*  What 
other  quadrupeds  are  found  in  that  continent?  Name  its  largest  reptile.  The  most 
remarkable  birds.  The  most  remarkable  quadrupeds,  birds,  and  reptiles  of  South 
America.  Some  of  the  quadrupeds  of  northern  Europe.  Of  other  parts  of  Europe. 
From  what  continent  were  most  of  our  domestic  animals  originally  derived  ?  Name 
some  of  the  most  remarkable  animals  of  northern  Asia.  Of  desert  Asia.  Of  southern 
Asia.  What  peculiarity  have  most  of  the  Australian  quadrupeds  ?  Name  some  of 
the  pouched  animals.  Some  of  the  birds  of  .Australia  and  their  peculiarities.  How  is 
.Africa  remarkable  in  regard  to  its  animals  ?     Name  some  of  them. 

Name  the  five  races  of  mankind.  Which  two  are  the  most  numerous?  Which  is 
the  least?  What  part  of  mankind  is  comprised  in  each  of  the  five  races?  Where 
is  the  Caucasian  race  found?  The  Mongol?  The  Ethiopian?  The  Malay?  The 
American  ?  For  what  is  the  Caucasian  race  distinguished  ?  What  races  are  found  in 
North  America  ?  In  what  part  of  the  continent  are  the  Caucasians  chiefly  found  ?  Of 
what  race  are  the  Esquimaux  ?  (^^/w.  Mongol.)  Where  are  they  ?  (4«J.  On  the  shores 
of  Alaska  .and  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.)  The  Ethiopians?  The  Americans?  What  two 
races  occupy  Europe?  Which  are  the  chief  European  branches  of  the  Caucasian 
race?  Where  are  the  Celts?  The  Teutons?  The  Sclavcs?  To  which  branch  do 
the  Irish  belong?  The  Welsh?  The  Germans?  The  English?  The  Russians? 
What  peoples  of  Europe  are  Mongols?  (Ans.  Lapps,  Finns,  Turks,  and  Magyars.) 
What  three  races  occupy  Asia?  What  mountains  separate  the  Mongols  from  the 
Caucasians?  Of  what  race  are  the  Persians?  The  Chinese?  The  Arabs?  The 
Hindoos?  The  Japanese?  The  Tartars?  In  what  part  of  the  continent  is  the 
Malay  race  found?  In  what  archi])elago  is  the  greater  part  of  that  race?  What  two 
r.aces  occupy  Africa?  Which  is  the  more  numerous?  In  what  part  is  the  Ethiopian 
race  ?    The  Caucasian  ? 


•  In  the  illustrations  the  animals  of  each  continent  are  arranged  in  the  general  order  cf  their  latitude. 


POLITICAL   AND   COMMERCIAL   GEOGRAPHV— GENERAL   REVIEW. 


123 


POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY-GENERAL   REVIEW. 


What  is  Political  Geography?  What  does  it  include?  Which  are  the  principal 
forms  of  government ?  W'hat  is  a  republic ?  A  monarchy?  A  limited  monarchy? 
An  unlimited  monarchy?  A  kingdom?  An  empire?  Give  an  example  of  each 
form  of  government.  What  form  of  government  prevails  in  the  New  World?  In  the 
Old  World?  What  empire  in  America?  What  republics  in  Europe?  What  title  is 
usually  given  to  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  republic?  Of  a  state?  Of  a  city?  To  the 
sovereign  of  Russia  ?  Of  Prussia  ?  Of  Germany?  Of  Turkey  ?  Of  Eg)'pt?  Of 
Japan  ?     What  is  the  capital  of  a  country  ?     The  metropolis  ? 

What  countries  and  islands  of  North  America  and  the  West  Indies  belong  to  Great 
Biitain?  To  Spain?  To  Denmark?  Which  are  independent?  Name  the  capital 
of  each  country  of  North  America.  Its  largest  city.  What  language  is  spoken  in  the 
City  of  Mexico?  Quebec?  New  Orleans?  Havana?  Guatemala?  Which  of  the 
countries  of  South  America  are  European  colonies?  Where  are  most  of  the  civilized 
inhabitants  of  that  continent?  Name  the  capital  of  each  country.  The  largest  city. 
What  language  is  spoken  in  Caracas?  In  Lima?  In  Rio  Janeiro?  In  Valparaiso? 
In  Bogota?  In  Buenos  Ayres?  How  do  the  Creoles  of  Spanish  America  compare 
with  the  other  races  in  numbers?  Which  state  of  South  America  has  the  largest 
projxjrtion  of  Europeans  ? 

Which  countries  of  FZurope  are  empires  ?  Which  are  republics  ?  Which  are  king- 
doms ?  Which  is  the  most  extensive  monarchy  in  the  world?  Which  is  next  in  ex- 
tent ?  Which  of  these  two  has  the  greater  population  ?  What  countries  are  embraced 
in  the  Russian  Empire  ?  In  what  country  is  the  greater  part  of  its  population  ?  Of 
what  races  and  religions  are  they?  What  countries  are  included  in  the  British  Em- 
pire ?  Of  what  races  and  religions  are  its  inhabitants  ?  In  what  country  arc  the  greater 
part  of  the  inhabitants?  Of  what  countries  does  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  consist?  Name  the  capital  and  one  large  city  in  each.  What  language  is 
spoken  in  London?  In  Edinburgh?  In  Dublin?  In  Wales?  {A its.  Cymnc)  In 
Western  Ireland  ?  (Aiis.Erse.)  In  St.  Petersburg  ?  In  Christiania?  In  Stockholm  ? 
In  Copenhagen  ?  In  Amsterdam  ?  In  Brussels  ?  In  Paris?  In  Berlin?  In  Vienna? 
In  Berne?  In  Lisbon?  In  Geneva?  In  Venice  ?  In  Naples?  In  Athens?  In 
Constantinople?     {Ans.  Many  languages.) 

Name  the  foreign  possessions  of  France.  What  name  is  given  to  the  Swiss 
states?  What  peoples  inhabit  Switzerland?  What  is  the  proper  title  of  Austria? 
What  provinces  are  included  in  the  empire?  (See  map.)  What  peoples  consti- 
tute  the   population?     Which  is  the   most  numerous?     What  kingdom  is  on  the 


Danube  and  the  Save?  On  the  Adriatic  Sea?  What  can  you  say  of  the  population 
of  European  Turkey  ?  Which  is  the  governing  people  ?  Of  what  race,  origin,  and 
religion?  Name  the  provinces  of  European  Turkey.  Who  is  the  head  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan religion?  What  countries  are  included  in  the  Turkish  Empire?  What 
titles  are  sometimes  given  to  the  Turkish  government?  (Aiis.  The  Ottoman  Porte 
and  the  Sublime  Porte.)  What  are  the  character  and  effects  of  the  government? 
Name  the  colonial  possessions  of  Denmark.  What  two  separate  kingdoms  of  North- 
ern Europe  have  the  same  king?    Which  of  these  is  the  more  populous  and  powerful? 

Name  the  countries  of  Asia.  The  capital  of  each.  What  European  nations  have 
possessions  in  Asia?  Which  are  the  Asiatic  possessions  of  Russia?  Of  Great  Britain? 
Of  France  ?  Of  Turkey  ?  Of  the  Netherlands  ?  Of  Spain  ?  Name  the  divisions 
of  Asiatic  Russia.  Which  is  the  most  populous?  Name  its  capital.  Describe  the 
European  population  of  Siberia.  What  countries  are  included  in  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire ?  Name  in  their  order  five  governments  which  occupy  more  than  half  of  the 
land  surface  of  the  globe.  Where  are  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Chinese 
Empire?  What  is  the  form  of  government  ?  Name  the  chief  islands  of  Japan.  What 
is  the  character  of  the  government?  By  whom  is  British  India  governed?  Who  is 
Empress  of  India  ?  What  countries  are  included  in  Indo-China?  What  is  the  char- 
acter of  the  native  governments  of  Asia  ?    Who  are  the  Bedouins  ? 

To  whom  do  the  Philippines  belong?  What  is  the  capital?  What  city  is  the 
capital  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies?  Name  the  colonial  divisions  of  Australia.  What 
other  Briti.sh  colonies  are  near  Australia?  To  whom  do  the  Fcejee  Islands  belong? 
The  Society  Islands  ?  The  Sandwich  ?  What  is  the  character  of  the  native  govern- 
ments of  Africa?  Name  its  most  important  countries.  Name  the  capital  of  each. 
What  countries  of  Africa  are  dependencies  of  Turkey?  Of  Egypt?  Where  are  the 
Portuguese  posscs.sions ?  The  English?  The  French?  Name  the  Barbary  States, 
Which  of  them  is  independent?  What  three  independent  republics  in  Africa?  What 
coast  is  held  by  the  Arabs?  What  African  islands  belong  to  Great  Britain?  To 
France  ?    To  Spain  ?    To  Portugal  ? 

How  many  states  in  the  United  States  ?  How  many  territories  ?  What  is  the  form 
of  government  ?  What  city  is  the  capital?  What  is  a  state?  A  territory?  Name 
the  physical  groups  into  which  the  United  States  may  be  divided.  Name  the  states 
in  each  group,  and  the  capital  and  largest  city  in  each  state. 

What  provinces  constitute  the  Dominion  of  Canada  ?  Describe  its  form  of  govern- 
ment ?    Name  the  capital  and  the  largest  city  of  each  province  ? 


COMMERCIAL   GEOGRAPHY-GENERAL    REVIEW. 


What  is  domestic  commerce?  Foreign  commerce?  What  articles  of  commerce 
do  the  New  England  States  supply  to  other  parts  of  the  country  ?  The  Middle  .Vtlantic 
States  ?  The  South  Atlantic  ?  The  South  Central  ?  The  North  Central  ?  The  West 
Central  ?  The  Pacific  States?  The  rest  of  the  Great  Highland  ?  Which  is  the  chief 
article  of  export  of  the  United  States  ?  Name  other  leading  articles  of  export  to  Eu- 
rope. To  South  America.  To  Asia.  To  the  West  Indies.  Name  the  principal  im- 
ports of  the  United  .States.  Name  in  their  order  five  of  its  chief  sea-ports.  With 
what  country  is  our  principal  foreign  commerce?  Which  are  the  chief  articles  of 
import  from  England?  Scotland?  France?  Germany?  Italy?  Brazil?  United 
States  of  Colombia  ?  Venezuela  ?  Mexico  ?  Cuba  ?  Canada  ?  China  ?  Japan  ? 
British  India?     Dutch  E.nst  Indies?* 

From  what  countries  do  we  import  coffee  ?  Tea  ?  Sugar  and  Molasses  ?  Wool- 
len goods?  Cotton  goods?  Linens?  Silk  goods'  K.iw  silk?  Iron  and  steel 
goods?  Salt?  Spices?  Fruits?  Rice?  Hides  and  skins?  Dye -woods?  India- 
rubber  ? 

Name  the  chief  Mediterranean  ports  of  Spain.  Of  France.  Of  Italy.  Of  Aus- 
tria. Of  Turkey.  Of  Eg)'pt.  Of  the  Barbary  States.  Name  the  southern  ports 
of  Russia.  The  most  northern  port.  The  Baltic  ports  of  Russia.  Of  Sweden.  Of 
Denmark.  Of  Germany.  The  chief  Atlantic  ports  of  Norway.  Of  Germany.  Ofihe 
Netherlands.  Of  Belgium.  Of  France.  Of  Spain.  Of  Portugal.  Of  England.  Of 
Scotland.  Of  Ireland.  Of  British  North  America.  Of  the  United  States.  Of  Brazil. 
Of  Guiana.  Of  Uruguay.  Of  the  Argentine  Confcderntion.  Of  Iceland.  Name  the 
chief  port  or  ports  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  or  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  belonging  to  the  United 
States.  To  .Spain.  To  Mexico.  To  Great  Britain.  To  Venezuela.  To  the  United 
States  of  Colombia.  What  ports  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  are  in  China  ?  In  Indo-China? 
In  Japan?  In  the  United  States  ?  In  Mexico?  In  the  United  States  of  Colombia? 
InEquador?  In  Peru  ?  In  Chili  ?  In  Australia?  In  New  Zealand  ?  In  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  ?  Which  is  the  chief  port  or  ports  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies  ?  In  the 
Spanish  East  Indies  ?  On  the  southern  coast  of  Africa  ?  On  the  eastern  coast  ?  On 
the  Red  Sea?    The  Arabian  Sea.'    The  Persian  Gulf?    The  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 


'  For  valuable  statislics  uf  the  commerce  of  the  world,  sec  page  125. 
38 


Tabular  Revie'wrs. — In  addition  to  the  numerous  map  reviews  found  in  the  text 
of  this  work,  it  may  Ix;  found  expedient  to  introduce  topical  reviews  in  the  form  of  tabu- 
lar synopses.  Models  are  given  below.  The  headings  for  the  columns  may  be  greatly 
varied.     The  number  of  topics  for  each  lesson  is  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  teacher. 


COUNTKIES. 

NORTH  BOUNDABV. 

EAST  BOUNDARY. 

SOUTH  BOUNDARV. 

WEST   BOUNDARY. 

Mexica j 

United  States. 

Rio  Grande  and 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Central  America. 

Pacific  Ocean. 

United  Stales. . .  | 

Dom.  of  Canada. 

Atlantic  Ocean. 

Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  Mexico. 

Pacific  Ocean. 

COUNTRIES. 

SURFACH.       MOUNTAINS  AND  PLAINS. 

RIVERS. 

LAKES. 

CLIUATE. 

Chili j 

Mountainous. 

Andes. 

None. 

None.             i°7 '".'*- 
'  Ramy  m  S. 

Argentine    1 
Confederation^ 

Level. 

Pampas. 

La  Plata, 
Parana. 

Cold  and  dry 
Salt  Lakes.         in  S.  Trop- 
ical in  N. 

COUNTRIES. 

COVERN- 
UENT. 

RULER. 

CAPITALS. 

LARGEST 
QTIES. 

EXPORTS. 

Austria j 

Limited 
Monarchy. 

Emperor. 

Vienna. 

Vienna. 

Wheat,  wine,  and  manu- 
factures. 

IlaJy { 

Limited 
Monarchy. 

King. 

Rome. 

Naples. 

Oil  and  manufactures. 

STATES. 

MOUNTAINS. 

RIVERS  AND  LAKES. 

RArLROADS. 

PRODUCTS. 

CAPITALS  and 

CHIEF  CITIES 

New  York...  j 

Adirnnd.ick, 
CatskiU. 

Hudson  R..  Genesee  R. 
Seneca  L.,  Cayuga  L. 

N.Y.C.&Hud-l      Iron,  Salt, 
sonR  ,  NY  ,  L.    Buller.Chcese, 
Erie,  &  W.     1  M.^nufactures. 

Albany, 
New  York. 

.    (     Allechanv, 
Pennsylvamal      B,uj^eic. 

Susquehanna  R.,                 Pennsylvania 
Alleghany  R., 
MoDongahela  R.              j 

Iron.  Coal, 

Petroleum, 

Manufactures. 

Harri^burr, 
Philadeli-hia. 

12  t 


CARTOGRAPHY. 


CARTOGRAPHY. 


Order  of  the  Maps  —To  obtain  the  best  results  it  is  advised  that  the  maps  be 
talven  in  the  following  order:  1.  The  several  states  of  the  United  States;  2.  Groups 
of  states  ;  3.  The  continents  ;  4.  Separate  countries  of  Europe  ;  5.  The  United  States  ; 
0.  The  hemispheres. 

Materials  and  Conveniences.— 1.  Suitable  paper.  3.  Lead-pencils— No.  2 
will  generally  be  found  the  best  for  the  work  ;  keep  sharp  with  fine  file.  3.  Ruler- 
one  with  a  scale  is  best.  4.  A  flexible  ruler  will  be  found  convenient,  but  is  not  in- 
dispensable ;  it  should  be  a  thin  and  narrow  strip  of  cedar,  or  some  other  even-grained 
wood ;  a  good  piece  of  whalebone  may  be  made  to  answer.  5.  Dividers  are  con- 
venient, but  may  be  dispensed  with.  6.  Ink  for  going  over  the  penciled  coast-lines, 
and  all  other  details;  India  ink  is  the  best.  7.  Colors:  three  colors— blue,  yellow, 
and  red— are  indispensable  ;  by  proper  mixtures  of  these  all  other  necessary  colors 
may  be  made.  8.  brushes,  or  hair-pencils,  of  different  sizes,  for  laying  on  the  colors 
—two  or  three  are  enough.  It  is  also  important  to  have  two  or  more  right-angled 
rulers  of  different  sizes,  for  making  true  corners  to  the  maps,  etc.  They  may  be 
readily  constructed  of  cardboard  in  the  following  manner  : 

Upon  a  stiff  piece  of  cardboard 
draw  a  straight  line,  A  B,  and  meas- 
ure off  two  equal  parts,  P  A  and  P  B. 
With  P  .as  the  centre,  draw  the  semi- 
circle A  E  B.  From  any  point  on 
the  circumference,  as  D,  draw  lines  to 
A  and  B.  The  angle  D  is  a  right- 
angle.  Cut  the  card  on  the  three 
lines  forming  the  triangle  ;  use  a  sharp 
knife. 

It  will  often  be  necessary  to  divide  a  straight  line  into  a  certain  number  of  equal 
parts. 

1.  To  divide  a  line  into  3,  4,  8,  or  16  equal  parts,  when  you  have  neither  scale  nor 
dividers  :  take  a  strip  of  writing-paper  having  a  straight  edge  and  just  as  long  as  the 
line  to  be  divided  ;  fold  it  very  carefully  once  for  halves,  twice  for  fourths,  etc.,  and 
then  measure  and  mark  these  divisions  upon  the  line. 

2.  To  divide  a  straight  line  into  any  mimher  of  equal  parts.  Suppose  A  B  to  be 
the  line,  and  that  it  is  to  be  divided  into  five  equal  parts. 

From  either  end  draw       .  ^ ^ J_ 

a  straight  line,  A  C,  of  any 
convenient  length,  and,  begin-  i~ 

ning  at  A,  measure  off  upon  A  C  as 
many  equal  parts  (.5)  of  any  length  as  there 
are  to  be  in  A  B.     Draw  a  line  from  the  last  point 
(5)  to  B.     Now  from  points  4,  3,  2,  and  1  draw  lines  paral- 
lel to  the  line  5  B.    They  will  divide  A  B  into  five  equal  parts. 

To  draw  these  lines  exactly  parallel,  cut  from  a  card  an  angle  that  will 
exnclly  fit  into  the  angle  at  ."J.     Put  one  side  of  this  card-angle  upon  the  line  A  C, 
with  the  point  exactly  at  4,  and  draw  the  line  4  b.    Do  the  same  at  3,  2,  and  1. 


METHOD  OF  DRAWING. 

Many  plans  have  been  devised  to  facilitate  the  accurate  copying  of  maps.  The 
simplest  and  most  efficient  is  the  method  of  equal  squares.  It  has  long  been  used  in 
copying  maps,  pictures,  plans,  etc.  The  following  example  will  sufficiently  illustrate 
the  method  ; 

To  dra^v  the  Map  of  North  America — 1.  Divide  the  map  into  equal  squares. 
Divide  the  upper  and  lower  inner  margins  into  four  equal  parts,  marking  the  points 
lightly  in  lead-pencil.  Commencing  at  the  upper  corners,  measure  off  on  the  right 
and  left  margins  distances  equal  to  the  divisions  of  the  upper  and  lower  margins. 
Connect  e.ach  point  with  the  point  opposite  by  a  lightly  drawn  pencil  line.  Observe 
that  one  of  these  lines  is  the  central  meridian  of  the  map.  The  map  is  now  divided 
into  twenty  equal  squares  and  four  parts  of  squares.  These  last  may  be  omitted  in 
drawing,  if  it  be  thonght  desirable.  If  retained,  notice  that  they  are  about  one  quarter 
as  wide  as  they  are  long. 

2.  Prepare  the  paper.  —  If  the  scale  of  the  map  is  to  be  the  same  as  that  in  the 
book,  construct  the  twenty  sqnares,  using  the  same  measures.  If  the  map  is  to  be  on 
a  larger  or  smaller  scale,  draw  a  line  of  suitable  length  for  the  upper  margin,  and 


divide  it  into  four  equal  parts,  .^t  the  ends  of  this  line  draw  two  others  at  right 
angles  to  it,  and  measure  off  upon  each  five  parts  equal  to  those  of  the  upper  line  ;  join 
the  opposite  points,  and  complete  the  diagram  as  before.  Let  all  the  lines  be  drawn 
lightly,  so  as  to  be  easily  removed  with  the  rubber. 

3.  To  copy  the  map,  begin  with  the 
upper  left-hand  square,  and  draw  the  out- 
lines lightly  in  pencil,  being  careful  to 
observe  in  what  parts  of  the  square  they 
are  to  be,  and  where  they  cross  the  sides 
of  the  square,  and  so  proceed  with  each 
square.  While  drawing,  rest  your  hand 
upon  a  piece  of  paper,  so  as  not  to  soil 
your  map.  Always  work  from  above 
downward.  If  very  great  accuracy  is  de- 
sired, subdivide  each  of  the  squares,  both 
of  the  original  and  the  copy,  into  four 
or  more  smaller  squares,  and  proceed  as 
before.  The  greater  the  number  of 
squares,  the  more  accurate  may  the  copy 
be  made.  To  prevent  mistakes,  it  is  de- 
sirable to  number  or  letter  the  squares 
in  some  regular  order. 

If  the  meridians  and  parallels  are  to 
be  inserted,  mark  lightly  the  places  where 
they  cross  the  sides  of  the  squares,  and  draw  them  either  with  the  flexible  ruler  or 
with  the  free  hand. 

In  drawing  the  outlines,  include  only  the  coasts,  islands,  lakes,  rivers,  and  the 
boundaries  of  countries.  To  fill  in  the  details  and  complete  the  map,  observe  the 
following  order  : 

1.  Go  over  the  meridians,  parallels,  and  outlines  slowly  and  carefully  with  a  fine 
pen  ;  use  thin  India  ink.  2  Draw  the  mountains. — Use  the  lead-pencil.  Practice  first 
on  a  piece  of  paper:  observe  that  the  lines  used  are  very  fine;  that  they  are  divergent, 
not  parallel  ;  that  they  are  in  small  groups,  each  of  which  has  a  blank  space  in  the 
middle  ;  that  the  higher  mountains  have  two  or  three  sets  of  lines  and  are  darker 
near  the  blank  centre.  3.  Letter  the  map. — Use  the  lead -pencil.  Practice  first  on 
paper :  be  very  careful  as  to  spacing  the  letters,  and  use  the  simplest  styles.  Begin 
with  the  names  which  are  in  large  capitals ;  then  insert  the  names  of  lakes,  rivers, 
cities,  capes,  etc.  As  far  as  possible  let  the  lines  of  letters  follow  the  direction  of 
the  parallels.  Go  over  mountains  and  letters  with  ink.  Clear  all  pencil  marks  from 
the  map  before  coloring.  4.  Color  the  jnap. — Use  only  clean  water  to  mix  the  colors. 
Do  not  color  too  strongly.     If  the  first  coat  is  too  weak  when  drv,  add  another. 

To  avoid  drawing  pencil  lines  across  the  engraved  map. — This  may  readily  be 
done  in  any  one  of  several  ways.  The  following  is  the  easiest  and  best :  Procure 
at  the  stationer's  a  sheet  of  gelatine  paper,  such  as  is  used  in  copying  plans,  etc.  It 
is  nearly  as  transparent  as  glass.  The  piece  used  may  be  of  the  same  size  as  the 
map  in  the  book,  or  it  may  be  of  one  half  or  even  of  one  quarter  of  that  size.  If  of 
the  full  size,  rule  it  into  squares,  as  directed  in  2.  Blacken  the  lines  carefully  with 
ink,  and  let  them  dry,  and  repeat  the  process  if  necessary.  To  use  this  sheet  lay  it 
upon  the  map  with  the  lines  upon  the  under  side,  so  that  the  central  meridian  and 
margins  of  the  map  exactly  correspond  with  the  lines  upon  the  paper. 

If  a  sheet  of  one  half  or  one  quarter  the  size  is  used,  each  large  square  must  be 
divided  into  four  smaller  ones.  Lay  it  upon  the  map  so  that  its  edges  correspond 
wMlh  the  central  meridian  and  the  margins,  and,  after  drawing  that  half  or  fourth  of  the 
map,  follow  the  same  plan  with  the  remaining  portions. 

Another  method,  very  suitable  for  home  work,  is  to  use  a  small  pane  of  glass  of 
the  half  size  or  quarter  size,  and  ruled  into  squares  with  a  common  pen  filled  with 
ordinary  black  paint  mixed  with  varnish.  Or  the  ruling  may  be  done  with  a  diamond, 
and  the  lines  blackened.  Use  with  the  ruled  side  down.  Still  another  plan  is  to 
make  a  frame  of  cardboard,  or  some  other  suitable  material,  and  divide  the  enclosed 
space  into  squares  by  means  of  fine  threads  or  wires. 

Additional  Hints.— Never  begin  to  draw  a  line  initil  yon  have  carefully  made 
up  vour  mind  as  to  just  7fliere  it  is  to  be  and  what  it  is  to  be. 
Sm.ill  squares  will  be  found  best  for  maps  of  separate  states. 

Observe  that  the  meridians  are  not  the  same  distance  apart  at  the  top  of  the  map 
as  at  the  bottom,  and  that  only  one  of  them  is  a  perfectly  straight  line. 

It  will  be  useful  to  remember  that  a  degree  on  the  central  meridian  is  about  sev- 
enty miles. 

The  single-page  maps  in  this  book  are  all  of  one  size,  but  arc  not  drawn  on  the 
same  scale. 


STATISTICAL   TABLES. 


POPULATION  OF  SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  WOULD. 

[For  the  PupulatioD  of  the  Priacifal  Citira  of  the  lTi,ii«tl  SlAU«,  C«dbiu  of  1)V>0,  G«e  pose  ^■i.^ 


NOBTH  IXEBICA. 

Britixh  America. 

Montrea],Queb. . .  1  -HNSfiS 

roronto,  Onl 8«,445 

Quebec,  Queb. .. .  6?,44H 
Halifax,  N   S...  36,1«0 

Hamilton 3.S,96I 

Otiaua,  Ont 'i7,7ia 

St.  Johns,  N.  F. .  22,5S3 

Mexico. 

Mexico 2.',0,OflO 

Leon 9(>,IKI0 

(iuadalaxara 8ll,uU0 

Puebla (j.">,ifin 

Guanaxuato 6'i.unO 

S.  Luis  Potosi 40,WP;) 

Central  America. 

Guatemala. .....  ^','2^ 

Sin  Salvador U.crai 

banjos; l.'.OOJ 

West  Indies 

Havana,  Cuba  . . .  2:10.009 

S  intiago .S6,7.">2 

Kingston,  Jamaica  34,314 
Port     au     Prince, 

Hayti    27,000 

St.   Johns,    Porto 

Rico 18,132 

San  Domingo ltj,UO0 


Paramaribo 25,000 

Cayenne 7,632 


SOCTH  AXEBICA. 

Tenezuela. 

Caracas 68,000 

Maracaybo 21,'Jd4 

r.  S.  of  Colombia. 

Hogola 4fl.S'*3 

Panama 1S378 

Popavan R,4S.'i 

Cart.agena 7,800 

Ecuailor. 

Quito    80,000 

Guayaquil 20,000 

Pern. 

Lima 101,4.88 

Callao .13,.-i02 

Cuzco 18,370 

Boliria. 

la  Paz 7(i,37-> 

Cochabaraba 4'>,li78 

Sucre 23,979 

Chili. 

.■Santiago  160,167 

Valparaiso '.I7,737 

Argentine  ronfctlera- 
tion. 

Buenos  Ayres. . .  28S.fl00 

Cordova 28,623 

Kosario 23,000 

rrnKnay.  < 

Montevideo 73,303 

PaniEaAy. 

Asuncion 19,463 

Brazil. 

Rio  Janeiro 274,972 

li.lhia 128,:l«i 

Pemambuco ....  1 1  ti, 07 1 
Maranham 31,G04 

Guiana. 

Georgetown 35,000 


E  I'  IS  O  P  F. 

Norway. 

Christiania 76.800 

Bergen 34,38,1 

Sweden. 

Stockholm I76,74.'> 

Gotlenburg 78,ol3 

Kussia, 

.St  Petersburg 876,5?.', 

Moscow- 611,974 

Warsaw 3:19,341 

Odessa 19:f,613 

Ri;a  I6ti,68:i 

Kishenev 112,137 

Astrakhan 57,704 

Cronstadt 47,  ItlO 

Archangel 20,178 

Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. 

London 3,814,571 

I  -iverpooi .5.62,425 

(i.asgow 511,6,12 

Hirmingham 4(Hi,  757 

Manchester 393,i;7C 

Leeds 30!l,12G 

Sheffield 284,410 

Dublin 2411,486 

Edinburgh 228.190 

Belfast 2"7,«7l 

Bristol 206,.6I)3 

Bradford 180,4.69 

Hull 1(11,619 

Newcastle    145,228 

Dundee 143,4.54 

Brighton 128.407 

Portsmouth 127,9,63 

Sunderland 124,960 

Leicester 122,351 

Swansea 10.6,949 

Aberdeen 10.6,0.64 

Nottingham 111,631 

Cork 78,361 

Denmark. 

Copenhagen 273,323 

Netherlands. 

Amsterdam 328,047 

Rotterdam 157,270 

The  Hague 123,499 

Belgium. 

Brussels 399,930 

Antwerp 163,011 

Ghent 132,839 

Liege 121,787 

France. 

Paris 2,209,023 

Lyons b7(;,613 

Marseilles 36U.099 

Bordeaux 2^1,::05 

Lille 178,144 

Toulouse 140.289 

St.  Etienne  12:1.813 

Nantes 124.319 

Rouen 105,91111 

Havre 10.6,867 

Keims 93,823 

Roiibaix 91,787 

Spnin. 

Madrid 397,690 

Barcelona 24'i,ln6 

Valencia 143,8.66 

Seville 133,938 

Malaga 116,882 


Granada 76,108 

Cadiz 6»,iijS 

Portugal. 

Lisbon 2,33,389 

Oporto    108,346 

Germany. 

Berlin 1,222,360 

Hamburg 410,127 

Bres.au 272,390 

Munich 230,023 

Dresden 220,818 

Klberkld-Barmen.189,364 
Frankfort-on-the- 

Main 149,309 

Leipsic 149,081 

Cologne 144.751 

Kimigsberg 140,896 

Magdeburg 137, 109 

Hanover 122.800 

Stuttgart 117,3"3 

Bremen 112.1.68 

Danlzic  108..649 

Strasbourg IO1.6OI 

Nuremberg 99,519 

Aostria. 

Vienna 1,103,857 

lluda-Pesth 3.69,  v.-] 

Prague 162,318 

Trieste 144,437 

Lemberg. 110,250 

Gratz  97,726 

Switzerland. 

Geneva 60,043 

Basle 01,399 

Beme 44,087 

Zurich 21,199 

Italy. 

Naples 4.V8, 

Milan 292, 

Rome 289, 

P.ilermo 236 

Turin  213 

Genoa 178, 

Florence   146, 

Venice 131, 

Messina   120. 

Bologna Ill, 

Leghorn 97, 

Ronmania. 

Bucharest 1 77,646 

Jassy 90,0110 

Galatz 80,000 

Serria. 

Belgrade 26,970  | 

Turkey.  \ 

Constantinople. .  .600,000 


,614 
524 
,321 
.679 
,6:16 
006 
,2(17 
,276 
,709 
933 
410 


Salonica 80,000 

Greece. 
Athens 63,374 


AFRICA. 

Barbary  States. 

Tunis  12.6.000 

Fez 100.000 

Algiers   52.702 

Morocco  6(1,000 

Mequinez 30,000 

Egypt.  ] 

Cairo .327,462 

Alexandria 16.6,7.62 

Damietta 32,7,30 

Suez 11,327 

Port  Said 3,854 


ASIA. 

Turkey. 

Sm>Tna. 150,000 

Damascus 1,60,000 

Beirut 65.000 

Brusa 60.000 

Erzroom 60.000 

Jerusalem 28,(i00 

Asiatic  Russia. 

Tiflis 1(14.024 

Tashkeud l(in.O(Hi 

Bokhara 7((.000 

Irkoutsk 33.8011 

Tomsk   33,795 

China. 

Pekin 1.6.60,000 

Canton l,,60(i,0(Ki 

Tientsin 96(1.000 

Han-chau 60(t.0(io 

Knh-chau Ooo.ooo 

Nankin   45().(IU(i 

Shanghai 278.000 

Ninppo 120,000 

Hong  Kong 102.O00 

Amov 88,000 

Varkand 80,000 

Kashgar 70,000 

Japan. 

Tokio  (Yedo) 811,510 

Ozaka 291,086 

Kioto 22;i,8IO 

Yokohama 67.499 

Nagasaki 40,601 

Hindostan. 

Calcutta 794,045! 

Bombay 753,000 

Madras 40.6,948 

Hyderabad 263,005 

I.tieknow 261 ,486 

Benares 207,570 

Patna 1.68,900 

Delhi 154,417; 

Indo-Cbina. 

B.inkok 600,600 

Singapore' 97.111 

8aigon..- 70,(i(Hl 

Hue 50,000 

Afghanistan. 

Cabul 60,000 

Kandah.ir .60,000 

Herat 45,000 

Persia. 

Teheran 2Of(.0flO 

Tabrilz 12(i,tKio 

Mejherf 60,000 

Ispahan 60,000 

Arabia. 

Mecca 4.6.000 

Muscat 35,000 

Malay  Islands. 

Manila 270,000 

Surabaya 1K.S24 

BaUvia 97,585 

I  AuBtralia. 

!  Melbourne 280,836 

Sydney 220,427 

.Auckland 39,966 

Adelaide 38,479 

B,lllarat 30,705 

HobartTown....  21,118 


MILITAKV  STATISTICS. 


(.Pi>r  Arc*  ud  Popalatioo  of  Conatriea 


CoQRtrlca. 


Armj. 


North  America. 

Dominion  of  Canada. . . ' 

Brit!sh  West  Indies 

Mexico 

United  States , 

Central  America I 

Cuba  and  Porio  Rico..| 
Hayti  and  San  Donuugo: 

South  Americi. 

Argentine  Confed 

Bolivia 

Brazil ! 

Chill j 

U  S  of  Colombia- 

Ecuador    

Hcru    

Uruguay   

Venezuela 

Kurope. 

Aiisiro-Hungary 

Belgium    

iJLMimark 

France 

German  Empire 

Gt.  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Greece 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Portugal    

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden  and  Nor»*ay... 

Switzerland    

Turkish  Empire 

.iHia,  Africa,  etc. 

China 

Japan 

Perriia 

I'-rirish  Eist  Indies... 
Piritish  Wc^t  Indies. . .. 

Dmch  East  Indies 

Dutch  West  Indies 

Eiypt    

Ausiralia,  etc 

Sandwich  Islands 


Armf.    I    t'ootimg. 


25,000 

2&,tH>U  3,IC5,000 


6,500' 


8,500 
3,1100 
15,000 

3,000 
1,200 
4,700 
2.riOO 
2,240 


N«»y 


300,000 

32/100; 

SO,itliOj 
31,000 

40,6(I0' 
2.S,(HK)' 
lS5,0Uoi 


COMMEKCIAL  STATISTICS. 

and  Sut««,  M«  Tables  [a  ibe  T«xt.] 


Trad«  Willi  tlie  United  Stiit««. 


Import*.       I       Export*. 


$40,657,000' $40,347,000  $119,800,000  $101,000,000 
9,636,(100      10,635,0(10  ' 


289,000 

I  46,000 

35,(100 

503,000 

1445,000 

132,000 

12,000 

734,000 

65,000 

3,5,000 

975,000 

95,000 

41.000 

ur.ooo 

,350,000 


300.000 
37.000 
58.000 

190,000 


1,126,0001 

106,0(H)i 

49,000 

3,7.53,0<lO 

1,492,00(1 

578,000 

35,000 

1,8,50,000 

I     163,000 

!      78,01(0 

2,73.3,0110 

4,50,000 

203,000 

211.000, 

610,000 


1,000,000 
52,000 


43,000      14 


17,5UO,000 

3,4I>0,OIIO 

6S,$4«.(iOO 

6,242,000 


B2,78:i,000 
3,4(11,000 
6,515,000 

782,000 
4,16.5,000 
6,894,000 


1,416,  OflO 
12.634,000 

921,000 

88,027,000 

84,492,000 

217,S39,(K10 

5,52.IHKI 

11,644,0(«1 

6,899,000 

7,58,OOfl 

2,887,000 

6,934.000 

948,00' 

1,K12,000 


22,359.000 
15,122,000 

18,012,000 
9.636,000 
7,2.50,000 
3,124,000 


11,173,(KIO 

lJ8lio,000 
14,066.(H«| 
6,393,000 

2,428,000 

9,252,000 
1,794,000 
6,6I4,0<I0 

1111,000 
1,61.3,000 
3,091,000 

2,265,000 
36,326,a0<( 

7,126,000 

94,274.0(Hi 

70,t;64,IHNi 

491,26(1,1(00 

142,000 

9,or.(,((((0 

26,3.V),0(Ki 
4,291,0fKl 
10,026,00( 
12,555,((00 
3,406,000 

1,499,000 


5,480.000 
3,938,000 

8.58,069 
10,635,000 
1,729,000 
1,190,000 


2,204,000       6,730,000 
■5,578,000       2,994,000 


33,0IM),000 
642,664,628 


44,660,000 
5,0(HI,0OO 
81,7,53,000 
22,740,000 
10,68H,(H10 
7,.596,000 
27,<K)0,0OO 
18,32«,0<l0 
14,800,0001 


302,900,000 
452,265,000 
5.3,744,(«»0 
9Sl,.',o9.0(iO 

973,200,000 

2,o,'>(;.i4S.iioo  1 

29.101,(100 
244„'>4.8,000 
3.38.680,000 

,34,046,000 
395,467,000 

88,68(1,000 
102,855,000] 


20,000.000 
650,618,'.I99 


66,497,000 

0,647,01)0 

102,029.000 

34;.62O,0O0 

13.712,000 

8,6,34,000 

45,000,000 

19,7.52,(100 

11,300,000 

330,000,000 
428.149,000 

42,577,000 
080,130,000 
705,375,000 
,432,072,000 

17,9;i2,(iOO 
225,129,000 
232,680,000 

20..',02,000 
418.467,000 
100,9SO,Of(0 

79,624,000 


107.900.000  99,250,000 

118.940.0001  116,825,000 
32,C.:il,0(iOi  28,304,000 

.5,Ci25.000,  2,812,000 

244,287,000  324,699,000 


32,7.50,0001   04,916,000 

236,894,0((0  806,1.50,000 

3,673,00((|    4,968,000 


LENGTH  AND  AREA  OF  BASIN  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  RIVERS  OF 
THE  WORLD  IN  ENGLISH  MILES. 


OLD    -WORLD. 


LiMictb  ! 


BofiD. 


Niie,  Africa 

Obi,  Siberia 

Yenisei,  Siberia 

YaiiK  tse  Kianc,  Cliina 

Zambesi,  South  Africa 

Niger,  Central  Africa 

;  Lena,  Siberia 

Amoor,  Amcoria 

Volga,  Russia 

I  Murray,  S.  Eastern  Australia  . 

Brahmapootra,  South  India.  • . 

Orange.  South  Africa 

Ganges,  Ind.a    


4,000 
3,000 
3,400 
3,320 
1,600 
3,000 
2,700 
2,650 
2,000 
1,500 
2,300 
1,000 
I.&lfl 


1,425,000 
1,2.50,000 
1,040,000 
950,000 
900,000 
800,000 
800,000 
786,000 
600,000 
6011,000 
460,000 
446,000 
416,000 


NEW    ■WOKL.D. 


,  Lenetb  ,       Arc* 
I        of  of 

Rirer*.  I     Buin. 


Amazon.  South  America I  3,750 

Mississippi  (entire),  U.  S 4,200 

La  Plata,  South  America 2,300 

Mackenzie,  British  N.  America  .  2,300 

St.  Lawrence,  Canada 2,0*>0 

Saskatchawan,  Brit.  N-  America.  1,900 

Orin»«u,  ^outh  .America 1,550 

Columbia,  North  Amunca 1,020 

Colorado,  U.S.,  N  America 1,000 

San  Francisco,  Brnzi',  S.  Amer. .  1,.550 

Rio  Grande,  U.S,,N.  A 1,500 

Yukon.  Alaska 1  1,600 

Colorado.  Texas     600 


2,275,000 

1,244,000 

1,242,(KM 

690,000 

480,000 

478,000 

340,000 

298,000 

267,000 

260,000 

240,000 

200,000 

38,000 


Area  and  PopuLition  of  the  World. 


Continent*. 


CHIEF  BELIOIOXS  OF  THE  WORID.— Christians,  394,000,000 :  Buddhists  (Asia),  300,000,000  to  500,- 
OdO.mKI;  Brahmins  (India),  14.5,000,000:  Relipon  of  Confucius  (China).  (••0,(i00,0(KI  to  100,000,000;  Shinto 
Religion  (Japan',  12,000,000  to  20,000,000;  Mohammedanism,  199,000,000;  Judaism,  7,000,000. 


Europe 

Asia 

lAfrica ,. .. 

[North  America 
iSouth  America. 
jAu^tralia,  etc. . . 


Whole  earth. 


PopQltUon. 


3,892,000 
17,832,000 
11,929,0110 
8,07.3,000 
7,316,000 
3..5S1,000 

64,416,0(;o 


327,744,000 
795,.591,OO0 
205,800,000 
67,049,001 
33.366,(l(H 
4,2.32,0(K 


l,4.33,888,(KM 


Aver.  Pnp 
In  Sq.  Mir< 


Chief  Divisions  of  Christians. 


n    .,  Romm         „    .    .     .  E«*l«ni 

ConUoMil*.  c.lholir..      rrolMUnU.      Chnrth... 


84 

44 

IT 
8.3 
4.5 
1.1 

26  3 


Europe 

North  America. 
South  America. 

Asia 

Africa 

Atist.  and  Polyn. 


148,000,000 

24,000,000 

23,000,000 

6,000,000 

1,000,000 

800.000 


72,000,000 
32,000.000 
1,000,000 
2,000,000 
2,000,000 
2,200,000 


09,000,000 


9,000,000 
3,000,000 


Totals ,201,800,000,111,200,000,81,000,000 


HEIGHTS  OF  SOME  OF  THE  PROaPAL  MOCNTAENS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


North  Aineriu. 


Foot. 


Mt  St.  Elias Coast  Mountains 17.900 


Popocatepetl Mexico  . 

Onzaba "       

Whitney Sierra  Nevada 

Rainier Cascade  M  ountains  . 

Shasta  (vol.) '*  " 

Tyndall Sierra  Nevada 

^lt.  Harvard Rocky  Mountains. . . 

Grays  Pe.ik "  " 

Mt.  Lincoln "  *'  . . . 

Longs  Peak "  '* 

Uncompahcre  Peak..      "  " 

Yale " 

PikesPeak. "  " 


17.S40 
.17,176 
.14,900 
.14,444 
.14,440 
.14,386 
.14,384 
.14,341 
.14,2!I7 
.14,271 
.14,2:15 
.14,1.50! 

14,147 


Korth  Americft— Continaetl. 

FmI. 
Mt.  Holy  Cross. Rocky  Mountains 14,000 

South  America. 

.Andes 22,422 

.      ••     22,350 

.      "      21,424 

.      "      21,286 

.      "      21,145 

19,500 

•'      19,137 


Aconcagua 

Sahama  (vol.)  ..  .. 
Chimborazo  (vol.). 

Sorata 

lllimani 

Cotopaxi  (vol.). . . . 
Antisana  (vol.) — 


Mt.  Blanc. 


Europe. 

.French  Al|>s 15,780 


Earope — Contlnnetl. 

Fwt. 

Mt.  Rosa Swiss  Alps 15,223 

Matterhorn "        '^ 14,835 

Finster  Aarhom "        "    14,ii25 

Jungfrau "        "   1,3,718 

Mt  Is^ran French  Alps 13,271 

Mt.  Nlulhacen Sierra  Ne\-ada 11,660 

P.  Nethou Pyrenees 11.168! 

Etna  (vol.) Sicilv 10,8»o  ' 

Vesuvius  (vol.) Italy 3,948 

Asia.  I 

Everest Himalara 29,062  1 

Dapsan.i; Kara  Korum 28.278 

Kinchinjunga . .  Himalaya. 28,166 


Asia— Con  tinned. 

F«»t. 

Dhawalaghiri Himalaya. 26,820 

H indoo-koosh .  2(i.('00 

Mt.  Elburz Caucasus 18,572 

Mt.  Demavend Persia 18,.500 

Mt.  Ararat Turkey 16,960 

Fujiyama  (vol.) Japan 14,000 


AfHca. 


Kilima  Njaro.. 
Mt.  Kenia 


20,0C5 

18,000 


AnstnlU. 

Mt.  Kosciusko Australian  Alps  . 

Mt.  Hotham. "  . 


T,176 
C,4U 


126 


STATISTICAL  TABLES.— PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  U.MTED  STATES-CENSUS  OF  1880. 

MAKLFACTUKING. 

MIKING. 

SUUm  and  TerritoriM. 

Improved 
lind. 

iDdtan  Cora. 

Whe.1. 

Oau. 

Whit. 

Potatoea. 

SwMt 

Polaloca. 

Tobacco. 

Cotton. 

Wool 

BotUr. 

CbecM. 

Hay. 

Capital. 

Piodncl. 

rndoct. 

llu>»>li. 

SudtiU. 

B<uirU. 

Biulitlt. 

BuihtU. 

Fmnda. 

lltl,,. 

/t,vnrf«. 

Pmndt. 

/bun*. 

Tom. 

6,375,706 

25,451,278 

1,529,657 

3,039,(a9 

334.925 

3,448,819 

452,426 

690,664 

762.207 

7,997,719 

14,091 

10,303 

$9,668,008 

tl3..565,504 

t,".6.5,908 

Arkansas 

3,r>'J5,C03 

24,15<!,417 

1,269.715 

2,219,822 

402.027 

881.260 

970,220 

608,266 

667.368 

7,790,013 

26,301 

2;t,295 

2,9.53.130 

0,756,1.59 

3.3,536 

Calitornia 

10,609,098 

1,993,325 

29,017.707 

1.341,271 

4,550.506 

80,284 

73,317 

16,798.030 

14,084.405 

2,660,018 

1,135,180 

61, -243,784 

110.218.973 

18,984,789 

616,169 
1,G»2,1«8 

455.908 
1.880,421 

1,425,014 
38,742 

640,900 
l,00'.>,70fi 

383.123 
2,684.202 

"bis 

14,044;  0.52 

3, 197.391 
230,133 

860,379 
8,198,9!I6 

10.807 
826.195 

85,002 
6.57.8IW 

4,311,714 

120.480.275 

14.-260.159 
186.697,211 

20,-290,622 

Connecticut 

147,799 

Delaware 

716,958 

3.894,204 

1,175,272 

878,,508 

283.804 

196,937 

1,278 

97.946 

1,870,276 

1,712 

49,(^2 

15,055.822 

20.614.4:18 

169,803 

Florida 

947,640 

3.174,234 

422 

408.112 

20.221 

1.687.013 

21,182 

54.997 

102,810 

353, 1.56 

2.400 

149 

3.210.t'>.sO 

6.640,448 

8,M  4,720 
2t;,U5,154 

23,202,018 
325,792.481 

3,169.771 
61.110.502 

6.548,743 
63,189,200 

249,690 
10.305.707 

4,397.778 
249.407 

228,590 
3,935,-25 

814,441 

1,289.500 
i;,0<i3,0m6 

7,424.485 
63,057,943 

19.151 
1,035,009 

11,409 
3,2,-0,319 

20,67-.'.410 
140,6.''.2,0(ili 

30,440,948 
414.KM,073 

563  793 

Illinois 

8,911,279 

Indiana  

13,'.>33.733 

115.482.300  i  47,284.853 

15,599,518 

6,232,240 

244.930 

8.872.842 

6.107.498 

37,377,797 

367.601 

1,361,0.83 

6.5,742.962 

118.006,411 

2.165,384 

Imva 

19,SW„';41 

27.5,014.247  ;  31.154,205 

50,610.  .591 

9.902.537 

122.308 

420.477 

2,971.975 

65.481,9.58 

1.07.5,988 

3,013,941 

33,987,88.'. 

71. -04.5, 9-20 

2.492,327 

10,739,nr.O 

10.%729,325  i  17,324,141 

8.180.385 

2,894.198 

195.225 

191.609 

2,855,832 

21.671.702 

483,987 

1,.589,987 

11,19-2.316 

30.843.777 

2,436,841 

Kentucky 

10.731,6s;) 

72,852,2a      11.350.113 

4.680.738 

2,209,890 

1,017.854 

171,120.784 

i.307 

4,592,670 

18,211,904 

68,468 

218,739 

46,813,03! 

75.48:).377 

1,211,970 

Louisiana 

2,739,972 

»,S-t9,r,89 

5,034 

229,810 

180,115 

1,318,110 

65,9.54 

E08.3C9 

400,078 

910,0SU 

7,018 

37,0-29 

11.41.2.408 

24.20.5.183 

3,484,903 
3,342,700 

960,633 
15,908,533 

66.5,714 
8,004.804 

2.205.575 
1,794,872 

7,999,625 
1,497,017 



329,690 

05(1 

26.082,147 

2.776.407 
850,084 

11,103.960 

7,18,5,871 

1,167,730 
17,410 

1,107,788 
•.i64,408 

49.988.171 
58.742.:  81 

79.8.J9.793 
106.780..56;) 

39,239 
2,869,008 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . . . 

2,12S,311 

1,797,708 

15,708 

04,5.159 

3,070.389 

450 

5,309,436 

299,0<9 

9,ii"i5,587 

829,52.'- 

(;84,679 

303.800.185 

031.l:!6.284 

328,100 

Michii^nn,   

H,29li,Kr,2 

32,401.452 

35,532,543 

18.190.793 

10.924,111 

4,904 

83,969 

11,8.58,497 

38,821,890 

440,  .540 

], 393, 888 

92.9:i0.9.59 

l.'0.715,0.25 

14,306,296 

Minnesota 

7,2ir,,r,9;! 

14.831,741 

34,601,030 

23.382.158 

6,184,070 

69.922 

1.352,124 

19,101,385 

623. 13^ 

1,030,912 

31.001.811 

76,006,198 

Mississippi 

5,2ir.,937 

21,340,800  1        218,890 

1.9.59.020 

303.821 

3,010,060 

414.663 

963.111 

734.643 

7,454.057 

4.23" 

8,894 

4.7-27.600 

7,518,302 

Missouri 

10,745,0  U 

202.414,413     24.96fi.027 

20.070.9.58 

4,189.094 

431,484 

12,015.6.57 

20,318 

7,313.924 

28.672,124 

28:f.484 

1,077,4.58 

72.507.844 

105,386.205 

4,828,845 

Nebraska. 

65,450.135 
12,891 

13,847,007 
69,298 

0,656.875 
180.800 

2,150.893 
302.143 

786,433 

4.881,1.':0 

12.627.336 

7ro 

Nevada   

314,423 

1,.500 

655  012 

335,188 

17,420 

95,853 

1.323,300 

2.179.626 

17,31R,f09 

New  Hampshire-. 

2,30<,112 

1,350,248 

109,316 

1,017.020 

3.358,828 

170.843 

1,000.589 

7,247,272 

807,070 

.583,069 

51,112,-263 

73.978.0-28 

145.542 

New  Jersey 

2,0nil,297 

11.150,705 

1,901,739 

3. 7 10,  .573 

3.503,793 

2,086,731 

172.315 

441,110 

9,513.835 

60.518 

518,990 

106,226,.593 

251.380.-236 

3,391,782 

New  York 

17,717,HG2 

25.090,156 

11,587,760 

37,576,500 

33,644.R07 

6,833 

6,481,431 

8,827,195 

111,922.423 

8.362.590 

5,240,503 

614.'240,.575 

1.080.696.590 

6,122,143 

North  Carolina... 

6,4S1,101 

28.019.839 

3,397.393 

3,838,008 

722.773 

4.676,148 

20.986,213 

389,598 

917,7.50 

7,212..507 

67,380 

93,711 

13,045.039 

20.095.0:17 

B.54,4.';0 

Ohio 

1S,0<1,I)91 

111,877,124 

46.014.809 

28.604.505 

12.719.216 

239,578 

34,735,235 

25,003,756 

67,634,203 

2,170,245 

2,210,923 

188.9:)9.014 

318..298.;i90 

8,077.488 

Oregon 

2,l'.n,045 

126,802 

7.4H0.010 

4,385,050 

1.3.59.930 

17.325 

6,718.524 

2,443,725 

1.53,198 

200,187 

6.312,056 

10.931.232 

1,227.883 

Pennsylvania 

13,423,007 

45,821,531 

19,462,405 

33,841.439 

16,284.819 

184,142 

36,943,272 

8,470,273 

79.336,012 

1.008,080 

2,811.6.54 

474.610,993 

741.818.445 

66,5.59.676 

Rhode  Island 

298,416 

372.967 

240 

159.339 

000.793 

714 

786 

65.0.80 

1,007.103 

67,171 

79,328 

76.575,943 

104.163.621 

1.5.440 

South  Carolina — 

4.132,050 

11.767.0;i9 

902,3.-.8 

2.71.5,505 

144,942 

2.189,022 

45.678 

622.648 

272,758 

3. 196.851 

16.018 

2,700 

ll.-205,894 

16.738.008 

40.805 

Tennessee 

8,490.550 

62.704.429 

7,331,3.53 

4,722.190 

1,3.54.481 

2.309.901 

29,305,0.52 

330,021 

1,918.295 

17.886.309 

98,740 

180,098 

20.092,846 

37.074.886 

786,548 

12.050,314 
3,280.401 

29.005.172 
2.014,271 

2,507.737 
337,257 

4.893,3.59 
3.742,282 

228.832 
4,438.172 

1,460,079 

221.28:) 
131,432 

805,284 

6,928.019 
2,661,113 

13,899,320 
25,240,826 

68,460 
1,545.789 

69,699 
1,051,183 

9,246.661 
23,-265.224 

20.719.928 
31..364.360 

Vermont 

621.033 

8,510,113 

29,1 19,761 

7.826.174 

6,333.181 

2.010.760 

1,901, .521 

79.988,868 

19,595 

1,830.673 

11,470,923 

85.635 

287,266 

26,908,990 

61.780.992 

730,640 

West  Virginia 

3,792.327 

14,090.009  1     4.001,711 

1,908,  .505 

1.398,,539 

87,214 

2,296,146 

2.081.444 

9.30'.l,617 

100.300 

232,338 

13,883.390 

22,807.126 

2,0I)4,91'; 

9.102..528 

34,230.579 

24,884,089 

32.905,320 

8.60<M01 

7.124 

10,608.423 

7,016,491 

33,353.046 

2,281,411 

1,896,909 

7:i.821.802 

128..2.?5.4^0 

317.636 

The  rerriiories... 

2.900.099 

2,923,728 

7,785,231 
459,483,137 

6,7.57.114 
407,8587J9Sr 

2.771.049 

31.867 

12,117 

17.090 

8,000.603 

6.357,550 

383,020 
277272.489" 

652,018 

14.S0O..201 

27.740,.301 
$6,309,679,191 

18,596,837 

Total 

284,771,042 

1,754,591,676 

169,4.58.539 

33,378.093 

472,661.1.57 

0,765,359 

156,681,751 

777.260,287 

35,205,712 

$2,790,-272,600 

$j05,986,408 

PRONOUNCING  VOCARULARY. 


Abbenknti Ab  be  o  knn' tn. 

Aberdeen A  I)  er  deeii'. 

Al)v»>iniii Ab  is  sin'  e  a. 

AcMpiilco Ac  a  poiil'cu. 

Acamy '.Ah  cah  ri'. 

Acjiri . . .'. Ac  a  rce'. 

Acheen A  checii'. 

AcDiicagiia Ac  on  cah'gwa. 

Acre A'  ker. 

Adtrbiide Ad'  e  lade. 

Aden .-Vh'deii. 

Adii:e Ad'e  je. 

Adirniidack Ad  e  run'  dark. 

Admiralty Ad' me  lal  ty. 

Adiian A'  dre  an. 

Adrianople .\  dre  an  i/pM. 

Adrialic A  die  at'  ic. 

Aegean E  je'an. 

Afiilianisran Af  t;un  is  Ian'. 

Aguas  Calicutes...  Ag' was  Cal  e  eu'- 

lus. 

Agnlhas .\  gt)or  yas. 

AiHie Ane. 

Aix-la-ChapelIe...AkH-lfl-Sha  pel'. 

Ajaccio A  yat'  cho. 

Akaba Ak' a  bab. 

Akron Ak'r<»n. 

Alabama Al  a  bah'  ma. 

Aland AW  land. 

Ahu«ka A  las' ku. 

Albania Al  ba'  ne  a, 

Albany Awl'ba  ny. 

Albemarle Al  be  niaile'. 

Albert,  Nyauza Al'    bert    N'yahii'- 

7,a. 

Albuquerque  Al  boo  ker'kay. 

Alderney Awl'  der  ny. 

Aleppo A  lep'  po. 

Alenilan A  I'yu'  she  an. 

Alexandra Al  ex  an'  dra. 

Alexandria Al  ex  an'  die  a. 

Ali^iers Aljeerz'. 

Alicante Al  e  can'  te. 

Ailejjbany AT  le  j;ay  ny. 

Allegheny Al'  le  giiy  ny. 

A  Isace A 1  sahce'. 

Altai Al  ti'. 

AliamaUa Al  la  ma  haw'. 

Alton .Vwl'  ton. 

Al[(nm Al'  to  na. 

Altoona Al  too'nn. 

Amazon Am' a  zun, 

Anicsbury Amz'  ber  ry. 

Amherst Am'  erst. 

Aniien? .Am'e  enz. 

AniDo A  moit'. 

Amonr. ...A  moor'. 

Amsterdam Am'  Pter  dam. 

Anam A  nam'. 

Ancoria An  co'  na. 

Andaman An  da  man'. 

Andee An'  dee>!. 

Andorra An  di»r'  ra. 

Andover An'  do  ver. 

Androscoggin An  dros  cog'  gin. 

Angara An  ga  lab'. 

Anglcsea Ang'  g'l  ge. 

Angola An  go'  la. 

Angostura An  gos  foo'ra. 

Anhalf AhTi'hnhlt. 

Ankobar An  ko'  ber. 


I  Annapolis 

Anialo 

Antarctic 

I  Auticosii 

I  Antietam 

Antilles! 

Anrioqnia 

Antwerp 

Apenninet^ 

Apostle 

Ajfpalachian... 

Appalachee  — 

A|ipalacbicola. 

Appomattox  . . 

Arab 

Aragnay  ....... 

Aral 

Aiarat 

Archangel 

Archipelago. .. 

Ardennes 

Arequipa 

Ar-jentine 

Argyle 

Anca 

Arizona , 

Arkansas 

Arnheini 

Aroostook 

AeceiiPion 

A.*.hantee , 

Ashtabula 

Asia 

Aspiiiwali 

Assiueboin. 

Astrakhan 

Astincicm 

Atacama , 

Atbara 

Atcbafalaya 

Atchison 

Athabasca 

Atoll.   , 

Anburn 

Auckland 

Augusta , 

Augsburg 

Aurora 

An  Sable 

Ausierlif/, 

Australia 

Auvergne 

Avignon 

Avon 

Azof 

Azores 


Uaalbec 

IS:il)-el-Mandeb. 

Kabylon 

Badajos 

IJaden 

Bagdad  

Bahama 

Bahiii , 

Babrehi 

Baikal 

Balaklnva , 

Balearic 

Balkan 

Balkash 


.ki\  nnp'o  li.-f. 
An  [ah'  lo. 

.Am  arc'  tic. 
.  .An  te  cob'  te. 

.An  tee'  tarn. 

.An  teelz'. 

.An  le  o  kee'  a. 
, .  Ant'  werp. 
. .  .\p'  en  nUiz. 
,  .A  pos'  1. 
..Ap  jia  la' die  an. 

.Ap  pa  lach'e. 

.  Ap  pa  lach  e  co'la. 

..'\p  po  mat'  tux. 

.Ai'ab. 
,  Ar  a  gway'. 

.Ar'al. 

.  Ar'  a  rat. 

-Ark  ane'jel. 

.Ark  e  pel'  a  go. 

.  Ar  den'. 

.  Ab  ray  kee* pa. 

.Ar'jeii  tine. 
, .  Ar  ghyle'. 

.  A  ree'  ca. 

.Ar  i  zo'  ua. 
,  ,Ar'  kan  saw. 
..Am'  nime, 
,  ..\  roos'  took. 
. ..'Vs  ceo'  ."Imn. 
,  .Ash  an  tec'. 

.Ash  la  bu'  la. 
, .  A'she  a. 

.As'  pin  wall. 

.  As  sin'  e  boin. 

-As  tra  kan'. 

■  Ah  soon  ^a  one'. 
.At  a  cab'  ma. 
.At  brdi'ra. 
.Aiih  a  fa  li'a. 
..'\tcli'  e  son. 
.Aih  a  bas'ca. 
.A'tol. 

.Aw'  burn. 

.  Awk'  land. 

•  Aw  gu^^' ta. 

..\wgs'  bnrg. 

. .^w  ro'  III. 
..Osah'b'l. 

.  .Aws'  ler  Itlz. 
, .  .V  ws  tra'  le  a. 
,  .0  vairn'. 
, ..^h  vcen  yong'. 
..A'  vuii. 

.  Az'  of. 

.  A  zOrz'. 

.Bahl'ber. 
Bab-el-Man' deb. 
.Bab'eh.n. 
.Bad  a  hoFc'. 
.Bah' den. 
.Hag  dad'. 
,  .Ba  ha'  ma. 
.Bah  ee'  a. 
.Bah  rinc'. 
.Bi'kal. 
.Bnl  a  klah'va. 

■  Bal  e  nr'ic. 
Hal  kan'. 

.Bahl  kahsl/. 


Balkb Bahlk. 

Ballston  Spa Bawl/'  ton  Spab. 

Balmm-al Bal  mo  nil'. 

Baltic Bawl' tic. 

Baltimore Bawl'  te  more, 

Banca Bani;'ca. 

Bang.)r ...   Bang'gor. 

Baiucnuassin Balinyer  niaUssin', 

Bajikok Ban  kok'. 

Baranoflf Ba  ran'  oft". 

Barbadtie.s Bar  ba'  doze. 

Barbary Bar'  l)a  ry. 

Barbuda Bar  bn'  da, 

Barcelona Bar  ce  lo'  na. 

Barfleur Bar  trytire'. 

Barnaul Bar  iiowl'. 

Barnegat Bar'  ue  gat. 

Basle Bahl. 

Bassorah Bas'  so  ra. 

Bathnrst Bath'  erst. 

Baton  Rouge Bah  t'n  Roozh'. 

Bavaria Ba  va'  re  a. 

Bayonue Bah  yon'. 

Bayou  Sara Bi'  oo  Sa'  ra. 

Beaufort B.".'  fort  (S.  C). 

Beaufort Bo'  iVirt  (A [.;. 

Bedouin Bed  oo  fiMx'. 

)Jebring Beer'  ing. 

Beirut.'. Bi'  roiit. 

}ielfast Bel  fast'. 

Betgrium Bel' je  nm. 

Belgrade Bel  L'rade*. 

Belize Be  leez'. 

Belle  Isle Bel  lie'. 

Beloit Be  loit'. 

Beloochitttan Be  loo  rhis  tan'. 

Benare."^ Be  nah'  res. 

Bencoolen Ben  coo'  leu. 

Henevento Ben  c  ven'  lo. 

Bengal Ben  gawl'. 

Bengazi Ben  gab'  ze. 

Benirntla Ben  ga'  la. 

lieniiia Be  iii^li'  e  a. 

Ben  I.oniond Ben  Lu' nmnd. 

Hen  is'evis Ben  Ne'  vi?. 

Herbera lier  be'  ra. 

Beigen Ber'  gen. 

Berlin Ber  lin'. 

Bermuda Ber  niu'  da. 

Berne Bern. 

Besanpon Bav  z-ihtig'sOng. 

Bilboa Bii  Ix.'a. 

Bingen Bing'  en. 

Hinningham Bir'  niing  ham. 

Biscay liis'  cay. 

Blanco Bhing'  ko. 

Blauquilla Blahn  keel-  ya. 

Hlenheim Blen'  hime. 

Bogota Bo  go  tab'. 

Boint' Bwah  za'. 

Bojador Hod  ja  d»>re'. 

Hokbarn Bik  hah  ra. 

Holivar Bol'  e  var. 

Bolivia I-lo  liv'  r  a. 

B<do<;na Br>  lone'ya. 

Bombay Bcmi  hay". 

BnnifiK-io Bon  e  lab' cho. 

Boothia Bon'  the  a. 

Bordeaux Bore  do'. 

Borgne Born. 

Bornholm  — Born  liJimp 


Bmiieo 

Botna  Serai . . . . 

Bosnia 

Bosporus 

Bosum 

Bothnia 

Buulo^iue 

Bowdoin 

Bowling  Green., 

Boyne 

Brahmapooiia.. 

Brandenburg. . . 

I  Brauiifeis 

\  Brazil 

Brazos , 

I  Bremen    

j  Breinerhaven.. . 

I  Breslau 

\  Bretagne 

I  Breton 

j  Brindisi 

'  Britain 

I  Brookline. , 

Brooklyn 

I  Bruges 

Brunai 

'  Brunu 

I  Brusa 

!  Brussels 

I  Bucharest 

;  liuda 

:  Budweis 

;  Buenaventura.. 
I  Jinena  Vi^in. . .. 
!  Bnt- no8  Ayres.. 

IJnffalo 

:  Bulgaria 

I  Burgundy 

I  Bin  inah 

i  Bu^hile 

Cahnl 

Tadiz 

!  Caen 

1  Caernnntlieu..., 

Caernarvon  .... 

Ca<:liari «»... 

Caicop 

Cairo  (Esrypi)... 

Cairn  (U.S.) 

Calais 

Calrntta 

California , 

Callao 

Canibray 

Cambridue 

C'ampagna 

C^ampeachy 

Canandaigua. . . 

Canaries 

Canaveral 

Candia 

Cafion 

Canterbnrv 

Canton  ftt  S.)... 

Canton  (China).. 

Capo  Oirardeau. 

Capricorn 

Cirnfft« 

Caidin* 

Caribbean 


.  .Bor'ne  o. 
.  .Bos'  ua  ^e  t  i'. 
..  Boz'  ne  a. 
.  .Bos'  po  J  us. 
..Bos' ton. 
..B»>th'ne  a. 
.  .Boo  lone'. 
..Bu'd'n. 
..Bo' ling  Greeu. 
.Boin. 
. .  Hrah  nui  poo'  trju 
.  .Bran'  den  booig. 
.  .Brown'  fels. 
. .  Bra  zee!'. 
. .  Braz'  08. 
..Biem'eu, 
.  .Bra'mer  h;;h  feu. 
. .  Bres'  law. 
..Bre  tahn'. 
.   Hie' ton. 
..Brin'de  se. 
..Brit' t'n. 
..Broidi'line. 
..Brook' lin. 
.  .Brod'jiz. 
.  .Broo  ni'. 
. .  Broon. 
.  .Broo'sa. 
..Brns'selz. 
.  .Bo<)  ka  test'. 
..Bn'da. 
..Bood' wise. 
.  .Bway  naveu  too  ra, 
.  .Bwa"  na  V'ees'  ta. 
. .  Bo'  nos  Air'ez. 
..Buffalo. 
..Bui  ga'  le  a. 
.  .Bur' gun  dy. 
.  .Bur'  nia. 
.  -  Bu  sheer'. 

,  .Cabool'. 
.  .Ca'diz. 
.  .Ca'  en. 
.  .Car  iiKii'  then, 
. .Car  luu'  von. 
.  .Cahl'  yar  e. 
. .  Ki'  ct>se. 
..Ki'ro. 
..Ca'  ro, 
..Cal' is. 
..Cal  cut'  tn. 
..Cal  e  for  nc  a. 
..Cal  lab'  o. 
.  .Cam'  bray. 
.  .Came'  brij. 
..Cam  palm' yn. 
..Cam  pe'  che. 
..Can  an  da'gwa. 
.  .Can  a'  liz. 
..Can  yav'e  ral. 
,.C'aii'<ii  ;i. 
,  .Can'  v-in. 
..Can'  ter  ber  c. 
..Can'  i(fli. 
..Can  ton'. 
..Cape  (Jir  ar  do'. 
..Cap'  re  corn. 
,  .Ca  rak'  as. 
..Car'diir. 
'.Car  ib  bee' an 


I  '"'ni'ibbpc 

Carlisle 

Carlsruhe 

I  Carolina 

Carpathian 

I  Cartagena 

Cashmere 

,  Caspian 

I  Castile 

!  Calasaiiqua. . . . 

I  Catoclie 

i  Cattegat 

:  Caucasian 

i.Cauca^us 

'  Cayenne 

!  Caynnin. 

I  Cayuga 

1  Celebes 

,  Ceiam 

:  Cerigo 

Cettigne 

I  C^venues 

I  Ceyh)n 

'  Cha-jres 

i  Chalenr 

!  Chalons 

I  Chamiilain 

Champaii;n  .. . 

Clianih'li'ur 

Charlies 

Chautauqua 

Chatt.iIioiK'hee 

Chatlanooj.'ii  . . 

,  Chaudii-re 

I  Chiapas 

Chelsea 

(Mieltenham. . . 

:  Chemnitz 

'  Clieinung 

'  Chenango 

Cherbourt; 

:  Chesa])eake. . . 

]  Cheviol 

i  Cheyenne 

\  Chicago 

I  Chiche>icr 

Chicopee 

I  Chihuahua  — 

-Chili 

IChillicoibe.... 

!  (^hiloe 

i  Chimborazt)... 

\  ChiiKlia 

\  Chippewa 

; Chowan 

i  Christiauia 

I  Cieiifiiegos 

I  Cimarron 

!  Cinriiinati 

Ciiidad  Real..., 


— Car  ebee'. 

—  Car  lile'. 

.  ..Carlz'  I'oo. 
..  .  -Cur  o  li'  na. 
. . .  Car  pa' the  au. 
, . .  C'ar  la  je'  na. 
Cash  mere'. 

—  Cab'  pi  an. 
Ca?  leel'. 

. ..  .Cat  a  saw'qtii 
. . .  .Cab  lo'cha\. 

Cat'te  gat.' 

. ..  Caw  ea' .'hun. 
Caw'ra  sns. 

...Ki  eu'. 

■  ..Ki  man'. 

Ca  yno'ga. 

CJei'e  heez. 

. ..  Se  rahni'. 
, . .   Ce:'e  go. 

—  Chet  iceii'  yay, 

—  Say  ven'. 

—  Ce  lone'. 

.  ..Chah'  gres. 
..  .Sha  t'ynie'. 

—  Sba  irijig'. 

,. .  Sham  plane'. 
...Sham  i)iiiie'. 
..  .Shan  de  I'yure'. 
, .  ..Sbar't'i-. 
...Slia  lau'qna. 
.. .Chat  ta  hoo'chea 
.  ..Chat  la  noo'ga. 
. .  Sho  de  air'. 
.  .Che  ah' pa. 
...Chel'se. 
. .  .Chell'  nam. 
..  .Keni'  nils. 
.   .Sbe  mnng'. 
. .  .Shi-  naiig'go. 
...Sher'boui.j. 
...Che.-' a  peak. 
. .  .Cliev'e  ul, 
. .  .Shi  en*. 
. .  .she  caw'  go. 
.  ..Chi(  ir  es  ler. 
. .  .Chic'  o  |.ce. 
..  .Che  wah'  wah. 


Cleveland 

C.)atzacoalcos. 

Cohija 

Cobleiilz 

Cocbabnnib;!. . , 

Cohoes 

Coimbra 

Cohhesier 

Cologne 


...Chil  le  coth'e. 
..Chelo  a'. 
.  .Chini  bo  rah'  Z(X 
...Cbii.'i-ha. 
.  .Cbip'pe  way. 

.  -Cho  H  jiWIl'. 

.  .(-■Ill  is  If  ah'  Tie  a. 
.  Si-  en  U\n\'  :roce. 
.  .Ciin  ar  roi'e'. 
.  I'iii  cin  nali' te. 
..The  <.o  dahd'Rar 

all!'. 
.  .Cleev'land. 
..Co  aht  tab  co  nM' 

c<»se. 
..Co  be'hn. 
..C-d)'  letits. 
..Coch  a  bam'ba. 
..Co  hoze'. 
.  Co  im'  bra. 
..Cole'chos  ter, 
.  Co  luue'. 


PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY. 


127 


Colombia Co  lorn' be  a. 

Coliirado Col  o  nili'do. 

Cnmayji^ua Co  ini  iih'ywa. 

Citnioi'in Cum' «>  riu. 

Concepcion C«tii  sep  ^e  one'. 

Coneiiiaiigh Con'  e  111:1  w. 

Coiigjiiee Cou;;  izn  leu'. 

Cotiifo Coii;;' j;o. 

Couiian;;ht. Coii'uawl. 

Connecticut. Con  nei'e  cut. 

Consej^uina Con  f^aghe'iia. 

Constantine Con  stan  teen'. 

CoMstniiiinople Con  slan  te  no'p'l. 

CooiiDissie Coo  mas'  se. 

Copenhagen Co  pun  hn'f^en. 

Coptiipo C*  pe  ah'po. 

Coqnitnbo Co  Keeni'bi>. 

Coi-dt>v!( Cor'  ilo  va. 

Corea   Co  re'  a. 

Corfu Cor  foo'. 

Corlnlh ....Coi-'iMlb. 

Corpns  Chrisii Cor' pus  Kris' te. 

Corrienles Cur  re  en'  te;*. 

Corsica Cnr'  >e  kn. 

CorviiUia Cor  val'  lis, 

Costa  Uica Cos' ta  Re'  ka. 

Cotopaxi Co  to  pax'e. 

Coven iry Cnv'en  try, 

Covington Cnv'ing  tiin. 

Co/.uniel Cu  zoo  niel'. 

Cracow Cra'co. 

Crimea Cri  nie'n. 

Croatia Cro  a' she  a. 

Croustadc Cron'siat. 

Ciienpa Kwen'sa. 

Cnmaoa Coo  ma  nab'. 

Ciirapoa Coo  ra  so'. 

Cuyahoga .Ki  a  ho'ga. 

Ctizco C'>oz'co. 

Cycladed Cyc'  la  deez. 

Cyprus Ci'prus. 

Cxar Zar. 

Dahlonepa Dah  Jon'e  irn. 

Dahomey Dah  hi/ may. 

Dili  Nippon Di  Nip' pone. 

Dakota Dah  ki>'  ta. 

Dalhoiisie D;il  hoo'ze. 

Dalles Dal/.. 

Dabnatia Dai  ma' t^he  n. 

D.imietta Dam  e  et'ta. 

Dampier  Land Dam'  peer  Laud. 

Danbtiry Dan' her  re. 

Dani!>h Da'nii*li. 

Daiitzic Danl'f»ik. 

Danube Dan'yoob. 

Dardanellu-'* Dar  da  ue.z'. 

Darfiir Dar  foor'. 

Darien Da'  re  en. 

Diirnisladt Dai  m'  ^tat. 

I)rtrtmouth Dart'  miilh. 

]);ir\Tiii Dar'  win. 

Diuphiny Daw' riii  e. 

D.ivenpurC Dav'en  port. 

D  ly  ton Da'  ton. 

Deccan Dec' can. 

Di'^itiware Del'  a  ware. 

DeIlii{Asia) Del' le. 

Delhi  (U.S.) Del'hT. 

Demcrara Deuierah'ra. 

Denmark Den'  mark., 

Dej-eiet Dez  e  rei'. 

Dea  Moines De  -Moiu'. 

Di'tmit De  troit'. 

Diamantina De  a  mabn  te'na. 

Dieppe De  ep'. 

Dijou De  zhniig. 

Dnieper Ne'  per. 

Dniester Nees'  ter. 

Drmiinica Oom  e  ne'co. 

Dt»netjal Don'  e  ^awl. 

Dorchester D<>r'Llies  ler. 

Douay Don' ay. 

Don<>his Dug' las. 

Donro Doti'  ro. 

Dovrefietd Duv  re  feeld'. 

Dowa;^ine Do  wa' je  ac. 

Drnve Draliv. 

Dresden Drez'  deo. 

Dro'^hedji Dro;;'  e  da. 

Droiitheim  Fiord . .  Dnm'  teem  Fe  ord. 

Dnbiifpie Du  book'. 

Duluib Doo  looth'. 

Dninitartou Dum  bar'  ton. 

Dumfries Dun»  frees'. 

Duiia Dcu>'  na. 

DiiJile** Dun  dee'. 

Dunedin Dn  ned'  in. 

Dunkirk Dun  kirk'. 

Duiiniore Dnri  more'. 

Duqiiesne Du  kane'. 

Du  Quoin Du  Kwoin'. 

Durham Dur'  am. 

Dusseldorf Dus'  -el  dorf. 

Dwina Dwi'ua. 

Eaii  Claire O  clair'. 

Ebro E'  hro. 

Ecuador Kc  wa  dore'. 

Kdiiibur';h Ed'  in  bur  ro. 

Ediato Ed'  is  lo. 

Esypt E'jipt. 

Ehrenbrettsteiu  ...A  len  brite'sline. 

Kider 1' der. 

Eisenach {'  za  nabk. 

EMie    Elb. 

Ellterfehl El'berfcld. 

EHiurz Kl  b«i>iz'. 

E'euthera K  Ivoo'  the  ra. 

El  Paso EI  Pah' so. 

KIsinore El  ye  nore'. 

Ems Emz. 

Englaii'l Inir'^'Iand. 

En^^lish Ini:'slish. 


Eniknle En  0  kah' lay. 

Evjuator Eqna'  liu'. 

Enuri Kr'I'oort. 

Erie E're. 

Eiz  .  .   Ercji. 

Krzrooni Ivi  i«  room'. 

i;-Lurial E?t  coo  tv  ahl'. 

E-nieialda E^  nier  aid'  diu 

E>pinhavo.   Et*  pin  yas'  o. 

E-ipiimaux IW  ke  inu. 

E^Keinadura E^  ire  ma  du'  ra. 

Eiiliea Yoo  he'  a. 

Eiifiiula Yo4»  faw'  la. 

Kiiphrales Yi»o  frji'  leez. 

Eureka Y*m»  re'ka. 

Kurope Yoo'  rnp. 

European Y'oo  ro  pe'an. 

Eutaw Yoo'  law. 

Kveresi Ev'er  esi. 

Eylaii    riaw. 

Eyre    Air. 

Fahliin  Fab'binn. 

Falkirk    Fal'kirk. 

Falkland Kawklaiid. 

Falnionih FaT  niiiih. 

Fai  ihault Fai  e  ho'. 

Faroe Kah'  ro. 

Fayal ..Fi  awl'. 

Fayeiteville Fay  et  vil. 

Feejee Fe'jee. 

Feliciana Fe  ie  ce  nh'na. 

Fernaudina Fer  nan  de'  na. 

Ferrara Fer  rah'  ra. 

Ferrol Fer  rolf'. 

Fezzan Fez  zan'. 

Fin:r!tl Finj^  ^awl'. 

Fiiiisicric  Fin  it*  Tare'. 

Fiord Fe  ord'. 

Flanders Flan'derz. 

Florence Flor'ence. 

Florida Flor'eda. 

Foix Fwah. 

Fund  iln  Lac Fond  dn  Lac'. 

Foiitainehlcau Fon  tane  bio', 

Foiiienoy Fuu  le  noi', 

Fiu-uioga For  mo'sa. 

Fort  Yuma Fort  Y'oo' ma. 

Frankfort Frank'  fort. 

Frederickshall ....  Fred'  er  iks  bawl. 

Kri^dericklon Fred'  er  ik  ton. 

Fieinuiit Fre'  monl. 

Kreiburg Fri'  buij;. 

Friedland Freed'  laud. 

Frie^^laud Frees'  bind. 

Frio Fre'o. 

Frobisher Frob'  ish  er. 

Ftih-c'hau Fu  chow'. 

Fujiyama Fu  je  yah'  ma. 

Gaetn Gah  a'ta. 

Galapagiis Ga  lap'  a  gnsc. 

Galaiz tJalaiB'. 

Galicia  -Ga  li?<h'e  a. 

Gallinas Gal  le'  u^ib. 

(lallipoli Gal  tip'o  le. 

(lallipolib Gal  li  po  lees'. 

Galvesion Gal'  ve?*  ion. 

tialway Gavvl'  way. 

Gaii;:e.s Gaii' joez^ 

Garonne (lU  nui'. 

(ieel'Uig Zliee  long'. 

Geiie,-ee Gen  e  s^e*^'. 

Geiic:'eo Geii  e  se'  o. 

Geneva (»e  ne'  va. 

Genoa (ien'  o  a. 

Georgia Jor'jea. 

Geyser Ghi'ser. 

tiUauts GawtH. 

Ghent (iheiiu 

Gibraltar Gib  rawl'tar. 

Gila He'  la. 

(iilead GJnl'e  ad. 

Gilolo (Jhe  lo'lo. 

Girardeau  Gir  ar  do'. 

liii-onde Zbe  runde'. 

Glacier  Glas'eer. 

Glaf'gow Glas'go. 

Glen  more Glen  more'. 

Gloncester Glos' ter. 

Gobi Go'be. 

Goderich God'  riih. 

Gondokoro Gtni  do  ko'ro. 

Gonzales (ioii  zali  les. 

Goshen Ho'  >hen. 

Gotha Oo'iah. 

Gothland...  Goth'land. 

G<ittenbu(g <Jot'  leu  bnorg. 

Giiti  iugen Get'-iing  en. 

Gracias  a  Dios Grah'ceahsahDe' 

•  ■«e. 

Granada Gra  nah'dn. 

Giaveline.- Grahv  leen'. 

Greenock G-ee'  imck. 

Greenwich (Jrin'ij. 

Grenada Gre  iiah'da. 

Griqiia Giik' wa. 

Groniiiiren Gron'  iiig  en. 

Guadalaxa-a (Jwah  da  la  hab'ra 

(luadalnpe (Jaw  da  I-utp'. 

Guadalquivir Gwaw  dal  quiv'  ir. 

Guadiana Gwali  (h-  ah'  na. 

Gaauahani Gwnb  na  hab'ne. 

Giianaxualo Gwah  na  hwah'  lo. 

Giiardarul Gwir  <la  iVe'. 

(lUaiemala Gwah  te  mah'  la. 

Guriyama Gwi  ah' ma. 

Guayaquil Gwi  a  krel*. 

Guaymas Gwi'  mas. 

(iuernsey Ghern'  ze. 

Gniana.. Ghe  nh'na. 

Guinea Ghin'ne. 

Ilaarlcm    liar' 1cm. 


Hague Hag. 

Hainan Hi  nan'. 

Halle lial  le. 

Hambur<: 11am'  imrg. 

Hanimeifetft Ham'  im;r  fest. 

Hun-chati Han  chow'. 

Hannibal Ilan'e  bal. 

Hanover Ilan'o  ver. 

Harfleur liar  U'ynre'. 

Harri»burg llar'no  burg. 

Hurz Harts. 

Haiteras Hai'ie  ras. 


Havana 

Haverhill 

Havre 

Havre  de  Grace. 

Hawaii 

Uayii 

Hebrides 

Hecla 

Hedjas 

Heidelherg 

Helena . 


.Ha  van' a. 
.Haver  il. 
.Hah'v'r. 

.Hah'v'rdeGrahce'. 
.Ha  wi'e. 


te. 


,  .Heh'  re  deez. 
.Hecla. 
..Hed  jaz'. 
..Hi'  del  berg. 
,  .He  le'  na. 


Hetiit'iiaiid   Hele  go  land. 

Helsin^fors Hel'sing  forz. 

Heivnetsluys Hel' vet  sbx  se. 

Henlopeu  '. Hiui  lo'pen. 

Herat He  rai'. 

Hereford Her'e  ford. 


Herzegovina  .. . 

Hesr^e 

Himalaya 

Fliur|.io-koo>h. . 

Hindostan. 


.Hell^e  J 
..net's. 
..Him  a  li'a. 

..Hni'iloo  koosh. 
.  liin  dos  1:111'. 


iloang-Ho Ho  aiiL'-Hn 

Hoboken Ho  bo'  ken. 

Hodeida Hodi'da. 

Ilouue ling. 

Hohenlindeii   Ho  lien  liu'deu. 

Hohenzollern Ho  hen  t^ol'  Icrn. 

I  Himduras Hon  doo'  ras. 

j  Hong  Kong Hong  K<mg'. 

i  Honolulu Ho  nu  luo  lOO. 

1  Hoosac  (Tunnel) .  .Hoo'sac. 

Hoosic  (Uivei) ..  ..Hoo'.-iic. 

Horicon Hor'e  con. 

Houghton Ho' ton. 

t  HoulKm Hole' ton. 

I  Honsntonic Hoo  ^a  lou'ic 

I  Honston Hr.'ston. 

i  Hue     Hoon'. 

I  H'lmboldt Hum'bolf. 

1  Hungary Hnng'ga  re. 

1  Huron Hii'  nui. 

:  Hyderabad Hi  der  a  bad'. 

I  Idaho I'da  ho. 

I  Illinoi:< II  It  n4>i'. 

I  Ilmeii II  men'. 

'  luagua E  nab'  gwa. 

I  India lude  a. 

j  Indian In'de  an. 

j  Indiana in  de  an' a. 

Indianapolis In  de  an  ap'o  lis, 

I  Indies In'diz. 

I  Iiigo|.«tadt Ing'gol  Stat. 

1  Itinsprnck Ins'  prook. 

!  Iitterlachen  . 

!  Inverary 

',  luveruess . .. 
'  Iowa 

Ip!^wich 

I  Iran 

Ireland 

i  Irkoiiisk 

Irontou 


..In  ter  lab' ken. 

In  ve  ra'  re. 

In  ver  ncss'. 

I'o  wa. 

Ip;*' wich. 

....E  rahn'. 

Ire'  land. 

....Il  koMi^k'. 
.1'  ron  ton. 


j  Iroqnois I  ro  kwoi'. 


Irtish 

1  Iser — 

I  Islay  (Scotland 
I  I>lay  (S.A.)... 
j  Ismail 

Ismniliu 

1  Ispahan I^  pa  ban'. 

]  Isthmus I**!'  mup. 

I  Itasca I  las'ca. 

I  Ithaca Dh'a  c». 

I  Ivry E'  vry. 


Ir'iish. 
.  ..K'zer. 
...riav. 
...Tzii*. 
. .  -I^  mah  eel'. 
.  .Is  mah  eel  ya. 


Jaeu 

Jalapa 

Jamaica 

Japan 

Ja^sy 

Java" 

Jedburgh 

Jena 

Jei>ey 

Jerusalem 

Jess<» 

Jiddab 

Joannes 

Johannishci'g 

Ji.liei 

Jnan  Fernandez. 

Juba 

Juiiijfrau 

Juniata 

Jura 

Kalahari 

Kalamazoo 

Kamtrhnlka 

Kanawha 

Kankakee 

Kano 

Kansn« 

Kara  Korum  — 

Karroo 

Ka?.h'jrar 

Kaskaskin 

Katahdin 

i  Kearney 

1  Kc.iisar'jc 


.Hah  en'. 
.Ha  lah'pa. 
.Ja  ma'  cu. 
.Ja  pan'. 
.  Yas'  ^y. 
.Jah'  v«. 
.Jed' bur  o. 
.Ya'  na. 
.Jer'ze. 
.Je  roo'salem. 
.Ye*' so. 
.Jid'dn. 
.iino  an'  neez. 

Yo  hahn'  js  berg. 

Jo'lcei. 

.J<'o'au  Fernan'dez. 
.Zhooba. 
.Yoong'  frow, 
.Ju  ne  ai'a. 
,  .J<)o'  ra, 

.Kah  la  hnh'rr. 
.  .Kal  a  ma  700'. 
,  .Kam  trbat'  kn. 
, .  Ka  naW  wa. 
, .Kan  kaw'  ke. 

.Kah  I")'. 
.  .Kan'zas. 

.Kah  rah  Ko'rnm. 
.  .Kar  rihi'. 
.  .Kash  gar'. 
,  .Kas  kas'ke  a. 
. .Ka  tah'din. 

.Knr'  nc. 
.  .KcCi'sarj. 


Kelat 

Kennebec 

Kenuebunk .... 

Keiiii>ha , 

Kentucky 

Keoknk 

Kewaunee 

Keewaiiu   

Khan 

Khanaie 

Khaitoom 

Kheiiive , 

Khiva  

Kbora-sau 

Kiildei  minuter . 

Kiel 

KifV 

Kildare , 

Kilima  Njaro. . . 

Kilkenny 

Killaiiiey 

Kinu'k.tjKi 

Kioien 

Kioto 

Kinlienev 

Ki^>in;;en 

Kittaniiing 

Kitiaiinny 

Kiiicry..! 

K  Uhhui 

Klamath 

K'ldiac 

Knkomo 

K'il|iL"^lM'lg 

Konig;;i«:z 

Knell  Liin 

Kurdistan 

Kurile 

Labrador 

Laccadive 

Lackawanna  .. . 

La  Crosse 

Ladoira 

Ladrone 

La  Fayette 

Lagoou  

Lagos 

La  Gunyra 

La  Hogiic   

Lammeimoor .. 

Lanark 

Lancaster 

Lnndaii 

LaiiL'uedoc 

Lansing 

Laos 

La  Paz 

Lapeer 

I^i  Plata  

Laramie 

Laredo 

La  Kochelle.... 

La  Salle 

Lassa 

Lausanne  

Leavenworth... 

Leghorn 

Lehigh 

I<ei(e-*ier 

Leiiister 

Leipsic 

r.eiih 

Leniberg 

Lena 

l.eon 

Ix'vaul 

Lewes 

Leyden 

Libyan 

Liege 

Lille 

Lima 

Liniburir 

Liineiick 

I.imo^cs 

Lipari 

Lippe 

Lisbon ^ 

bin  Kin 

Llano  Eslacado 


Llanos 

''"'itifc'" 

Li>bo». 

L'lch  l^vcui 

Loch  L<unoud. 

Lodi 

l.,ofoden 

Loire 

Lombardy 

Lomomi 

London 

Lop  Nor 

Lorraine 

l.os  Antreles. . . 
Los  Itoques  .. . 
Lniiiih  Erne  .. . 
Li'iiisbnrg.   ... 

Loui^lana 

I^Mii'-ville 

Lowell 

Ln'>erk 

Lucerne 

LuckuMW 

Liitzen 

r.iixeinbmg    . . 

Luzerne 

LuZ'm 

Lycoming 

Lyons 

Macap<:ar 

Mnchias.       ■   ■ 


.Kelat'. 

.Ken  ne  bee'. 

.Ken  lie  bunk'. 

-Ken  o'^ha. 

.Ken  luck' y. 

.Ke'okuk. 
..Ke  waw'iiee. 

.  Ke  wa'  tin. 

, .  Kawn. 

..Kawn'ate. 

,.Kar  loMiii'. 

..Ka'div. 

.  .Ke'  va. 

.  .Ko  ras  sail'. 

..Kid' der  miii  ster. 

..Keel. 

. .Ke  ev'. 

..Kildair'. 

.  .Kil  e  malm  jah  ro'. 

. .Kil  ken'iiy. 

.Kil  lar'uey. 
. .King  ke  lab'o. 
.  .Keer'  leu. 
..Keo'io. 
..Kisli  en  eV. 
.  .Ki-^s'  ing  en. 
..Kit  tan  iiing. 
..Kit  la  tin'  tiy. 
..Kit' ter  y. 
.  .Koo'shoo. 
..Klah'raat. 
. -Ko'de  abk. 
..Ko'ko  mo. 
.  .Ka'  iiigi*  berg. 
.  .Ka'iiig  gteis. 
. .  Kwen  Loon'. 
.  .Koor  dis  lau', 
..Koo'reel. 

..Lnb  ra  do*-e'. 
.  .Liic'ca  div. 
..Lack  a  waw'  na. 
,  .Liih  Cross'. 
..La  d.»'ga. 
..La  drone'. 
..Lab  Fay  et'. 
..La  goon', 
..Lab'  gose. 
..Lab  Gwi'ra. 
..La  Hug'. 
. .  Lam  nier  moor'. 
. .  Lan'  aik. 
..Lanc'a>  ter. 
,  .Lan  daw'. 
..Labn  gbe  dok'. 
..Lan'  sing. 
..Lab' OS. 
..Lab  Pabz'. 
. .  La  peer'. 
..Lab  Plah'ta. 
..LSr'a  me. 
..La  ra'dt>. 
..LahRi>sher. 
..Lab  SabI'. 
..Lahs'sa. 
..Lo  zan'. 
..Lev'en  worth. 
..Leg  horn'. 
..I<e^high. 
..Les'  ler. 
..  .Lin'ster. 
..Lipe'sic. 
. .  Leei  h. 
.-  I^nt'  berg. 
..Le'  na. 
.  .Le'on. 
..Le  vaut'. 
..L-.'is. 
.  Li'd'n. 
..Lib'ean. 
. .  Leezh. 
..Leel. 
.  .Lee'mn. 
..Lim'burg. 
..Lim'er  ick. 
. .  Lim  ozh'. 
.  .Lip' a  re. 
..Lip'  pe. 
..L'z  bon. 
.  .Le  iMi  Ke  00. 
..L'vah'uoEstakair 

do. 
..L'vah'n-'s. 
..Loaiig'go. 
,  :.Lo'  bo^e. 

. .  .Lok  Lev*  en. 

.  .l.^»k  Ia/  moiid. 
,  ..Lo'de. 
...Lo  fo'  den. 
.  ..Lwar. 
. . .  I.om'  bar  dj*. 
. ..Lo'  mond. 
. . .  Lnn'  don. 
...L..p'Nor. 
.  ..l.^H-  rain'. 
. .  l/is  An'jc  le«. 
...I/.sKo'kes. 
...Lok  Em'. 
...Loo' is  herj. 
. .  Loo  ee  ze  ah'  na, 
. .  .T^o'  is  vil. 
...Loel. 
.  ..Loo' heck. 
. .  .1^10  sern'. 
. ..  Luck'  no. 
. .  .Loot'zen. 
...Lux' em  burg. 
.  ..L<»o  zerne'. 

.  .Loo  zon'. 
.  ..Ly  com' ing. 
.  ..Li'onz. 

.  ..Ma  cas's.-r. 
.   .Ma  chi'as. 


Mackenzie 

Mackinaw 

Macon 

Madeira..  

Madras 

Madrid 

Maehtrom 

Magdaleiia 

Mai:4lebuig 

Maimalchiu 

Malabar 

Malacca 

Malag  I 

Malay 

Malaya 

Mabivsia ......... 

Mdden 

Malta 

Mana-^iin 

Maii.-iynnk 

Manlailan 

Manila 

Manistee 

.Manii'dia 

Matiit()Woc 

Maniloiiliii 

Ma'itchooria 

Maiuua 

Mararaybo 

Maianb'am 

Maieiigo 

Mar;:arita 

Marion , 

.\iariposa 

Marmora 

Marqueire 

Martinique 

Marseilles 

MiMiireiic 

^la-^ill  .11 

Malapan 

Matlawamkeag. . 

Mallo  Grob»«» 

>|auch  Chunk.. . 

Mauinee. 

Manna  I^>a 

Mauritius 

Mayence 

Mazatlan 

Medina .  .. . 

Mediterranean  .. 

Alelanesia 

Melb'Uinie 

AJemphieuiagog. 

Menai 

Meudocinu 

Meudoza 

]Mequinez 

Meiida 

IVIerthyr-TydvlI.. 

Me.'-Mna 

Meiise 

Miami 

Michigan 

Micbilimackinac. 

Altkado 

Milan 

Milwaukee 

Mindanao 

Mindnro 

M  qiieloii 

Miramichi 

Missisqnoi 

Mis>oloiighi 

.Mi-'i-onri 

.Miivb'iie 

M.-hile 

Mocba 

M''ga<lotc 

.Nli'Miccai' 

Mongiil 

MoiMm::aliela 

Moniana 

Xoiitaiik 

M'Uiteiieirro 

Monierey 

Montevideo 

Moiitmorenci..  •  ■ 

Moiitpclier 

Montreal 

Morea 

Moscow 

MoFel 

MiMinl  Desert... 

Monizonk. 

Mozambique 

Munich 

Muscat 

Miiskiiiirum 

Mv^oiu 


.Mac  kcn'ze, 
.Mack  e  uuw'. 
.Ma' con. 
•  Ma  de'  ra. 
.Ma  dras'. 
, .Ma  dreed'. 
,  .Mayl'  strum. 
.Mag da  le' iin. 
. .Mag'de  hnrg. 
.Mi  ma  cheeu'. 
.Mai  a  bar'. 
..Ma  lac'ca. 
.Mal'aga. 
.Malay. 
.Ma  la'yn. 
Ma  la' (-he  n. 
.Mawl'fleu. 
.Mawl'ta. 
.Ma  nail'  gwa. 
.Man  a  ynnk'. 
.Man  hal'tau. 
.  Mah  ne'  la. 
.Ma  nis'  te. 
,  .Man  e  to'  bah 
,  .Man  e  to  w<Kr'. 
,  .Man  e  loo'  Iin. 
,  .Man  ichoo'  re  a. 
.  .Mail'  in  a. 
..Ma  ra  ki'bo. 
..Ma  ran  ham'. 
..Ma  reii'go. 
,  .Mar  ga  le  la, 
,  .Mr'  e  <ui. 
.  .Mali  le  pt''zn. 
..Mar'  mo  la. 
..Mar  kel'. 
...Mar  tin  eck', 
.  .Mar  t'ailz'. 
.  -Mas  ca  icne'. 
. .  Ma?-'  sit  Imi. 
..Mat  a  pan'. 
..Mat  la  woin'keg. 
. .  MabI'  to  (iro>'  si», 
..Mawk  Cbiink'. 
..Maw  mee'. 
.  Mow'na  Lo'a. 
..Maw  risb'e  u^. 
..Mall  yahiice*. 
.   Maz  at  lan'. 
..Me  de'ua. 
..Med  e  ler  ra' Tie  an. 
..Mel  a  lie '^lle  a. 
..Mel' burn. 
..Mem  fie  ina'gng, 
.  .Men'i. 
..Men  dose' no. 
..Men  do'  za. 
..Mek'e  nez. 
.  .Mer'e  da. 
..Mer'ibyi-Tyd'viL 
..Mesye'Da. 
. .  M 11  ze. 
. .  Mi  am'e. 
..Mish'  e  '..'an. 
..Mich  e  le  mack'  o- 

nac. 
..Mekah'do. 
..Mil'aii. 
..Mil  waw'ke. 
..Mill  da  nail'  o. 
..Mill  do'ro. 
..Mikehm'. 
.  .Mir  a  me  she'. 
.  .Mi.>'  ^is  kw4>i. 
.  .Slis  so  long' ghe. 
..Mis  Koo'  re. 
..Mil  V  le'ne. 
..Mobcel'. 
..Mo'ka. 
..Mog  a  dore'. 
..Mo  tuc'caz. 
..Mon'gul. 
..Mo  lion  ga  he'la. 
. .  Moll  lah'  na. 
..Moll  tawk'. 
.  Mon  te  na'gro. 
..Mon  le  ray  . 
.,M>m  te  vid'  e  o. 
..Mont  mo  ren'ee. 
..Moiii  peel' ver. 
.  .Moiii  le  awi'. 
..Mo  re' a. 
..Mos'co. 
..M.zei'. 
..Monni  Dez'ert. 
..Moor  zo.  k'. 
..Mo  zam  beek', 
..Mil'  pik, 
..Mils  cal'. 
..Mils  kiiii:''gum. 
..Mysore. 


Xacogdoche!*.. 

Nahaiil 

Namiir 

Nankin 

Naiding 

Naniec 

Naples 

Na>)iua 

Nassau 

Natal 

Natchez 

Nalchitoche"... 

Navariuo 

NeaL'h 

Nedjed 

Nel|^e 

Neva-la 

Newark  

New  Heme 

New  Briiain. .   - 

Newbinirh 

Newbuiyport.  . 


...Nac  ng do' die*. 
...Na  haiil'. 
. .  .Na'  iiiiir. 
.  ..Nan  keen'. 
.  ..Nabiiliiig'. 
..  .Naiitf*. 
,     Na'pl'z. 
...Na>b'u  a. 
...Nas'sHw. 
...Na'tal. 
...Natch' ex. 
...Natch  e  locb'ez, 
...Nav  a  ic'iio. 

..Na.^ 
..  .Nej'ed. 
...N'vnse. 
.  .-Niiy  vah'da. 
..  .New' at  k. 
.  ..New'  Bern. 
.  ..New  Hril't'rt. 

.  .New'  bii'g. 
.  .Newber  le  port 


128 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


Newfonndlftnd  .... New' ftiud  land. 

New(iniiiiida New  Gia  unli'da. 

New  Giiintrii New  Ohtii'ue. 

New  OrlemiJ* New  Or'leaiiz. 

New  Kochelle New  Ki>  sliell'. 

New  Zenlaiid New  Ze'laud. 

NLjami N>ulj'  ine. 

Niagara Ni  ag' a  ra. 

Nicatagna Nic  a  riih  gwii. 

Nice Neece. 

Nicitliar Nic  o  bar'. 

N  iemeii Ne'  meu. 

Niger Ni' jer. 

Nineveh Nin'e  veh. 

Niobrara Ni  o  bra' ra. 

Nipissiiig Nip'  is  tting. 

Nippon Nipptme'. 

Nisines. Neeinz. 

Norf.tlk Nor'fok. 

Norrkopiog Nnr'ko  ping. 

Nurwalk Nor'  w.ik. 

Norwich Nor'  rij. 

Notre  Dame No'i'r  Ualini'. 

Nova  Scoitn No'va  Sen' she  a. 

Nova  Zeinbia No'  va  Zem'  bliu 

Novgorod Nov  go  rod'. 

Nyunza N'yahn'  za. 

Nyastffl N'yahd'  sa. 

Oiihn Wali'hoo. 

Oasis O'a  sis*. 

Oaxaca Wuh  hab'ka. 

Obi O'be. 

Oceaiiicii O  she  an'e  ca. 

Ocmiilgee Oc  inul'  ghee. 

Oconee O  co'nee. 

Oder O'der. 

Odessa O  dc;*'  pa. 

0''eechee u  ghee' chee. 

oP^e Waliz. 

Okeechobee O  kee  cho'  bee. 

Okhotsk Ok  hotsk'. 

Olmulz Ol'miiiP. 

Omaha O'ma  haw, 

Oneida O  ni'da. 

Oinindaga On  ou  daw'gn. 

Ontario On  ta' re  o. 

Opelika O  pel'e  ka. 

Opelonsas Op  e  loo'^as. 

Oporto O  por'lo. 

Orau O  rahn'. 

Oregon Or'e  gnn. 

Ori  noco O  re  no'  co. 

Orizaba Ore  /uh' ba. 

Orkneys Ork'  niz. 

Orleans Or' le  aiiz. 

Ornitiz Or'ninz. 

Oitegal Or'ie  gahl. 

0:*iige O  sage'. 

Osiikosh Osh'kosh. 

Osnaburg Oz' na  bui-g. 

Ossawaitomie Os  sa  wot  o  me. 

Osteud 08  lend'. 

O-iwe-^o Os  we'  go. 

Oiaheiie- O'ta  tiite. 

Otranto O  tran'm. 

Ottawa Ot'ia  waw. 

Ottnnnva Ot'inni  waw. 

Oiide Oud. 

Oiise Onz. 

Owasco O  wjis'co. 

Oziika 0'/.ah  ca. 

Ozark O  zark'. 

Pacarainia Puh  cah  rah  e'  m:ih. 

P.icha I*a  ><haw'. 

I'adang Pa  daug'. 

Padua Pad'  n  a. 

Pjiisli-y Paze'  ley. 

P;ilerino Pa  ier'  mo. 

P.I  lest  Ine Pal'es  line. 

I*;ilmereluii Pahm'er  ston. 

Pnio  AUt» Pah'  to  Al'  to. 

P)l!o8 Pah' Ins. 

Pamlico Pani'  ie  co. 

Pampas Pam'puz. 

Pnniima Pan  a  mah'. 

I'ap>i<* Pap'u  a. 

)*ara   Pa  rah'. 

I'Mra^iiay Pahr  a  gwny'. 

I'-irahyba Paiir  ah  e'  buh. 

ParamHfibo Par  a  ma  re'  bo. 

Piiriina Pahr  a  nali'. 

P.issaic Pas  pa '  ic  . 

Passam:iquoddy...Pa8sa  mn  qnnd'dy. 

Patagonia Pat  a  go'  ne  a. 

Patos Pah'  lose. 

Paira* Pa  irap'. 

Pecos Pa'  ko.^e. 


Pedee Pe  dee'. 

Peipu*.. Pa'e  pns. 

Pekin Pe  kin'. 

Peliiig Pa  ling'. 

Pemliina Pt-m'be  ua. 

Peniigewaseei Pein  e  je  wos'&j(. 

Pensiicola Pen  sa  cola. 

Pepin Pfp'in. 

Pernambiico Per  nam  boo'co. 

Persia Per' she  a. 

Pesib Pest. 

Pbilippi Phe  lip'  pi. 

Pliilippine Phe  lip' pin. 

Picardy PIc'ar  de. 

Piciou Hie  loo'. 

Piedmonf. Peed'  niont. 

Pieiermariizburg-.Peetermai'itzbnrg. 

PIqna PIk'wa. 

Pisa I'ee'za. 

PIscataqna Pis  cat'  a  kwa. 

Pitcairn .Pil  kairn'. 

Plaqiiemine Plak  njeen', 

PJaiean Pla  to'. 

Phiiie Pl:it. 

Plymouth Plim '  nth. 

Poitiers Pt)i  teeiz'. 

Polynesia Pi)l  e  ne'  she  a. 

Pompeii Pom  pa'e. 

Pontchartrain Pom  shar  train', 

Popavan Po  pa  yan'. 

Poponileiierl Pi>p  o  cjih' te  pci'I. 

Port  an  Prince Port  o  Prince'. 

Porte P.  rt. 

Porio  Rico Por'  to  Re'  ko. 

Porto  V'ecchio Por' to  Vek'  ke  o. 

Portugal Por'lu  gal. 

Posen Po'zen. 

Potomac Po  to' mac. 

Potosi Fo  to'  se. 

Pouirhkeepyie Po  kip'se, 

Poyang Po  yang'. 

Prague Pralg. 

Prairie  dn  Chien.Pra're  dn  Sheen'. 

Presqne  Isle Presk  Eel'. 

Prussia Prash'ya. 

Puebla     Pwa'  bla. 

Puerto  Principe... Pware' to Preen'ce- 

pay. 
Pyrenees Pir'  eu  eez. 

Qnatre  Bras Kaht'r  Brah'. 

Quebec Kue  bee'. 

Quenluu Kwen  loon'. 

Queretaro Kay  ray  taU'ro. 

Qniloa Ke'Io  a. 

Qnincy Kwin'ze. 

Quinebang Kwiu  e  bawg'. 

Quito Ke' to. 

Riidiie Ra  seen'. 

Ragusa Kah  i;oo'  sah. 

Rah  way Raw' way. 

R.iiiiier K.i'  neer. 

Rjiisin Ra'zin. 

Raleigh Raw'  le. 

Rangoon Rang  goon'. 

Rapidau R;ip  id  au'. 

Rappahannock — R.ip  pa  hau'uock. 

Raritan Rar'  it  Tm. 

Raiisbon  Ral'  is  hon. 

iiavenna Ra  ven'  na. 

Heading Red'ing. 

iteims .Reemz. 

Rensselner Ren  sel  er. 

UcsacadelaPahna.Ray  sah'  ca  day  la 
Pahr  ma. 

Resligouche Res  le  goo  sha', 

ItevUjavik Rike'3-a  vik. 

Rhone Ron. 

Riad Re  ad'. 

Richelieu Reesh'e  ID. 

Riesen Re'  zen. 

RicsenGebirge Re'zenGebere'ge. 

Riga Ke'  i;a. 

Riride  la  Plata..  ..Re'odny In Plah'tn. 

Rio  Grande Re'o  Grahn'day. 

Rio  Janeiro Re'  o  Ja  nay'  ro. 

Roanoke Ro  an  nke'. 

Romagua Ro  mahn'  ya, 

RoncoBvalles Ron  se  vahl'yes. 

Rosaiio Ro  sab' re  o. 

Rotterdam Rot'  ter  diim. 

Rouen Roo'en. 

Ronmania Roo  mah'  ne  a. 

Roiitnelia Roo  nie'  le  n. 

Rouf'es  Point Row.ce' ez  Point. 

Rowan Ro'  an. 

Russia Rii-li'a. 

Ryswck Kiz' wik. 


Sflflfbrnck 

Sabinas 

Sabine 

Sable 

Saco 

Sacramento 

Sadowa 

Saghalin 

Saginaw 

Sui^uenay 

Sahainu 

Sahara  

Said 

Saigon 

Salamanca 

Salisbury 

Saloiiica 

Saniana 

Samarang 

Saniarcund 

Sanioan 

San  Bennirdino . 

San  Uietjo 

Sandu.-ky 

Sun  Felipe 

Sangamon 

San  .loaquin 

San  Josi! 

San  J.inin 

Siin  Luis  Obispo. 

SauLuisPotosi.. 

San  Mnrino 

S.in  Miguel 

San  Salvador 

Santa  Hari>ara... . 

Santa  Cliira 

Santa  Cruz 

Sinia  F6 

Santee 

Santiago 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

Siione  

Siiragossa 

Saratt)v 

Sarawak 

Sarniienio 

Saskaichnwan. . .. 
Sanlt  St.  Marie... 

Save 

Scheldt 

Schenectady 

Schoodic 

Si-hroon 

Schuylkill 

Scliweidnitz 

Schwerin 

Scilly 

Scioto 

Scliivee 

Scotia 

Scutiiri 

Seattle 

Seliiigo 

Sebastopol 

Sedan 

Seidlilz 

Seine 

Senegal 

Senegambia  : 

Sennaar 

Seoul 

Serro  Espinhafo. . 

Severn  

Seville 

Shanghai 

Shawangnnk 

Shenandoah  

Shikokn 

Siam 

Sicily 

Sierra  Leone 

Sierra  Mndrc 

Sierra  Nevada. . . . 

Si  hon 

Silesia 

Sinai 

Sinaloa 

Sinope 

Singapore 

sjoux 

SkML'er  Rack 

Skaneiiteles 

Slavonia 

SIcxwick  llol^iein 
Smolen>k 


.Sahr'broiik. 

.Sah  be'  nas. 

Sa  lieeu'. 

.Sa'b'l. 
,  .Saw' CO. 

.Sac  ra  men' to. 

.Siih'do  wa. 
.  Sag  ha  leen'. 
,  .Sag'e  n»w. 

.Sag'  nay. 

.Sa  hah'  ma. 
,  .Sa  bah'  ra. 
..Sah  eed'. 
,.Si  gon'. 
..Sal  a  than'  ca. 
.  .Sawlz'  ber  re. 
,  .Sal  o  ne'ca. 
.  .Sa  niah'na. 
,  .Sam  ar  ang'. 
.  .Sam  ar  rand'. 
,  .Sa  mo'  an. 
..San  Ber  nar  de'no. 
..San  L>e  a'  go. 
,  .Sjin  das'  ke. 
..San  Fay  le  pay. 
,  .S.in'  ira  nion. 
.San  Hn  a  keen'. 
..San  Ho  zav'. 
..San  iitJo  ahJt'. 
..SiOi  Looees'Obis'- 

p«t. 
..San  Loo ees'Po lo- 
se. 

.San  Ma  re' no. 

•  San  Me  glie!'. 
.San  Sal  va  dore'. 
.San'ta  Bnr'  ba  ra. 
.San'  ta  Clah'ra. 

San'  ta  Cntose. 
.San'  ta  Fay'. 
.San  tee'. 
.San  te  ah' go. 
.San  le  ah  go  diiy 

C.'i  ba. 
.Son. 
.Sar  a  gos'sa. 

•  Sar  a  tov'. 
.Sahr  a  wahk'. 
.Sar  me  en'  to. 
.Sas  katch'a  wawn. 
.Soo  Sent  Ma' re. 
.Sahv. 
.Skelt. 

.Ske  nee'  ta  de. 
.Shoo' die 
.Skroon. 
.Skool'kill. 
.ShwTt'nits. 
.Swa  reeu'. 
.Sil'le. 
.Si  o'to. 
.Sklahvz. 
.Sko'she  a. 

Skoo'  ta  re. 

Se'  t'l. 

.  Se  ba'  go. 

.Se  bas'to  pol. 

.Se  dahn'. 

.Sed'lite. 

.Sane. 

.Sen'e  gnwl. 

.Sen  6  gam' be  a. 

-Sen  nahr'. 

.Sa  ool'. 

.Ser'    ro    Es    peen- 

ynh'  so. 
.Sev'ern. 
.Sev'il. 
.Shnnglii'. 
.Shoiig'gnm. 
.Shen  an  do' a. 
.Shi  ko'koo. 
.Si  am'. 
.Sis'e  le. 

.Se  er'  ra  Le  n'ne. 
.Se  er'ra  Mah'clray. 
.Scer'raNe  vah'da. 
.Se  boon'. 
.Si  le'se  a. 
.Si'na  T. 
.Sin  a  lo'a. 
.Sin'  o  pe. 
.Sing  ga  pore'. 

Se  o(t'. 

Skag'er  Rnck. 
..Skan  e  at'  e  les. 
.  .Sla  vo'  ne  a. 
.Sle>'wikH"»retiD©, 
.Snio  lensk'. 


Smyrna 

Socoira  

Sokoio 

Somali 

?>onora 

Soiata 

Soiel 

Soudan  

Spii 

spc^er 

Spheroid 

Sporades 

St,  Anthony 

Staien  Island. .. 
S;.  Augustine... 

St,  Croix 

Steiliic<H>m 

St.  Elias 

St.  Etienne 

Stettin , 

St.  Genevieve. . . 

St.  Helena 

St.  Lawrence... 

St.  Louis 

St.  Pierre 

Stralsund 

Strasbourg 

Sinnnboli 

St.  Roque 

Stuttgart 

Sucliau 

Sucie , 

sutnatra.. 

Sunda 

Surabaya , 

Snrar 

Suriiniui 

Snwanee 

Swansea 

Syracuse , 


...Smir'na, 

...Sii  co'  ira. 

...Soko'  to. 

.  ..So  maw'le. 

..  .Si>  no'ra. 

.  ..So  rah' tab. 

...Sor'  el. 

.  ..Soo  dan'. 

..  .Spidi. 

...Spi'er. 

.  ..Sphe'roid. 

..  .Spor'a  deez. 

..  .Sent  An'  to  ny. 

...Stafn  I'land. 

...Sent  Aw  giis  teen'. 

...SentCroi . 

.  ..Sti  la  coom'. 

...Sent  E  li'  as. 

...Sent  Et  e  cu'. 

—  Stet  teen'. 

.  ..Sent  Jen  e  veev'. 
.  ..Sent  He  le'na. 
...Sent  Law'reuce. 
..  .Sent  Loo' is. 
...Sent  Pe  nir'. 
...Strabl'stHmd. 
...Stras'  bipurg 
..  .Strom'  bo  le. 
...Sent  R..ke'. 

Stoot'  gart. 

Soo  chow. 

Soo'  Cray. 

Su  mnb  tra. 

.  ..Sun'  da. 

—  S.'.  ra  hi' ah, 

—  Su  rat'. 
Sar  e  nam'. 

..  .Su  waw' nee, 

Swjiwn'ee. 

Syracuse'. 


Tabriz Ta  breez'. 

Tahiti Ta  he' te. 


'Pablequah  . 

Talladeu'a 

Tathibassee. . 

Tamaqua 

Tainaiave 

Tampico 

Tanan.-u'ivo .. 
Tanganyika. . 
Tangier". 


..Tab'  le  kwah. 
.Tal  la  de'ga. 
-Tal  la  has' see. 
.Tam  aw' kwa. 
,.Tam'a  tahv. 
.Tarn  pe'co. 
.Tan  ati  a  re  vo'. 
,.Tahn  gahu  ye'kn. 
.Tan  jeer'. 


Taos Tah'ose. 

Tapajos Ta  pah'  ynpe. 

Tashkend Tash  kend'. 

Tasmania Tnz  ma'ne  a. 

Taunton Tnhn'lou. 

Tauris Taw'ris. 

Tchad Chad. 

Teheran Tee  he  rahn'. 

Tehuanlepec Te  waliu' te  pec. 

Tegucigalpa Ta  goo  se  gjihl'pa. 

TeneriflV Ten'e  rif. 

Terre  Haute Ter' re  Hole. 

Tezcaco Tez  coo'co. 

Thames Teinz. 

'I'liebes 'I'beebz. 

Theiss Tice. 

Thermopyl^^ Ther  mop'  e  le. 

Thian  Shan Te  ahn'  Sliahu. 

Thibet Te  bet'. 

Thibodeaux Tib  o  do'. 

Tientsin Te  ent  seen'. 

Tierra  del  FuegcTe  er'ra  del  Fwa'- 
go. 

Tiflis Tlf'lis. 

Tilsit Til'sit. 

i'imbuctoo Tim  hue  too', 

Tirnova Teer'  no  va, 

'Titicaca 

Tinmen 

Tobolsk 

Tocauiins.  .. 

T..kio 

Tombigbee.. 

'Tcuiquin 

Topekii 

Ton- 


.Tit  e  call'  ca. 
.. .  .Te  u  men'. 
....Tob.lsk'. 
....To  can  leenz'. 
....To'keo. 

Tom  big' bee. 

....Ton  keen'. 
....To  pe'ka. 

.Tor' res 


Torlng.'i Tor  too' ga. 

Toulon Too  long  . 

Toulouse Too  looz'. 

Ti)urniiy Toor  na'. 

Tours To(ti-. 

Trafalgar Trnf  al  gar'. 

Transvaal Trahns  vahl'. 

Trcbizond Treb  e  zond', 

Trieste Tre  est'. 

Trinidad Trin  c  dad'. 

1  Tripoli Trip'  o  le« 


Troyes Trwah. 

Truxillo Troo  beel'yo, 

Tu<eon Too  son'. 

Tncnmau "Too  cu  man'. 

Tulare Too  lab' re. 

Turin Tu'  rin. 

Tnikestan Toor  kes  tau". 

TufCanv Tus' ca  ne. 

Tyrol  .; Tirrole'. 

Uintah Win'  tab. 

Ulrn Oolin. 

Ulster Ul'sler. 

Umutillu Oo  ma  leel'  ya. 

Umbagog Um'  ba  gog. 

Ui>ernnvik \.Oo'  per  nah  vik. 

Upsnl Up' sal. 

Ural (to' ral. 

LTrbana Ur  ba'  nn. 

Uruguay Yoo  roo  gwoy', 

Utah .Yoo'iah. 

Utica Yoo'te  ku. 

Utrecht You'iiekt. 

Valladolid Val  la  do  Iced'. 

Vallejo Val  ya'  ho. 

Valencia Va  leii'she  a. 

Valparaiso Val  pa  ri'  zo. 

Vancouver Van  coo'  ver. 

Venetia Ven  e'sbe  a. 

Venezuela Ven  e  zwe'  ia. 

Venice Ven'  ice. 

Vera  Cruz  Va'ra  Kroos, 

Vergeniies Ver  jenz'. 

V'eimiliou Ver  mil' yon. 

Verona V^e  ro'na. 

Versailles Ver  salz'. 

Vesuvius Ve  soo'  ve  as. 

Viceroy Vice'  roy. 

Vienna Ve  en'  na. 

Vinceniies Vjn  cenz'. 

Vistula Vis'  tn  la. 

Vopges Vuzh. 

Wabaph Waw'  bash. 

Wachupell Waw  cbu'sett, 

Wahabee \V;di  hab'l)e. 

\V;ihsatch Wail  saich'. 

Wallnchia Wal  la'ke  a. 

Walla  W'alla Wol'ln  Wol'la, 

Warsaw War'  saw. 

Warwick Wor'  ik. 

Washita Wosh'e  taw. 

Wateree W'aw  ler  e'. 

Waterloo Waw  ler  loo'. 

M  aukesha Waw'ke  bbuw. 

Wener Wa'  ner. 

We^^er We'  zer. 

Westphalia West  pba'  le  a. 

Wie>biulcu Wees  bah'  den. 

Wilke^barre Wilks'  bar  te. 

Willamette Wil  lam'et. 

Winnebago Win  ne  ba'go. 

Winnipeg Win'ue  peg. 

Winnipegoos Win  e  pe  goop'. 

Winnipisengee Win  ne  pe  sok'e. 

Winona We  no'nii. 

Winooski We  noos'  ke. 

Woonsocke Woim  snck'et. 

Worcester Woos'  ter. 

\\'urtemberg Wer'  tem  berg. 

Wyandotte Wy  an  dot'. 

Wyoming Wi  o'ming. 

Tnblouoi Ya  bio  noi'. 

Yang-tse-Kiang . . .  Yang'-tse-Ke  ang*. 

Y"arkand Y'ar  kahud'. 

Yazoo Y'a  zoo'. 

Yedo Yed'  o. 

Yemen Ycm'en. 

Yenisei Yen  e  sa'e. 

Y>zo Ya'zo. 

Yokohama Yo  ko  hnh'mn. 

Y'osemite Yo  sem'  e  te. 

Yonghiogheuy Yoh  bo  ga'ne. 

Y'psilanli Ip  se  lau'  le. 

Yulm \iut'  bah. 

Y'ucatan Yoo  ra  tan'. 

Yukon Yoo'kou. 

Zncntecns Zac  a  ta'cas. 

Zambesi Zam  ba'zee, 

Zanguebar Zabng  ge  bar'. 

Ziinte Zau'  te. 

Zanzibar Zau  ze  bar'. 

Zealand Ze'  land. 

Zurich Zoo'rik. 

Ziitphen Zoot'  fen. 

Znyder  Zee 2i'  der  Zee. 


THE    OLD    AND    NEW    SYSTEMS    OF    RAILROAD   TIME. 


LXVI  a. 

THE  OLD,  OR  LOCAL,  STANDARD  TIME. 

1.  Solar  Day. — The  interval  between  two  successive  crossings  of  the 
meridian  by  the  sun's  centre  is  called  a  solar  day.  True  Noon  at  any 
place  is  the  instant  at  which  the  sun's  centre  crosses  the  meridian 
of  that  place. 

2.  Solar  Days  vary. — If  the  axis  of  the  earth  were  tx?LC\.\y  perpentiiai- 
lar  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit,  and  if  the  orbit  itself  were  a  circle,  all  solar 
days  would  be  of  the  same  length.  But  the  inclined  axis  and  elliptical 
orbit  of  the  earth  cause  a  considerable  variation  in  the  length  of  the 
solar  days.  For  this  reason,  a  perfectly  regulated  clock  or  watch  does 
not  and  cannot  keep  time  with  the  sun.  Such  a  clock  shows  the  time 
that  would  be  shown  by  the  sun,  if,  as  above  supposed,  the  axis  of  the 
earth  were  perpendicular  and  its  orbit  circular.  From  one  noon,  or 
1 2  o'clock,  to  another,  as  siiown  by  such  a  timepiece,  there  are  always 
and  exactly  24  x  GO  x  Go  seconds.  The  length  of  the  day  thus  shown 
is  the  exact  average  length  of  all  of  the  solar  days  of  the  year.  This 
average,  regular,  unchangeable  day  is  called  the  mean  solar  day,  its  noon 
is  called  mean  noon,  and  the  clock  is  said  to  keep  mean  time. 

3.  Owing  to  the  position  of  the  axis  of  the  earth  and  its  varying  rate 
of  motion  in  its  elliptical  orbit,  true  or  solar  noon  sometimes  lags  be- 
hind mean  noon,  losing  a  little  each  day,  until  it  is  sometimes  about 
15  minutes  behind  the  regular  mean  noon;  at  other  times  of  the  year 
it  gains  on  the  tnean  noon,  little  by  little  overtakes  it,  and  at  last  gets 
about  15  minutes  ahead  of  it.  Thus,  when  the  shadow  is  just  on  the 
noon  or  meridian  mark  on  the  27th  of  October,  a  good  watch  will 
show  10  minutes  of  \i,  and  on  the  10th  of  February,  15  minutes /rtJ'/ 
12.     Only  four  times  in  a  year  will  they  agree. 

4.  Mean  Solar  Time,  therefore,  is  the  time  shown  from  day  to  day  by 
a  good  clock  or  watch,  not  that  shown  by  the  sun.  This  mean  solar 
time  has  been  in  general  use  about  a  century.  Before  that,  clocks  had 
to  be  reset  daily  by  the  sun  or  noon  mark. 

5.  Local  Time. — Since  the  earth  turns  on  its  axis  from  west  to  east, 
the  sun  will  come  to  the  several  meridians  of  our  western  cities  after 
it  has  already  passed  those  of  the  eastern  ones.  Since  the  whole  revo- 
lution through  300  degrees  is  performed  in  24  hours,  a  change  of  15 
degrees  of  longitude  changes  the  time  one  hour.  The  same  moment 
that  it  is  9  o'clock  at  Memphis  (90"  W.)  it  is  10  o'clock  in  Philadel- 
phia (75°  \V.)  and  8  o'clock  in  Denver  (105°  W.).  The  mean  solar 
time  shown  at  a  given  place  is  called  local  time,  and  has  until  recently 
been  in  universal  use.  All  places  having  the  same  longitude  must 
have  the  same  local  time. 

Questions. —  I.  What  is  a  sular  day?  True  noon? — 2.  Why  do  solar  days  vary 
in  length?  What  is  a  me:in  solar  day?  Mean  noon?  What  kind  of  time  does  a 
good  clock  show .' — 3.  How  and  how  much  do  true  noon  and  mean  noon  differ  on  the 
27th  of  October?  On  the  10th  of  February?  How  often  do  tliey  agree.' — t.  What  is 
mean  solar  time?  How  long  in  use.' — 5.  What  difference  in  longitude  produces  an 
hour's  difference  in  time?     Give  illustration.     What  is  local  time? 


LXVI  b. 

THE  RAILROAD   OR   HOUR -BELT   SYSTEM,  OR   NEW 
STANDARD  TIME. 

1.  Dangers. — Local  time  sufficed  for  all  social  purposes  until  within  a 
few  years.  The  introduction,  multiplication,  and  interlacing  of  rail- 
roads soon  led  to  difficulties  and  clangers  arising  from  the  use  of  local 
time.  Safety  and  system  require  that  every  railroad  must  have  a  care- 
fully constructed  time-table  to  regulate  the  running  of  its  trains.  The 
time  shown  in  the  table  was  the  local  time  of  some  important  place 
on  the  road,  usually  one  of  its  termini.  The  watch  of  every  conductor 
and  other  employee  on  that  road  must  show  the  local  time  of  this  ter- 
minus.    This  time  necessarily  differed  from  the  local  time  of  all  other 


places  on  that  road.  On  long  roads  this  difference  was  sometimes 
more  than  an  hour.  It  thus  happened  that  trains  running  through  the 
same  railroad  centre  from  various  termini  had  three  or  four,  and  some- 
times even  a  greater  number  of  different  standards  of  time.  These 
considerations  led,  by  general  agreement,  to  the  adoption,  in  1883,  of 
the  following  system  of  time  for  the  railroads  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada.     It  is  based  upon  the  system  of  local  time  already  explained. 

2.  Standard  Meridians. — Meridians  75°,  90°,  105°,  and  120'  west  of 
Greenwich  are  selected  as  Standard  Meridians.  They  are  15°  apart. 
The  local  time  on  any  one  of  them,  therefore,  differs  exactly  one  hour  from 
the  local  time  on  either  of  the  two  others  between  which  it  is  situated. 

Hour-belts. —  Each  standard  meridian  is  the  middle  line  of  a  belt 
15'  wide,  extending  T^°  east  and  7^°  west  of  that  standard  meridian. 

Belt  Time. — Whatever  may  be  the  local  time  at  a  given  instant  on 
any  standard  meridian,  that  is  taken  to  be  the  time  at  every  place  in  the 
belt  through  which  that  meridian  runs.  That  is,  if  it  is  10  minutes  of  5 
local  time  on  the  standard  meridian,  every  watch  in  every  place  in  that 
belt  should  at  the  same  instant  show  10  minutes  of  5. 

Agreement. — Since  the  standard  meridians  are  15°,  or  exactly  one 
hour  apart,  if  it  is  10  minutes  of  5  in  one  belt  it  is  10  minutes  of  4  all 
over  the  belt  next  west  of  it,  and  10  minutes  of  6  all  over  the  belt 
next  east  of  it.  Therefore,  whatever  be  the  place  of  the  hour  hands, 
the  minute  hands  of  all  watches  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  will 
point  to  the  same  figure. 

Terms  used. — The  time  shown  in  the  belt  of  the  7oth  meridian  is 
known  as  Eastern  Time  ;  in  that  of  the  90th  meridian  as  Central  Time  ; 
in  that  of  the  105th  meridian  as  Mountain  Time  ;  and  in  that  of  the 
120lh  meridian  as  Pacific  Time.  The  00th  meridian,  proposed  for 
Inter-colonial  Tiine,  is  not  yet  in  use. 

3.  Adoption. — Many  great  cities  lie  quite  near  some  standard  meridian. 
This  promptly  led  to  a  wide  adoption  of  the  new  standard  time  for  al! 
social  purposes,  the  change  at  New  York  being  less  than  4  minutes, 
and  at  Philadelphia  and  St.  Louis  only  about  1  minute.  But  places 
on  or  near  the  borders  of  the  hour-belts  required  a  change  of  about 
30  minutes.  Besides  this,  some  of  the  long  railroads  have  been  obliged 
to  push  the  time  of  a  terminus  lying  in  one  belt  far  over  into  an  ad- 
joining belt.  This  has  caused  the  lines  separatitig  the  belts  to  be  very 
irregular,  and  the  belts  to  vary  greatly  in  width,  thus  departing  from 
the  simplicity  of  the  original  plan.  The  standard  time  at  Bismarck, 
Da.,  is  43  minutes  earlier,  and  that  at  Erie,  Pa.,  is  40  minutes  later  than 
the  local  time ;  so  that  the  new  standard  noon  at  the  former  place  some- 
times comes  58  minutes  before,  and  at  the  latter  place  55  minutes  after, 
the  sun  crosses  the  meridian.  For  these  and  other  reasons,  among 
which  is  the  fact  that  many  occupations  are  practically  dependent  upon 
the  sun's  light,  many  cities,  and  some  large  districts  of  countrj',  have 
not  yet  adopted  the  new  standard  of  time  for  general  social  purposes. 

4.  The  Astronomical,  or  Navigators',  Day  is  the  mean  solar  day  that 
begins  at  noon  on  the  1st  standard  meridian,  that  of  Greenwich.  A 
ship's  chronometer  shows  Greenwich  time,  and  thus  enables  a  navi- 
gator to  know  his  exact  longitude  on  the  ocean  from  day  to  day.  This 
is  the  same  as  spreading  the  local  time  of  Greenwich,  not  over  an  hour- 
belt,  but  all  over  the  world. 

5.  The  Local  Civil  Day  is  the  mean  solar  day  of  24  hours  which  be- 
gins at  midnight.  It  is  the  day  that  is  dated  in  the  calendar.  The 
change  of  date  occurs  first  at  an  irregular  line  passing  from  pole  to  pole 
through  the  PacifiG  Ocean.     (See  map,  page  120.) 

0.  In  place  of  the  present  local  civil  day  it  is  proposed  to  establish 
a  Universal  Civil  Day  which  will  begin  at  mean  noon  at  Greenwich,  and 
will  extend  by  24  hour-belts  quite  around  the  globe. 

Questions. — 1.  What  causes  led  to  the  hour-belt,  or  railroad  system  of  time  ? — 
2.  Which  are  its  standard  meridians?  Describe  the  hour-belts.  Belt  time.  In  what 
do  the  belt  times  agree?  What  name  for  each? — 3.  Where  is  the  system  used? 
Why?  Where  not  used?  Why.' — 4.  Describe  the  navigators'  day. — 5.  The  local 
civil  dav.— G.  The  universal  civil  day. 


GEOGRAPHY 


OF 


THE     PACIFIC     STATES. 


DESIGNED    TO    ACCOMPANY    HARPER'S    SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


WITH    MAPS    OF   THE    STATES    AND    ILLUSTRATIONS 


PREPARED   EXPRESSLY   FOR   THIS   WORK. 


Cttlirornia.— Ik.i.M.l  (.alilomi.v 

1  part  ol  tlie  sl.itc  *  In  the  wcslt-rn  p.irl?  Souili 
of  lilt  (.'o.ist  Range  ?  Name  the  chiel  tli 
l.nins  t)(  the  Coiksl  Kung<:.  Chief  peaks  ol  the  Sicrr.i  -Nc< 
vada.  Other  peaks  in  thasutc?  What  ckserts  wholly  or 
partly  in  the  stJtc?  What  large  double  valley?  What 
plalciu  in  the  north  }  iA'/,im,itA.)  Name  the  chief  capes. 
What  group  of  islands  south  ul  the  L.'imst  KdU4;e  *  What 
bays  north  of  Snn  Francisco  ?     What  bay»  south  .' 

Whst  wo  rivers  drain  a  large  pari  ol  ihc  slate  f  Name 
the  chief  branches  o(  each.  What  rivcnt  enter  the 
north  ol  San  Francisco  f  South  of  San  Francisco  >  What 
river  forms  pan  o(  the  boundary*  What  lakes  in  the 
nonheasicm  part  oi  the  state?  In  what  region  f  What 
lakes  on  or  near  the  cnslem  boundary  ►  In  the  San 
]oiquin  valley?     What  other  lAcs  in  the  stale  ? 

e  the  toast  counties  north  of  S^n  Frinci>to  South 
ol  San  Frandsco.  On  the  northern  bound.iry.  f)n  the 
caaicrn  boundary.  On  the  southeastern.  On  the  south 
«ro.  In  (he  eastern  part  ol  the  Saci 
the  western  part.  In  the  San  Joaquin  valley.  Un  San 
Francisco  Bay  and  its  branches. 

c  the  cities  and  towns  near  the  nortlicrn  Ixiundary 
of  the  Slate.  On  the  coast  north  of  San  Francisco,  On 
>r  near  the  railroads  terminating  at  San  Pablo  Bay,     On 


San  Francisco  Itay  and  its  branches.  On  or  near 
ihe  coiist  south  of  San  Franci.sco.  East  of  Los  Angeles 
Northeast  of  Tulare  Lake.  On  the  railroad  bctwi 
I-rancisco  and  Monterey.  Elclwccn  Sacramento  and  Visa- 
li.i.  East  of  Stockton.  East  of  Sacramento.  Northwest 
of  Sacramcnio.  On  or  near  Sacramento  ttJvcr.  Oe 
heather  Rikcr.  Bclneen  Marysville  and  the  Nevada  line. 
What  city  is  the  capital  ? 

Nevtdft.-^ Bound  Nevada.  Name  the  chief  mountain 
ranges  in  the  state.  What  deserts  are  wholly  or  partly 
in  the  slate !  Where  is  the  highest  plateau  of  the  state  f 
What  rivers  dr.iin  the  northern  slope  of  the  plateau  F 
>f  what  river  arc  Ihey  branches?  ISitatfA  What  tivct 
liiins  its  southern  slope?  Name  ils  chief  hranchcs, 
A  'i  jl  riveri  Mow  from  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
i.iita?  What  river  croues  the  southeastern  biiiinitary? 
[-'orms  a  part  ol  (he  southern  boundary?  Name  lis  chrd 
br.-inch  in  (he  stale.  Name  the  chief  lakes  and  sinks. 
What  rivers  flow  Irom  or  into  each  of  ihese  Jakes  t 

Ihe  northern  boundary?  Ori  Ihe 
The  southwestern  ?  The  ocsicm  ?  What  other 
re  there  ? 

ities  and  towns  near  the  western  angle  ol  (h« 
hal  railroad  crosses  the  stale?  iC*»/ra/  /'itq/$r.) 
near  (his  raitro.id?  On  its  branches? 
North  of  the  railroad?  North  of  Eureka?  Northeast ' 
Souilicasi  ?  West  ?  Southeast  ol  Treasure  City  ?  SouiL 
of  Austin?    Souuwesi  of  Belmont  ?  tVlut  u  the  capital r 


^- 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


Psi*%af^ 


t — I 

O 

I — I 

< 
o 

O 

>^ 

X 

< 
a: 

o 
o 
w 
o 

<: 
I— ( 

o 

w 

CO 


^-   o    c 

1-     O 
COO 


1) 
c 
o 

4-1 

a. 


■ii    c 
— '     nl 

•?  'So 


'       ^  •■  __^     ^ 


=     >,   lU 


tf) 


fcfl 

3 


«  *> 


Zi    T! 


S    o 


<«    c 


bj3  Cu  n  "O 


o 


.2  "^ 


O     I- 

i3   a 


o  -e  -r 


.2  i 


W    "    J3    '^ 


S    —    .-    -T     G    ~    — 


O    ^ 
o 


-  CQ 
O     t- 


"'►    CI    ^J 
-r    -.1    ■— 


£  '-'  i-- 


c  «  X  .2 


'/■-  *. 


•T3    _.  i:    <->   ■" 


to     4_» 


3     C 
O 


> 


to    c  -^    -*-• 


tU         (11      *4H 


^   3 

!"   J= 

o 

_>     (/) 


(U 


tX) 

M-l 

o 
5 


^ 

^ 

r-: 

u, 

4-» 

<U 

J3 

1—1 

n) 

u 

^ 

•^ 

<U 

to 

n 

rt 

to 

•a 
c 

< 

»— 1 

rt 

3 

p  ^ 

S  O 

r-  *-' 

c 

3  tuo 

-?  'e 

1^  O 


fcXJ  to 
3  rt 
O     ^ 


^  .3 

o  — 

—  bJO 

-3  O 


G. 

c 
o 

iC 

o 

rj 

+-» 

o 

to     3 

tu    to 


-a    3 

3     rt 

2  S 


•2   "   Si  S  H 


*j    _c    X 

to  =  '"' 


ii  ■a 


i-     rt    O 
Si  '" 

3     to     >, 

bJ5 

c 
o 


-i   -^     1^   7^     rt    9     I' 


J=     3 


0) 


o 


;?  ~  y  >  ■ 


o    tu    fc/) 


^ 


■s  :S  -y 


-—  to 


X     C 
tu     ^ 

>^  o 

3     3 

rt  .:<; 
E 


to     >, 

a^    P    ^ 


H 


t;    rt  _5; 


,£ 

bi 

c 

HJ 


to     rt 
> 


_     3 

G.  — 
tu     u)     rt 


rt  T3 

U  rt 

S  ° 

O  jD 

>-.   rt 

(U 

^^  to 

>  s 


1) 


3 
O 
k^ 
1) 
3 

5 

3 

tu     b/3 

■     3 


3 
rt 

(U 

rt 

rt 

o 

e 

rt 

o 

3 

u< 

rt 

<u 

ti) 

hf 

.— 

to 

-a 

> 

>, 

u. 

O 

o 

*^ 

O 

^_j 

rt 

c/: 

*-' 

tu 

3 

<u 

C« 

■1  1 

j: 

XI 

-n 

O 

■^ 

■M 

tu 
bX) 

3 
n 

^ 
D 

to 

rt 

rt 

rt 

o 

-3 

O 
o 

3 
O 

E  3 

to  Ut 

>-x  rt 

to  c 


rt 

u 
rt  ""   ■S 


O      D      U 

B  «  "E 

_     O 


tu    ^ 


rt     rt 

o 


<y  U    E 


o 

J3 


>,    O 

XI 

-  I 


3     g^ 

■-    E 

a  c 


O      OJ 


j3      . 

4^  (O 


3  O 

(U  o 

0)  tu 

_3  -3 


■SO-" 


"c    o 


o   >^ 


^    —     -^      -      OJ 


5  H 


o     tU     rt 
S     ..     O 


.  x: 


o 
lu  c« 


rt     CO 

k-  {U 


bX) 

■^  x:-,i5   6x1  c 


tu    rt 


_  --^ 
>^    0)     3 

S  c    o 

rt  T3    ^ 

5  "o  ■" 

^  -^     3 

42  ^     0) 

c  rt  -^ 

S  «J  P 

O  u      ^ 

■^  bX3  X3 


3    >.| 

•5  X2  '=; 

bX)  JJ  — 
•S   =  S 

1)     3     2 
3     O     3 

30-5 

P     ..,    " 


0) 


<u  ■r;    o 

*-*  3  ^ 


to     3 

«     rt 


5J 


J2 


o 

t— I 

E-" 
Ph 
I— I 

o 
zo 
H 


o 
Ph 

HH 


tu 

"^ 

o 
tu 

ri 

tn 
tu 


o  -S 

to      i^ 


<u  -a   «J 
•£   5   rt 


■3        "^ 


3 

o 


rS    E  W 


c  -a 
9.    3 


3        ni    — 


O 


T3 

5  o  _- 

■~  m  zD 

rt    M-t    o 
O    i~ 

.  ■x;   rt  '-' 

O  ■£  T3 
3^3 
>.  rt 
o  I.  ^ 
ci  rt  o 
■*     tu    cc 


O     to 


3 


OJ    -73 
— ,      3 


Uc      to      O 

f^    rt    ti 


0)  ? 

T3  C 

s  t 

bX)  c 


O    .S 
rt   ■— 

bD   '" 
3    .2 


~     rt     Ji 

.£ 

bi 

3 


rt 
_  -3 
to  fe 
5f  £ 
^   E 


3 

"rt 

u 


o  -* 


tu     j- 

t:^    rt 

t^     £^ 


T)"     3 


s    o    y    = 


Cfl   XI    o 


■?  x:    c 
*-*   -*-»  ^ 


c4 
OQ 


^^    2    to  —■  -o 

-o  ii   3 

c  -3   tu 

OJ  rt 

X  rt     V4 

(u  C*  V 


C  O    o  rt 

aj  k4_  ^ 

J!  4^     tu  i; 

■*-»  o 

<u  .3  i2 


a; 

M-d 

°     OJ 
u    ■"  •- 

■£  c  rt 

■>-'  <u  > 

'^  ^  [1 

O  rt  ^ 

—    t!  -^ 

"3    rt    rt 

*  '5  -^ 

3     rt  rt 

rt   _>  3 

'f^     >^  ai    . 

to  |_ 

5     3   .2 

be  lu    ,, 

i-     Q_,      tu 

rt   ^    o 

~  -a  J2 

to     3    T-    ' 

-  rt     3 

T!       '    ■" 
3    -tf     tu 

rt     S    jC 

3  >  7 

.2    S    I 

—  u    aj 

^     04 


QJ       " 


JJ    tu 

^  x: 

3        4-" 


rt 

■*-• 

tu 

!-: 

0 

a 

3 
0 

a* 

n 

^ 

rt 

3 

c 

3 

(U 

0 

E 

O 

OJ 

n 

fc 

J) 
o 


0)      iO  ^ 

xi    tu  5 

4-'      4->  CQ 

rt 


M    2 


rt 


pi"   O 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


to  tn 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


in  the  coast  regions.  Sometimes  the  fall  is  nearly  twice  the  average. 
In  such  years,  though  considerable  damage  is  done  in  some  places  by 
floods,  the  total  agricultural  production  of  the  state  is  greatly  increased. 

In  sunimci-  the  Return  Trade-winds,  descending  from  tlie  liigli  regions  of  the 
atmosphere,  strike  southern  .ind  central  California  as  southwest  winds.  They 
here  mix  with  the  hot  currents  ascending  from  the  broad  area  of  deserts  and 
plains,  their  capacity  for  absorbing  and  retaining  moisture  is  gieatly  increased, 
and  they  am  give  no  rain.     California  has,  therefore,  a  very  dry  sninmier. 

In  winter  and  early  spring  the  northern  portions  of  the  same  broad  belt  of  winds 
have  moved  so  far  to  the  south  (see  pages  IG  and  17)  as  to  strike  the  moun- 
tain chains  on  the  western  coast  of  Mexico.  These  great  ranges  change  the 
direction  of  the  winds,  force  them  through  the  long  Gulf  of  California  and 
along  the  Pacific  co.ist,  and  they  pass  over  the  state  as  southeast  winds. 
Though  these  winds  are  warm  and  moist,  the  winter  temperature  of  the  Colo- 
rado and  Mohave  deserts  is  not  low  enough  to  cause  rain. 

Passing  farther  to  the  north,  the  winds  slide  up  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
and  the  Coast  Kange,  and  consider.ible  rain  falls.  In  the  Tulare  region, 
partly  from  the  deposit  of  rain  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Coast  Kange  and 
l>artly  from  the  less  elevation  and  higher  'vinter  temperature,  these  winds 
give  little  or  no  rain,  and  the  San  Joaquin  has  no  western  tributaries.  Still 
farther  to  the  north  the  winds  meet  with  a  lower  and  lower  temperature,  and 
discharge  an  enormous  amount  of  rain  or  snow.  For  these  reasons  there  is 
more  rain  in  the  north  than  in  the  south  ;  more  on  the  mountain  slopes  and 
tops  than  on  the  plains  and  valleys ;  more  on  the  western  slopes  than  on  the 
cistern  ;  and  but  little  or  no  rain  in  the  deserts  and  sheltered  valleys,  where 
the  air  is  warmer  even  in  winter  than  the  rain-bearing  winds. 

A  land-wind,  noted  for  its  remarkable  dryness,  occasionally  sweeps  from  the 
north  to  the  south  throughout  the  whole  length  of  the  Gre.at  Valley.  Begin- 
ning as  a  polar  wind,  it  passes  over  the  Japan  Stream  in  the  north  Pacific, 
and  becomes  warm  and  moist.  When  it  strikes  the  mountainous  coasts  of 
Alaska,  British  Columbia,  and  Washington  Territory,  it  loses  most  of  its 
moisture.  It  then  passes  inland  and  southward  along  the  Cascade  Range, 
becoming  warmer  with  the  more  southern  latitude.  Though  its  capacity  for 
moisture  rapidly  increases,  it  finds  none  in  its  course.  Entering  the  head 
of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  it  soon  becomes  a  wind  of  exceeding  dryness,  and 
probably  terminates  in  the  Colorado  Desert.  It  occurs  in  the  spring  and 
fall,  and  usu.ally  lasts  three  d.ays.  In  se.asons  of  little  rain-fall  it  produces 
disastrous  effects  by  abstracting  a  large  amonnt  of  moisture  from  the  soil. 

The  whole  coast  is  remarkable  for  its  equable  temperature.  Though 
the  daily  variations  of  temperature  are  considerable,  and  sometimes 
quite  sudden,  yet,  in  the  greater  part  of  the  coast  region,  the  average 
temperature  of  the  coldest  month,  January,  is  only  10°  lower  than  that 
of  the  hottest  month,  July.  The  average  temperature  for  the  year  at 
San  Diego  is  62°,  at  Humboldt  Bay  it  is  52°,  at  San  Francisco  56°,  at 
Sacramento  58°. 

The  chief  causes  of  the  mild  and  rainy  winters  of  California  and  Oregon  arc, 
first,  the  broad  and  warm  waters  of  the  Japan  Stream,  wliich  flow  southward 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  coast ;  second,  the  Return  Trade-winds,  which 
sweep  landward  over  these  w.iters  and  carry  from  them  an  immense  amount 
of  water  which  is  deposited  as  rain  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  foot-hills  and 
mountain  slopes,  and  as  snow  on  the  Sierras;  and,  third,  the  position  of  the 
great  mountain  systems  of  North  America,  which,  bending  round  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  Alaska,  protect  the  western  coast  from  the  cold  pol.ir  winds,  and 
turn  tliem  to  sweep  unresisted  over  the  low  Central  Plain,  from  the  Arctic 
Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

At  San  Francisco  the  average  temperature  for  January  is  40',  for  July  it  is  .">"', 
for  the  year  5G°.  During  nearly  the  whole  year,  but  especially  in  the  sum- 
mer months,  a  strong,  cool  ocean  wind  blows  from  the  northwest  through 
the  broad  gap  in  the  Coast  Range.  It  is  most  violent  in  the  afternoon.  It 
brings  in  from  the  sea  cold,  dense  fogs,  which  in  June,  July,  and  August  be- 
come heavy,  wet  mists.  It  is  this  wind  and  its  fogs  that  cause  the  remarka- 
bly low  and  even  summer  temperature.  South  of  Point  Arguello,  at  the  great 
bend  in  the  coast,  there  are  no  fogs,  and  the  climate  resembles  that  of  Italy. 

The  cause  of  the  wind  and  the  fog  is  twofold.  Close  along  the  coast  flows  a  cold 
deep-sea  current,  the  temperature  of  the  sea-water  at  the  Farallones  never 
varying,  summer  or  winter,  more  than  a  degree  or  two  from  .'i'J^.  In  the  east 
is  the  broad,  low,  and  dry  plain.  In  the  southeast  is  the  burning  Colorado 
Desert.  The  ascending  currents  of  hot  air  over  these  vast  regions  draw  in  a 
colder  current  of  air  from  the  ocean  to  supply  their  place.  This  second  cur- 
rent, in  passing  over  water  far  colder  than  itself,  is  cooled  down.  A  laige 
part  of  its  invisible  moisture  is  thus  condensed  into  fog  and  mist,  which  are 
carried  to  the  shore,  wheic  they  arc  soon  reabsorbed  by  the  driti  air. 


In  the  Great  Valley  there  are  greater  extremes  of  temperature. 
The  Coast  Range  excludes  the  cold  fogs,  and  the  cold  sea-winds  are 
gradually  tempered.  In  some  places  110°  to  112°  are  occasionally 
reached.  The  dry  atmosphere  prevents  all  injurious  effecis,  and  al- 
lows a  rapid  radiation,  which,  with  the  cooling  winds  from  the  snows 
of  the  neighboring  Sierra,  makes  the  nights  cool  even  in  midsummer. 
All  these  climates  are  healthy,  and  epidemic  diseases  are  almost  un- 
known. 

Forests.  —  The  trees  of  California  are  mostly  evergreen  conifers, 
many  of  the  species  being  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  in  the  world. 
Forests  are  found  only  in  those  parts  of  the  state  that  have  more  than 
the  average  rain-fall.  The  western  flanks  of  the  Sierra,  and  those  of 
the  coast  mountains  north  of  35°,  have  fine  forests.  The  foot-hills  and 
the  coast  valleys  have  beautiful  groves  of  oaks.  The  entire  southern 
part  of  the  state,  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  south  of  .35°, 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  Great  Valley  are  destitute  of  forests. 

The  mammoth  tree,  the  most  gigantic  of  conifers,  is  among  the  wonders  of  the 
world.  It  is  found  only  on  the  western  slopes  of  tlie  Sierra.  In  the  Calaveras 
grove  one  of  these  was  cut  down.  It  was  ilC  feet  in  ciicumference,  and  over 
.100  feet  high.  Its  concentric  rings  showed  its  age  to  be  about  3000  years. 
In  the  same  grove  lies  a  fallen  tree  estimated  to  have  been,  when  living,  1 10 
feet  in  circumference  and  iSr>  feet  high. 

Another  gigantic  species,  the  redwood,  resembles  the  mammoth  tree,  but  forms 
vast  forests.  It  is  found  only  in  the  Coast  Range,  from  Monterey  Bay  north- 
ward to  Oregon.  It  is  commercially  the  most  important  of  all  the  trees  of 
California,  and  furnishes  an  unlimited  supply  of  valuable  lumber.  Some 
specimens  are  15  feet  in  diameter  and  300  feet  high.  In  Santa  Cruz  County 
is  one  27r>  feet  high  and  19  feet  in  diameter  at  six  feet  above  the  ground. 

Next  in  size,  quantity,  and  importance  are  the  various  species  of  pines,  also  the 
largest  of  their  kind  in  the  world.  The  sugar  pine,  a  beautiful  tree,  has  some- 
times a  diameter  of  20  feet,  but  is  of  less  height  than  the  redwood. 

Animals. — The  wild  animal j  are  of  many  species.  Among  the  mam- 
mals are  the  grizzly  bear,  black  bear,  cougar,  wildcat,  coyote,  gray  wolf, 
fox,  badger,  raccoon,  opossum,  pine  -  marten,  weasel,  squirrel,  spermo- 
phile,  gopher,  deer,  antelope,  mountain-sheep,  hare,  otter,  mink,  sea-lion, 
sea-elephant.  Among  the  birds  are  the  vulture,  eagle,  hawk,  owl,  quail, 
grouse,  duck,  goose,  and  swan  ;  among  the  fishes,  the  salmon,  halibut, 
turbot,  mackerel,  rock-fish,  and  sturgeon. 

Minerals. — Among  the  many  wonders  of  California,  there  is  nothing 
more  extraordinary  than  the  variety,  abundance,  and  richness  of  her 
mineral  treasures.  Chief  among  these  are  those  great  deposits  of  gold 
which  first  made  the  state  famous  throughout  the  world.  These  de- 
posits are  diffused  from  the  Oregon  line  to  the  Colorado  Desert,  but 
by  far  the  greater  part  are  found  in  the  "  foot-hills '"  drained  by  the  nu- 
merous branches  of  the  two  great  rivers.  In  lumps  or  nuggets,  in 
scales,  grains,  and  minute  particles,  this  metal  is  found  imbedded  in 
the  hard  veins  of  quartz  which  seam  the  solid  rock  of  the  Sierra ;  in 
the  vast  beds  of  clay,  gravel,  and  boulders  which  cover  the  lower  parts 
of  its  western  slope ;  in  the  banks,  beds,  and  bars  of  the  swift  rivers 
and  their  tributaries ;  and  even  in  the  sand  of  the  sea-shore. 

Extracting  gold  from  the  quartz  veins  is  known  as  quartz  mining. 
Extracting  it  from  the  beds  of  sand,  gravel,  and  boulders  is  called 
placer  mining.  Much  the  greater  part  of  the  gold  is  obtained  by 
placer  mining,  the  chief  method  of  which  is  called  hydraulic  mining. 

Ilvdraulic  placer  mining  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  of  human  indu.stries. 
The  swift  stre.ims  formed  by  the  rains  and  melting  snows  of  the  Sierra  have 
in  the  course  of  ages  worn  thousands  of  valleys  and  gorges  into  the  sides  of 
the  mountains.  Near  many  of  these  streams  are  v.ist  beds  of  gravel  resting 
upon  the  solid  rock,  and  containing  clay  and  boulders.  They  are  sometimes 
hundreds  of  feet  thick.  The  gold  is  found  in  these  beds,  most  of  it  near  the 
bottom.  By  ditches,  fluines,  and  pipes,  placed  at  a  suitable  height,  the  water 
of  a  stream- is  led  sometimes  fur  miles,  and  then,  by  means  of  a  strong  hose 
and  pipe,  is  directed  as  a  stream  several  inches  in  diameter,  and  under  great 
pressure,  upon  the  side  of  the  gravel-bank.  The  bank  is  rapidly  torn  out 
down  to  the  solid  rock,  and  is  washed  away  as  a  torrent  of  mud,  pebbles,  and 
boulders  through  a  long  sluiceway  of  timbers   into  the  valley   below.     The 


GEOGRAPHY   OF  CALIFORNIA. 


sluiceway  has  a  false  bottom  and  vaiious  other  contrivances  into  which  the 
particles  of  gold  fall  by  tlicir  greater  weight. 

Many  thousands  of  years  .ago  the  Sierra  was  more  keavily  capped  ivilh  glacieis 
and  snow  masses  than  now,  and  its  rivers  flowed  in  channels  difl'erent  from 
those  they  now  occupy.  About  the  close  of  this  period,  by  some  tremendous 
effort  of  nature,  the  crust  of  the  earth  over  a  vast  area  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Sierra  Nev.ada,  Cascade,  and  other  mountains  of  western  North  America, 
was  torn  open  in  huge  cracks  or  tissures,  and  enormous  masses  of  liquid  lava 
were  poured  out  into  the  ir.ountain-valleys  and  over  the  plains,  gradually  cov- 
ering hundreds  of  thousands  of  square  miles  to  the  depth  of  hundreds,  and 
sometimes  of  thousands,  of  feet.  The  heat  thus  evolved,  or  some  other  equal- 
ly potent  cause,  rapidly  melted  the  thick  icy  cap  of  the  Sierra,  and  vast  bodies 
of  water  rushed  down  the  mountain  slope,  breaking,  rolling,  and  grinding  the 
solid  rocks,  and  tilling  the  river-beds  to  a  great  depth  with  boulders,  pebbles, 
and  gravel.  Over  all  this  the  lava  flood  itself  at  l.ist  found  its  way.  The 
river-courses  were  filled  to  the  brim,  and  the  beds  of  boulders  and  gravel 
were  buried  beneath  the  fiery  flood.  In  the  course  of  time  the  glaciers  were 
renewed  on  a  yet  grander  scale,  and  the  streams  flowing  from  them  have  cut 
out  for  themselves  new  channels  far  deeper  than  before,  some  of  them  cross- 
ing the  old  beds  and  revealing  the  successive  steps  of  their  formation. 

These  ancient  river-beds,  capped  with  earth  and  other  substances  to  the  depth 
of  40  to  3jO  feet,  are  found  to  be  very  rich  in  gold.  Ky  galleries  cut  into  the 
hill-sides,  of  which  the  beds  now  form  a  part,  and  by  shafts  sunk  through  the 
earth,  this  treasure  is  reached,  and  the  gold-bearing  gravel  is  brought  to  the 
surface.     This  is  known  as  "deep  mining." 

Next  in  importance  among  the  metals  of  the  state  is  quicksilver. 
The  ore,  which  is  called  cinnabar,  has  been  found  in  many  places  in 
a  broad  belt  of  country  extending  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Lake  County. 
The  most  productive  mines  are  all  in  the  Coast  Mountains.  Silver  is 
found  in  many  places,  but  the  only  productive  mines  are  east  of  the 
main  divide  of  the  Sierra.  Copper  ore  is  known  to  be  abundant  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  state.  Coal  is  found  in  various  places,  but  much  of 
the  coal  used  is  imported. 

Other  metals  and  minerals  are  found  in  exhaustless  quantity.  Among  them  are 
sulphur,  borax,  soda,  salt,  petroleum,  asphaltum,  bitumen,  iron  ore,  chrome, 
tin,  plumbago,  granite,  and  limestone,  including  hydraulic  lime,  and  marbles 
in  great  variety. 

Agriculture. — The  agricultural  capacity  of  California  is  its  most 
important  and  remarkable  characteristic.     There  are,  at  the  least,  from 

twenty  millions  to 
twenty-three  mill- 
ions of  acres,  or 
about  thirty  -  six 
tliousand  sqi'.are 
miles,  of  tillable 
land,  and  quite  as 
much  more  well 
suited  for  pastur- 
age. But  a  small 
part  of  this  is  yet 
used. 

In  the  variety 
of  its  agricultural 
products  Califor- 
nia has  no  equal 
ii  any  other  state 
'  I  the  Union  ;  of 
the  most  impor- 
tant of  these  prod- 
ucts, the  quantity 
that  can  be  fur- 
nished is  limited 
only  by  the  sup- 
ply of  labor  and 
the  facility  in  find- 
ing profitable  mar- 

HVDRAULIC    MINING.  kCtS. 


^    '^" 


The  quantity  produced  is  enormous. 


The  crops  are  mainly  dependent  u\->an  the  distribution  of  the  rain -fall.  As 
the  annual  amount  of  rain  is  frequently  much  less  or  much  greater  than  the 
average,  in  some  years  floods,  in  others  droughts,  chiefly  the  latter,  have  great- 
ly reduced  the  total  agricultural  pro<luct.  In  large  di.-tricts  of  the  state,  how- 
ever, and  especially  in  its  southern  and  drier  half,  the  water  of  the  streams 
formed  by  the  rains  or  the  melting  snosvs  of  the  mountains  is  led  by  suitable 
ditches,  and  distributed  over  lands  otherwise  barren,  but  thus  caused  to  be  very 
productive.  This  system  of  cheap  fertilization  is  being  rapidly  e.itcnded,  and, 
together  with  the  singular  advantages  furnished  by  the  climate,  will  cause 
California  to  become,  even  more  than  now,  the  "garden  of  the  world." 

Wheat  is  the  leading  staple. 
Much  the  greater  part 
is  shipped  to  foreign 
countries,  chiefly  to 
Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. It  is  so  hard  and 
dry.  in  consequence  of 
theclimate,  thatit  is  not 
injured  in  being  thus 
carried  twice  across  the 
torrid  zone  and  half- 
way around  the  globe. 
Anotherpractical  effect 
of  the  absence  of  sum- 
mer rains  is,  that  the 
crop  is  never  lost  or 
injured  by  bad  har\'est- 
weather,  and  may  re- 
main for  months  piled 
in  the  field  without 
damage.  Next  in  im- 
portance among  the 
grains  is  barley.  In 
dian-corn  is  extensive- 
ly raised  in  southern 
California.and  the  crop 
is  rapidly  increasing. 
It  is  mostly  turned  into 
bacon  for  export.  Val- 
uable crops  of  hops, 
tobacco,  cotton,  and 
the  castor  bean  arc 
produced.  Nearly  all 
the  important  fruits  of 
the  temperate  and  sub 
tropical  regions, and  all 
kinds  of  garden  vege 
tables,  are,  or  can  be, 
produced  in  great  abun- 
dance. Of  live-stock,  sheep  are  generally  the  most  profitable,  and  the 
state  furnishes  a  large  amount  of  wool  of  excellent  quality. 

Among   the  fruits  are  grapes,  pears,  plums,  peaches,  apricots,  apples,  straw- 
berries, raspberries,  tigs,  olives,  oranges,  lemons,  walnuts,  and  almonds. 

Principal  Mineral  and  Agricultural  Products. 

GoId(1SS3) $1.5,11110,000  I  Hay  (tons)  |1SS<1| l,135.1Sn 

silver    " L.'Wd.lKm  J  Wool  (pounds)  (IsS:) -Hl.SiSCSO 

Wheal  (bu.<hels)  (1SS4) 57,4-.'0,lSS     nuller       -  "    11,234,500 

Barley         "            "     •23,4:12,840    Cheese     " 

Oats             "            "     3,050,072     Honey      " 

Indi.in  Com  (bushels)  (ISSl) 5,l>SS,31fl    Horses  (1S80) 

Pease  .iiid  Beans  (bushes)  (ISS.i)  T70,1R4  |  Mules  and  Asses  (IftSO). .. 

Polaloes  (bushels)  (ISSO) 4..V.n,,v.5  j  Catlle  (ISSii) 

Wine  (gallons)  (tSS3) =,00(1,0(10    Sheep      "    

Borax  (pounds)     "     4,(;S.V''O0  1  Swine      "    


"    S,S03,6I10 

(ISSO) 3.720,513 

237,710 

2S,3fr4 

(i«4,307 

4,152.349 

603,650 


Manufactures. — California  has  great  natural  advantages  for  manu- 
facturing, in  the  unlimited  water-power,  in  the  undeveloped  coal  mines, 
and  in  the  abundance  and  variety  of  raw  materials.  These  advantages 
are,  as  yet,  but  little  employed.  The  greater  part  of  the  manufactured 
products,  excepting  lumber,  flour,  and  liquors,  are  made  in  San  Fran- 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


cisco.  The  wines  are  important  among  the  manufactures  of  the  United 
States,  and  rival  the  best  made  elsewhere  :  and  the  raisins,  a  rapidly 
increasing  product,  are  noted  for  their  excellence. 


ARTKullutal  Implcmenls. 

I  tags,  otiier  than  Paper. 

l!«MHs  and  .Shoes 

Itread  and  other  Baking  Products. . 
Itrick  and  Tile.. 


f."»sr.,H.s 

'2,  Ht2,.*ill0 

3,(H9,5.51 

2,41<i,3ii.S 

8 1 II, '201 

Bridj;es   . .    Uli4.(KHl 

Carri.iges  and  Wagons 1,1R3.61S 

CIothiiiR.  Men's  and  Women's. f>,ll44,Sll9 

Coffee  and  Spices,  Roasted  and  Ground.     l,4'24.>iTS 

Confectionery "'21,797 

Coo])erage 7'21.034 

Drugs  and  Chemicals 6'23,041 

Fl.iuring  and  Grist  Mill  Products 12,701,477 

Foundery  and  Machine-shop  Produ<  is.     4,797,232 
Fruits  and  Vegetal>les,  Canned  and  Pre- 
served      1,3S9.79S 

Furnishing  Goods,  Men  s 744, 24,^ 

Fumiture l,SS7,mO 

Cun|iowdei S9o,ll«(l 


Principal  Manufactured  Products, 


t1,76S.S63 

7sO,(ino 

94s.onfl 

6,lii;f..'.73 

637,298 


liv^h  Kxplosives. 

i  run  and  Steel ... 

Lead,  Bar,  Pipe.  Sheet,  and  Shot 
Leather,  Tanned,  Curried,  etc. . . . 

Liquors,  Distilled 

Liquors,  Malt 3,862^43 1 

Liquors,  Vinous ti2'2,llf<7 

Lumber,  Sawed  and  Planed 4,42;i.:t4.'> 

Printing  .and  Publishing 3,14S,9TS 

Saddlery  and  Harness l,l71i,Sfi."i 

Sash,  Doors,  and  Blinds l,.%41.'it*-t> 

Shipbuilding l,797.6:-(9 

Slaughtering  and  Meat-packing 7,9.'i3.9I4 

Soap  and  C.indles. 1,193,41'4 

Sugar  and  Molasses,  Refined 6,932,000 

I'm-ware,  Copper-ware,  and  Sheet-iron- 
ware   l,C2'2.i;32 

Tobacco,  Cigars,  and  Cigarettes 3,947,3,')3 

Woollen  Goods 1,6»»,S58 

Commerce. — The  commerce  of  California  is  varied  and  extensive. 
In  proportion  to  its  population,  no  other  state  imports  so  large  an 
amount  of  foreign  merchandise,  or  exports  so  large  a  share  of  its  agri- 
cultural and  mineral  products.  The  chief  imports  are  teas  from  Japan 
and  China ;  coffee  from  Central  America  and  the  Spanish  and  Dutch 
East  Indies  ;  rice  from  China,  Japan,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands  ;  sugar 
from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  the  East  Indies,  and  Central  America  ; 
coal  from  British  Columbia  and  Australia  ;  and  general  merchandise 
from  Great  Britain.  In  exchange  for  these,  California  e.xports  the 
great  staples  of  ihe  western  coast :  wheat,  wine,  tiour,  lumber,  gold,  sil- 
ver, quicksilver,  mineral  ores,  wool,  salmon,  and  canned  goods.  Traffic 
with  the  rest  of  the  Union  is  carried  on  by  land  and  by  sea,  and  is  a 
principal  department  of  the  general  commerce  of  the  state. 

The  commercial  advantages  of  Califovni,i  are  unequalled  by  those  of  any  other 
part  of  the  western  coast.  San  Fi  .incisco  and  .San  Diego  have  the  only  large, 
deep,  and  safe  haibors  from  Mazatlan  in  Mexico  to  Victoria  in  Vancouver,  a 
distance  of  about  '2001)  miles.  At  Wilmington  the  United  States  government 
has  constructed  an  extensive  artificial  haibor  of  great  value.  Numeious  light- 
houses and  fog-horns  add  to  the  safety  of  navigation. 

Besides  the  ocean  highways,  the  facilities  for  transportation  include  the  great 


STRCBT  SCRNB  IN  SAN    FRANCISCO. 


bay  of  San  Francisco  and  its  tributary  tide-waters  ;  the  two  great  navigable 
rivers  of  the  state  and  their  navigable  branches  ;  and  a  triple  system  of  rail- 
w.ays,  of  which  the  principal  lines  converge  upon  the  chief  commercial  centre 
of  the  state.  The  first  group  of  these  roads  extends  northwardly  from  the 
noithern  arms  of  the  great  bay.  The  chief  of  these  lines  follow  the  Sacr.i- 
mento  valley,  and  will  soon  unite  the  system  of  California  with  that  ofOie- 
gon.  The  second  group  includes  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  a  great  trans- 
continental line.  It  has  many  branches.  This  ro.ad  passes  from  Oakland, 
through  Benicia  and  Sacramento,  and  over  the  Sierra.  It  unites  the  trans- 
portation system  of  the  state  with  the  systems  of  the  Mississippi  basin  and 
the  Atl.antic  slope.  A  branch  of  this  road  extends  up  the  San  Joaquin  valley 
to  the  vicinity  of  Visalia.  Here  it  unites  with  the  third  group  of  railwavs, 
the  Southern  Pacific  and  its  branches.  This  road  begins  at  San  Francisco, 
and  passes  through  seveial  important  valleys  to  Yuma,  on  the  Colorado,  and 
to  Deming,  in  New  Mexico.  Here  it  connects  with  other  lines  leading  to 
St.  Louis,  Galveston,  and  New  Orleans.  Telegraph  lines  connect  the  state 
with  Vancouver,  Arizona,  and  the  Atlantic  ports,  and  tlience  through  the 
ocean  cables  with  the  rest  of  the  civilized  world.  The  completion  of  the 
proposed  ship-canal  across  the  Centr.-il  American  isthmus  will  greatly  en- 
hance the  commercial  interests  of  California. 

Principal  Railroads. 

NAMK9.  BEirveES  MILIS. 

Central  Pacific Oakland  to  Ogden.  Utah S91 

Divisions,  Branches,  etc  Oakland,  z'l'tt  Benicia  to  Sacramento. SC 

.Amador  Branch Gait  to  lone 27 

San  Jos^  Branch  Niles  to  Tracy 42 

California  and  Oregon Sacramento  to  Redding 17tl 

(  South  Vallejo  to  Calistoga 49 

California  Pacific K  South  \'allejo  to  Suisun 20 

(  Davisville  to  Knights  Landing 19 

Northern  Railway Woodland  to  Tehama. 1(>2 

Stockton  and  Copperopolis Stockton  to  Oakdale 34 

S.'ci  aniento  and  Placerville Sacramento  to  Shingle  Springs 49 

North  Pacific  Coast San  Rafael  to  Duncans  Mills SO 

San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific San  Rat'ael  to  Cioverdale 70 

Southern  Pacific San  Francisco  to  Vuma,  Ariz 731 

Divisions,  Branches, etc San  trancisco  to  Soledad 143 

Castroville  to  Monterey 42 

Gilroy  to  Ties  Pinos ino 

Los  Angeles  to  Wilmington 22 

Los  Angeles  to  Santa  Ana 33 

.Santa  Cruz  Railroad P.ijaro  to  Santa  Crur. 22 

South  Pacific  Coast Oakland  to  Santa  Cruz 81 

T.05  Angeles  and  Independence Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Monica 18 

Pacific  Coast  Railway Port  Harlord  and  Los  .Alamos M 

Political  Organization.  —  The  executive  officers  of 
the  state  are  a  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Controller,  Treasurer,  Attorney-General, 
Surveyor-General,  and  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction.    The  official  term  of  each  is  four  years. 

The  legislative  power  of  the  state  is  vested  in  a 
Senate  of  forty  members,  whose  terms  are  four  years 
each,  and  an  Assembly  of  eighty  members,  whose  terms 
are  two  years  each.  The  Legislature  meets  every  sec- 
ond year. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court, 
Superior  Courts,  Justice's  Courts,  and  such  inferior 
courts  as  the  legislature  may  establish.  All  the  ex- 
ecutive officers,  legislators,  and  judges  are  elected  by 
the  people. 

California  is  represented  in  Congress  by  two  Sena- 
tors and  six  Representatives,  and  has  therefore  eight 
elcctor.il  votes. 

The  state  comprises  fifty-two  counties,  and  the  fol- 
lowing chief  cities  and  towns  : 

San  Francisco  is  the  chief  commercial  centre  and 
largest  city  of  the  western  coast  of  America,  and  the 
fourth  city  of  the  United  States  in  foreign  commerce. 
It  is  situated  on  the  western  shore  of  the  bay  of  the 
same  name,  in  latitude  37°  40'  north,  longitude  122°  23' 
west.  The  city  limits  extend  over  the  whole  county, 
and  include  about  forty-two  square  miles ;  the  settled 
portion  covers  about  nine  square  miles.  The  popula- 
tion is  233,959,  including  a  little  more  than  75,000 
Chinese. 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


San  Francisco  is  built  just  within  the  Golden  Gate,  and  at  the  northern  end  of 
one  of  the  two  small  hilly  peninsulas  which  separate  the  bay  from  the  ocean. 
Telegraph  Hill,  L"Jt  feet,  a  bold  headl.and  projecting  into  the  harbor,  Rincon 
Hill,  120  feet,  and  Russian  Hill,  SCiO  feet  high,  and  lying  farther  inland,  hctc 
partly  enclose  a  sort  of  amphitheatre,  their  summits,  their  slopes,  and  espe- 
cially tlic  low  plain  between  their  foot  and  the  water's  edge,  being  covered 
with  the  more  densely  populated  parts  of  the  city.  The  business  part  of  the 
city  is  built  chiefly  of  brick,  iron,  and  stone.  Several  of  the  streets  are  among 
the  finest  in  the  world,  and  are  lined  with  splendid  hotels,  banks,  stores, 
churches,  theatres,  and  other  public  buildings. 

The  fine  climate,  the  pleasant  drives,  the  beantiful  private  dwellings  and  grounds, 
and  the  varied  social  advantages  afforded  by  the  numerous  churches,  schools, 
libraries,  and  places  of  amusement,  combine  to  make  San  Francisco  unusual- 
ly attractive  as  a  place  of  residence,  and  as  a  summer  resort.  The  chief 
public  pleasure-grounds  are  the  Woodward  Gardens  and  the  Golden  Gate 
Park,  the  latter  containing  1043  acres. 

Local  travel  is  accommodated  by  eight  lines  of  street  railro.ids,  and  by  steam 
ferries  and  railroads  to  the  neighboring  residential  cities  and  towns.  The 
chief  of  these  are  Oakland,  Alameda,  San  Rafael,  Berkeley,  Vallejo,  and 
Saucelito.  Most  of  these  are  the  termini  of  railroads.  The  Southern 
P.acific  Railroad  is  the  only  one  terminating  within  the  city  limits ;  the  Cen- 
tral I'acific  terminates  at  Oakland ;  the  other  railroads  of  the  state,  at  San 
P.ablo  B.ay,  north  of  the  city.  A  conduit  nearly  thirty  miles  long  supplies 
the  city  with  water  from  Pilarcitos  Creek  in  the  San  Bruno  Hills,  San  Mateo 
County. 

Excepting  lumber,  flour,  and  liquors,  much  the  greater  part  of  the 
manufactures  of  the  state  are  produced  in  San  Francisco.  Chief 
among  these  are  woollens,  carriages,  boots,  shoes,  and  leather,  fur- 
niture, candles,  soap,  malt  and  distilled  liquors,  acids,  wirework, 
castings  of  iron  and  brass,  refined  sugars,  tobacco  and  cigars,  silk 
goods,  glass,  sashes  and  doors,  newspapers,  books  and  other  printed 
matter. 

San  Francisco  is  pre-eminently  a  commercial  city.  In  proportion 
to  its  population  it  has  a  larger  and  more  e.vtensive  trade  than 
any  other  city  in  the  world.  Its  export  trade  is  about  §90,000,000  a 
year. 

The  foundation  of  its  lasting  prosperity  is  its  noble  bay,  which  furnishes  the 
only  first-class  harbor  from  San  Diego  to  Puget  Sound,  a  distance  of  nearly 
1201)  miles  The  entrance  is  through  the  Golden  Gate,  a  deep  strait,  35  feet 
at  low  tide,  with  bold  shores,  and  a  mile  wide  in  its  narrowest  part.  Through 
this  gateway  sailing  vessels  and  steamers  from  every  maritime  nation  on  the 
globe  are  continually  coming  and  going.  To  these  are  added  a  vast  fleet  of 
coasting  vessels  which  visit  every  port  of  the  eastern  and  northern  Pacific, 
from  Chili  to  the  fishing-grounds  of  Al.aska  and  the  Okhotsk  Sea,  and  assist 
to  make  the  city  the  chief  collecting  and  distributing  depot  for  at  least  a  third 
of  North  America. 

Within  the  strait  the  broad  bay  extends  its  arms  to  the  south,  and  to  the  north 
and  e.ast,  where  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  double  system  of  rivers,  which 
furnish  cheap  transportation  to  the  chief  mineral  and  agricultural  districts  of 
the  state.  In  addition  to  this,  the  conformation  of  the  continent,  and  the  fa- 
cilities which  the  city  possesses  for  e.tport  and  import,  make  it  the  natural 
focus  of  the  chief  part  of  the  railway  system  of  the  Interior  Basin  and  the  Pa- 
cific slope  of  the  United  Slates.  Angel,  Goat,  and  Alcatraz  islands  lie  in  the 
bay  Tind  near  the  city,  and  have  been  reserved  by  the  general  govermncnt  for 
defensive  purposes.  Fort  Point  has  the  heaviest  fortifications  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  At  Hunters  Point,  just  south  of  the  city,  is  a  large  dry-dock.  It  w.as 
hewn  out  of  the  solid  rock,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  world. 

The  public-school  system  of  San  Francisco  is  well  organized,  and 
the  schools  are  widely  known  for  their  efficiency. 

In  1883  there  were  41  primary,  1.".  grammar,  and  2  high  schools,  and  4  even- 
ing schools.  The  number  of  pupils  enrolled  was  40,722;  the  average  daily 
attendance  30,827,  taught  by  G87  teachers.  Among  other  educational 
and  literary  institutions  are  m-iny  corporate  and  private  schools  of  a  high 
order. 

Sacramento,  in  Sacramento  County,  on  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad, 
is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  built  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Sacra- 
mento and  the  south  bank  of  the  American,  which  here  unites  with  the 
main  stream.  The  site,  which  is  part  of  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain, 
has  been  raised  about  ten  feet  above  its  natural  level  in  order  to  pro- 
tect the  city  from  devastating  floods.     Population  21,420. 


Sacramento  River  is  navigable  to  this  point  for  large  steamboats  and 
sailing  vessels,  and  for  steamers  of  light  draught  to  Red  BlufT,  240  miles 
farther  up.  The  city  is  further  important  as  the  meeting-place  of  the 
Central  Pacific,  California  Pacific,  Sacramento  and  Placerville,  and  Cal- 
ifornia and  Oregon  railroads,  which,  with  the  river  and  the  numerous 
radiating  stage  routes,  make  it  a  great  centre  of  travel  and  trade  for 
both  the  agricultural  and  the  mining  regions. 

The  business  interests  are  large  and  varied,  the  sales  of  manufactured 
products  and  other  merchandise  amounting,  in  some  years,  to  more 
than  $35,000,000.  Among  the  chief  manufactures  and  manufacturing 
establishments  are  agricultural  imnlemenis,  carriages,  furniture,  wooden- 
ware,  potter)',  wine,  brandy,  and  beet  sugar ;  iron  works,  smelting 
and  refining  works,  and  planing,  flouring,  and  woollen  mills.  The 
car  works  and  chief  shops  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  are  located 
here. 

Sacramento  is  one  of  the  pleasantest  of  cities.  Its  climate  is  dry  and  semi-trop. 
ical.  Its  streets  are  planted  with  fine  shade  trees,  and  its  many  tasteful  resi- 
dences are  surrounded  by  beautiful  gardens  in  which  flowers  bloom  all  the 
year. 

The  capitol  is  one  of  the  grandest  and  most  beautiful  public  buildings  in  the 
United  States.  The  public  schools  include  a  high-school,  two  grammar- 
schools,  several  intermediate,  and  a  large  number  of  primary  schools. 
Among  other  educational  and  literary  institutions  are  the  Normal  Institute, 
the  Business  College,  St.  Patrick's  College,  and  the  -State  and  Association 
libraries. 

Ciiico,  in  Butte  County,  is  on  the  California  and  Oregon  Railroad,  and  on  Chico 
Creek,  six  miles  from  Sacr.amento  River.  It  ha.s  valuable  water-jjower.  The 
lumber  trade  is  the  leading  interest.  From  the  mills  in  the  heavily  timl>ered 
region  of  the  Sierra,  a  vast  quantity  of  lumber  is  floated  through  a  "V" 
flume,  .3.'>  miles  long  and  terminating  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town.  Numerous 
stage  lines  radi.ite  from  this  point.     Population.  33110. 

Euri:ka,  a  city  of  Humboldt  County,  is  on  Humboldt  Bay.  It  is  the  most  im- 
portant town  on  the  north  coast  of  California.  It  occupies  an  elevated  site 
two  miles  from  the  beach,  and  overlooks  the  bay  and  the  ocean.  It  has  a 
large  export  trade  in  lumber  and  agricultural  products,  and  is  the  distributing 
point  for  a  large  amount  of  general  merchandise.     Population,  2G3'J. 

Grass  Valley,  in  Nevada  County,  2.')(K)  feet  above  the  sea-level,  is  on  the 
Nevada  County  Railroad,  thirteen  miles  northwest  of  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad.  It  is  the  chief  quartz-mining  town  of  California,  and  contains  some 
of  the  richest  mines  in  the  state.     Population,  4.-100. 

Los  Anc.ei.es,  in  Los  Angeles  County,  on  Los  Angeles  River,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  cities  of  the  state.  It  is  built  on  a  gentle  slope  at  the  base 
of  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains.  Five  lines  of  railroad  have  here  a  common 
centre.  One  of  these,  the  Southern  Pacific,  connects  the  city  with  the  gen- 
eral railway  system  of  the  state  and  of  the  Union.  The  lines  to  the  neigh- 
boring ports,  Santa  Monica  and  Wilmington,  give  ready  access  to  the  ocean. 
The  facilities  for  transportation  by  land  and  .sea,  together  with  the  extraordi- 
nary fertility  of  the  neighboring  country,  and  its  salubrious  climate,  make  the 
city  a  favorite  winter  resort  and  the  chief  centre  of  trade  for  southern  Cilifor- 
nia.  The  excellent  artificial  harbor  at  Wilmington  and  the  long  wharf  at 
Santa  Monica  accommodate  the  coastwise  traffic  and  travel. 

The  city  is  beautiful  with  gardens  and  orchards,  which  contain  a  remarkable 
variety  of  tropical  and  semi-tropical  fruits  and  trees.  Among  ihcm  are  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  orange,  lemon,  lime,  and  fig  trees,  and  millions  of  grape- 
vines. Besides  these  are  the  pomegranate,  the  banan.a,  the  palm,  the  cypress, 
the  live-oak,  and  many  others.  Among  the  exports  aie  wine,  brandy,  fresh 
and  dried  fruits,  wheat,  barley,  corn,  bacon,  honey,  and  wool.  The  public 
buildings,  and  the  educational  .and  religious  institutions,  arc  among  the  best 
in  the  state.     Population  11, 183. 

Marvsville,  a  city  in  Yuba  County,  is  at  the  junction  of  Yuba  and  Feather  riv- 
ers. The  latter  stream  is  at  all  times  navigable  to  this  point  by  light-draught 
steamers.  The  surrounding  country  is  a  low  and  level  plain,  and  the  site  of 
the  city  has  been  r.iised  several  feet  for  protection  against  floods.  Marysville 
is  one  of  the  largest  towns  north  of  Sacramento  River,  and  is  the  centre  of  a 
large  trade  with  the  mining  towns  of  the  Sierra,  and  with  the  agricultural 
district  with  which  it  is  surrounded.  It  h.as  a  consider.ible  manufacturing 
interest,  and  ships  a  large  quantity  of  lumber.     Population,  4321 . 

Napa,  in  Napa  County,  is  on  the  Napa  Valley  branch  of  the  California  Pacific 
Railioad,  and  at  the  head  of  tide-water  on  Napa  River,  here  navigable  for 
vessels  of  light  draught.  The  town  is  the  business  cenije  of  a  great  agricult- 
ur.il  v.iUey,  which  is  also  rich  in  mines  of  cinn.ibar.  Wine  .and  brandy  are 
manufactured.  Hot  springs,  sulphur  springs,  and  a  fossil  forest  of  large  pet- 
rified trees  are  fmmd  in  the  county.     Population,  3731. 

Nevada  Citv,  in  Nevada  County,  is  2350  feet  above  the  sca-lcvel,  fifteen  miles 


10 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


from  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  and  at  the  terminus  of  the  Nevada  County 
Railroad.  It  is  in  one  of  the  richest  gold  fields  of  the  state.  Quartz  and 
hydraulic  mining  are  e.xtensively  carried  on  here.     Population,  402l'. 

Oakland,  in  Alameda  County,  is  the  cliief  railway  terminus  of  the  state.  It  is 
a  rapidly  growing  city,  and  is  already  the  second  in  population  on  the  Pacific 
co.ast.  It  is  noted  for  its  elegant  private  residences,  its  parks  and  gardens, 
its  profusion  of  m.ajestic  live-oaks,  its  fine  drives,  and  the  picturesque  beauty 
and  variety  of  the  scenery  by  which  it  is  surrounded.  It  has  a  good  haibor 
and  other  great  commercial  advant.ages.  Two  piers,  nearly  three  miles  long, 
extend  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  to  the  deep  water  of  the  b.ay,  and  furnish 
facilities  for  loading  and  unloading  the  largest  ocean  steamers.  Steam  fcriies 
connect  with  San  Francisco.  There  are  six  street  railroads.  Manufacuning 
is  a  leading  interest,  the  products  being  of  great  variety  and  of  large  total 
value.  'I'he  educational  and  literary  institutions  of  Oakland,  and  its  subuiban 
villages,  are  among  the  greatest  of  its  many  attractions,  and  ir.clude  a  large 
number  of  public  and  private  schools,  and  the  University  of  California  at 
Berkeley,  which  is  the  most  important  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Pupulaliun, 
34,.'>ii"i. 

Petaluma,  in  Sonoma  County,  on  the  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific  Rail- 
road, at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Petaluma  Creek.  It  is  an  important  shipping 
point  for  wlieat,  barley,  dairy  products,  lumber,  and  oats.     Pojiulation,  ;5;i2G. 

San  Hkrnardino,  in  San  Bernardino  County,  occupies  a  beautiful  position,  on 
a  hi"h  and  gently  sloping  plain,  at  the  base  of  the  lofty  San  Bernardino 
Mountains.  It  is  four  miles  from  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  Its  streets 
have  irrigating  ditches,  fed  with  the  melting  snows  o(  the  neighboring 
hills.  It  is  surrounded  by  extensive  gardens,  vineyards,  and  orchards,  and 
is  the  centre  of  numerous  routes  leading  from  the  mining  regions.  Be- 
sides the  mineral  products,  it  exports  wine,  wool,  and  barley.  Population 
IG73. 

San  Uiego,  in  San  Diego  County,  is  built  on  a  beautiful  and  commanding  site 
on  the  bav  of  the  same  name,  sixteen  miles  north  of  the  national  boundary. 
In  the  vicinity  there  are  numerous  important  gold-mines,  and  an  .abundance 
of  other  metals.  The  harbor  is  the  best  on  the  coast  after  that  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  spacious  bay,  over  twenty  miles  in  length,  is  entered  by  a  deep 
strait,  about  one  third  of  a  mile  wide.  Whaling  is  carried  on  just  outside  the 
entrance  to  the  b.ay,  and  there  are  other  important  fisheries  in  the  vicinity. 
San  Diego  is  on  the  California  Southern  Railroad,  and  expects  to  become 
the  ocean  terminus  for  a  southern  trans-continental  railroad.  Whale-oil, 
hides,  and  wool  are  the  chief  exports.     Population,  '2ij'67. 

San  Josk,  in  Santa  Clara  County,  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  with  the  San  Jose  branch  of  the  Central  Pacific.  Coyote 
and  Guadalupe  rivers  flow  through  the  town.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade,  and  has  a  variety  of  manufactures.  The  Alameda  is  a  beautiful  ave- 
nue, three  miles  long,  lined  with  fine  shade  trees,  and  reaching  to  Santa  Clara. 
San  Jose  has  an  unusual  number  of  large  and  handsome  public  buildings. 
Among  other  institutions  are  the  State  Normal  School,  College  of  Notre 
Dame,  San  Jose  Institute,  and  Business  College.     Population,  12,u67. 

Santa  Bai{Bara,  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  is  noted  as  a  health  resort  and  for 
its  export  of  wool.  The  town  fronts  on  the  ocean,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
beautiful  undulating  country.  In  the  vicinity  are  important  deposits  of  gold, 
iron,  quicksilver,  and  petroleum.     Population,  :U60. 

Sani'A  Cruz,  in  Sanla  Cruz  County,  is  situated  on  Monterey  Bay,  and  on  a 
branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  .Santa  Cruz  is  a  fashionable  water- 
ing-place, and  has  fine  be.ach-bathing  and  drives.  The  vicinity  is  mountain- 
ous, well  timbered,  and  adapted  to  grazing.     Population,  ;58!)8. 

Santa  Rosa,  in  Sonoma  County,  is  on  the  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific 
Railroad.  Fruits  and  grain  are  produced  in  unusual  variety  and  quantity, 
and,  with  butter,  cheese,  wine,  and  brandy,  form  the  chief  staples  of  an  exten- 
sive tr.ade.  The  neighboring  mines  produce  gold,  copper,  and  quicksilver. 
The  town  is  the  site  of  two  colleges.     Population,  lilJK!. 

Stockton,  in  S.in  Joaquin  County,  on  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  is  on  Stock- 
ton Slough,  a  short  and  navigable  branch  of  San  Joaquin  River.  It  is  the 
head  of  navigation  for  large  vessels  in  the  San  Joaquin  valley.  The  Stock- 
ton and  Copperopolis  Railroad  here  joins  the  Central  Pacific.  Abundant 
water  for  irrigation  and  other  purposes  is  supplied  by  numerous  wells  .and 
wind-mills,  and  by  a  fine  artesian  well.  Besides  a  large  trade  in  wheat,  wool, 
and  other  agricultural  products,  the  city  has  extensive  manufacturing  interests.. 
Population,  10,282 

TitucKKF.,  in  Nevada  County,  is  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on 
the  Central  Pacific  Railroad.  The  surrounding  country  is  grand,  romantic, 
and  heavily  timbered.  Donner  Lake  and  Lake  Tahoe,  noted  sunmicr  resorts, 
are  a  few  miles  distant.  Truckee  River  flows  through  the  town  and  furnishes 
w.atcr-power  by  which  an  immense  amount  of  lumber  is  furnished  for  the 
trade  with  Nevada.  Sashes,  doors,  and  other  wood-work  are  manulactured, 
and  large  quantities  of  ice  shippetj.     Population,  1 147. 

Vallejo,  a  city  of  Solano  County,  is, on  Vallejo  Bay.  The  bay  is  a  fine  harbor, 
deep  enough  for  the  largest  vessels.     Vallejo  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the 


California  Pacific  Railroad.  A  large  amount  of  grain  is  here  shipped  to 
Europe.  Immediately  across  the  bay  and  half  a  mile  distant  is  Mare  Island, 
the  site  of  the  United  States  Navy-yard,  the  naval  depot  of  the  Pacific  coast. 
It  is  connected  with  Vallejo  by  a  steam  ferry.  Pojjulation  about  .')!)!S7. 
Woodland,  in  Yolo  County,  on  the  California  Pacific  Railroad.  In  summer 
it  is  in  the  midst  of  a  v.ast  wheat-field,  and  has  an  extensive  trade  in  that 
grain.     Wine,  brandy,  and  malt  liquors  are  manufactured.     Population,  22,")7. 

Among  the  other  principal  cities  ant]  towns  are — 


Beilicia — in  Solano  County,  on  the  northern  side  of 
the  Strait  oi  Carquinez,  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation for  large  vessels.  Government  depot 
for  arms  and  sui'plies  for  the  Pacific  coast. 
Cement,  flour,  leather,  gloves.  Population, 
17'.I4. 

Colasn  —  in  Colusa  County,  on  the  Sacramento. 
Large  trade  with  fanners,  graziers,  and  quick- 
silver miners.  County  noted  for  wool,  \vlie:U, 
barley,  and  pork.     Population,  1719. 

Folsom  —  in  Sacramento  County,  on  American 
River,  at  the  base  of  the  Sierra.  Extensive 
granite  quarries.     Population,  1(100. 

Oilroy— in  Santa  Clara  County,  on  the  Soiuhem  Pa- 
cific Railroad.  Agricldtural  and  dairy  region. 
Centre  of  tobacco  cultivation.  Manufactures 
tobacco  and  cigars.     Population,  10*21. 

llt^allisburg: — in  Sonoma  Coimty,  in  Russian  River 
valley,  which  is  noted  for  its  yield  of  wheat 
and  vegetables.  Trade  with  neighboring 
quicksilver  mines.     Population,  1133. 

Ilollister — in  San  Benito  County.  On  a  branch 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  Has  a 
large  trade  with  the  New  Idria  Quicksilver 
and  other  mines.     Population,  10  4. 

Merced — in  Merced  County,  in  the  San  Joaquin 
valley,  on  a  branch  of  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad.  Shipping  point  for  an  immense 
amount  of  wheat,  barley,  cotton,  and  tobac- 
co. District  has  a  great  immber  of  irrigating 
ditches.  San  Joaquin  and  Kings  River  Ca- 
n.al,  100  miles  long,  OS  feet  wide,  and  6  feet 
deep.     Population,  1446. 

Modesto  — in  Stanislaus  County,  on  San  Joaquin 
branch  of  Central  Pacific  Railroad.  Inijiort- 
ant  shipping  and  trading  depot  for  a  large 
agricultural  region.     Population,  1603. 

Monterey— a  town  of  Monterey  County,  on  bay  of 
same  name,  and  on  Monterey  and  Salinas  V.al- 
ley  Railroad.  The  capita]  of  California  under 
Spanish  and  Mexican  rule.  Whale  fishery. 
Shipments  of  wlieat.     Population,  1396. 

Oroyille— in  Butte  County,  on  Feather  River  and 
the  Northern  California  Railroad.  Trade  in 
live-stock,  wool,  peanuts,  raisins,  wine,  and 
brandy.     Population,  1743. 

Placeryille  —  in  El  Dorado  County.  In  mining 
district,  twelve  miles  from  terminus  of  Sacra- 
mento and  Placerville  Railroad.  Fruits, 
wine,  and  brandy.     Population,  19r.t. 


Ued  BlnlT— in  Tehama  County,  on  west  bank  of 
Sacramento  Kiver.  Large  wood,  lumber,  and 
flour  trade.      Population.  yHI6. 

Reilirood  Citj— in  San  Mateo  County,  on  Redwood 
Creclt  and  a  branch  railroad.  Lumber,  cord- 
v.  ood,  tan-bark,  and  grain.     Population,  13.S3. 

Nau  RueiiAfeiiturn—in  Ventura  County,  at  mouth 
of  San  Buenaventura  River.  Ships  barley 
and  corn.  Also  wool,  wheat,  fiuit,  and  petro- 
leum.    Population.  1.170. 

.San  LuU  Obispo— in  San  Luis  Obispo  County, 
nine  miles  from  landing.  Centre  of  trade  of 
a  fertile  valley.  Ships  cattle,  hides,  wool, 
and  dairy  products.     Population,  '2"J4:i. 

San  Itiifaol- in  Marin  County,  near  the  northeni 
end  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  flfieeii  miles 
north  of  the  metropolis.  A  favorite  place  of 
summer  residence  and  a  pruminenl  pleasure 
resort.     Population,  '230(1. 

Santa  I'lara— in  Santa  Clara  County,  three  miles 
west  of  San  Jos^.  Site  of  CoUepe  of  Sanla 
Clara  and  of  the  University  of  the  Pacifc. 
Population,  2410. 

Sonora— in  Tuolumne  County,  on  Woods  Creek. 
Finely  located  mountain  town.  Chiefly  agri- 
cultural.    Population,  1492. 

St.  Helena— in  Napa  County  Agricultui-al  and 
mineral  region.  On  Napa  Valley  Railroad. 
Wine  and  fruit.     Population,  13311. 

TIsalia— in  Tulare  County,  on  Mill  Creek.  On  a 
spur  of  the  San  Joaquin  branch  of  Central 
Pacific  Railroad.  Extensive  trade  in  grain, 
cattle,  and  wool.  Country  largely  irrigated 
and  very  productive.     Population,  141'i. 

WfttsonTllIe- in  Santa  Cruz  County,  on  P.ajaro 
River,  three  miles  from  Watsons  Landing. 
Centre  of  trade  for  Pajaro  valley.  Ships  a 
large  amount  of  produce.     Population,  1799. 

ffilminston— in  Los  Angeles  County.  Port  and 
harbor  of  refuge,  on  navig.able  arm  of  San 
Pedro  Bay.  United  States  goveniment  has 
constructed  a  breakwater,  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  long.  Shipping  point  for  Los  Angeles. 
Population,  911. 

Trcka — in  Siskiyou  County,  on  Yreka  Creek.  In 
Shasta  valley,  2450  feet  above  the  sea.  Most 
northeni  large  uiland  town  of  California. 
On  the  main  road  between  California  and 
Oregon.  Extensive  gold  and  agricultural 
region.     Population,  1C59. 


Education. — Public  education  is  liberally  provided  for.  The  pub- 
lic schools  are  open  to  all  between  six  and  twenty -one  years  of 
age,  and  are  under  the  general  control  of  the  State  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, which  consists  of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
the  Governor,  and  the  principal  of  the  State  Normal  School. 

In  1883  there  were  nearly  4000  teachers  and  174,011  enrolled  pupils.  The 
system  etiibraces  primary,  grammar,  and  high  schools,  the  State  Normal 
School,  and  the  University  of  California. 

History. — For  several  centuries  after  the  voyage  of  Columbus  (1492) 
California  remained  an  unknown  land.  In  1542,  Cabrillo,  a  Spanish 
officer,  made  the  first  northward  voyage  along  the  coast  as  far  as  the 
44th  degree  of  latitude.  Upon  this  voyage  the  claims  of  Spain  to  Cali- 
fornia were  founded.  Thirty-seven  years  afterwards  (1 579),  Sir  Francis 
Drake,  a  famous  English  navigator,  visited  the  coast  and  entered  a  bay, 
generally  supposed  to  be  that  now  bearing  his  name. 

It  was  not  until  1T09,  227  years  after  the  voyage  of  Cabrillo,  that 
the  Spaniards  began  to  explore  and  occupy  the  region  whose  coast  he 
had  seen.  England  had  recently  added  nearly  all  of  what  we  now  call 
British  America  to  her  extensive  American  colonies,  had  conquered  and 
occupied  a  large  part  of  Hindostan,  had  opened  her  Cliina  trade,  and 
had  sent  Captain  Cook  to  explore  the  hitherto  unknown  islands  and 
shores  of  the  Pacific.  Among  the  bold  and  far-seeing  plans  of  her 
merchants  and  statesmen  was  the  occupation  of  the  Pacific  coasts  of 
Australia  and  North  America. 

It  was  the  knowledge  of  these  things  that  at  last  aroused  the  activity 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


11 


of  Spain.  As  the  simplest  and  most  expeditious  plan  for  securing 
possession  of  the  country,  it  was  resolved  to  establish  a  line  of  mission 
stations  among  the  Indians  of  the  coast,  with  the  further  purpose  of 
their  conversion  to  the  Christian  faith.  The  establishment  and  con- 
trol of  these  missions  was  confided  to  the  monks  of  a  Mexican  convent 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Francis,,  by  whom  the  first  settlement  within  the 
limits  of  the  state  was  formally  established  at  San  Diego  on  the  ]  Ith 
of  July,  1709.  Other  similar  establishments  soon  followed,  and  the 
whole  coast  was  explored.  On  the  .'id  of  June,  1770,  Monterey  was 
founded,  and  on  the  7th  of  November,  of  the  same  year,  Crespi  sailed 
through  the  strait  now  called  the  Golden  Gate,  discovered  the  mag- 
nificent bay,  and  gave  it  the  name  it  still  bears.  By  degrees  a  great 
part  of  the  Indian  tribes  were  assembled  about  the  missions  and  be- 
came partly  civilized,  and  the  grain,  fruits,  and  domestic  animals  of 
Europe  were  introduced.  For  the  better  control  of  the  Indians,  immi- 
gration was  discouraged,  no  one  being  allowed  to  own  any  part  of  the 
soil.     The  mission  rule  continued  about  sixty-four  years. 

In  1822,  after  a  long  contest,  Mexico  established  her  independence 
of  Spain.  In  lS3:i,  the  loyalty  of  the  monks  of  California  to  the  repub- 
lic being  distrusted,  the  control  of  the  country  was  taken  from  them,  a 
Mexican  governor  was  appointed,  and  California  was  thrown  open  to 
immigration.  Numerous  large  tracts  of  land  were  granted  to  individ- 
uals, to  become,  in  after-years,  the  cause  of  endless  litigation.  Monte- 
rey was  made  the  capital.  The  missions  rapidly  declined,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  Indian  converts  dispersed. 

In  the  course  of  a  few  years  the  frequent  civil  wars  in  Mexico,  and 
the  consequent  weakness  and  instability  of  the  distant  central  govern- 
ment, made  it  obvious  that,  sooner  or  later,  California  would  probably 
become  a  possession  of  France,  England,  or  the  United  States.  Be- 
tween 184;5  and  1840  a  large  number  of  immigrants  entered  the  coun- 
try, most  of  them  Americans  from  Oregon  and  the  Mississippi  valley. 
The  revolt  of  Texas,  and  its  subsequent  admission  into  the  Union,  led 
to  the  Mexican  war.  In  June,  1840,  the  commander  of  the  American 
fleet  lying  at  Mazatlan,  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  received  infor- 
mation of  the  first  battle  on  the  Rio  Grande.  He  promptly  set  sail  for 
Monterey,  and,  on  the  7th  of  July,  took  formal  possession  of  that  place 
and  of  California.  On  the  next  day  the  port  of  Verba  Buena  was  oc- 
cupied, and  became  at  once  the  chief  military  and  naval  station  of  the 
United  States  on  the  v;est  coast.  In  January,  1847,  its  name  was 
changed  to  San  Francisco.  By  the  treaty  of  February  2,  1848,  a  vast 
region,  extending  from  Texas  to  the  Pacific,  and  including  California, 
was  formally  ceded  by  Mexico  to  the  United  States. 

On  the  Iflth  of  January,  1848,  Marshall  found  gold  in  the  race  of 
Sutter's  mill  at  Coloma.  This  led  to  further  search,  and  the  richness 
and  vast  area  of  the  deposits  of  that  precious  metal  were  soon  made 
apparent.  In  a  few  weeks  the  news  had  spread  over  the  Pacific  coast, 
and,  in  a  few  months,  over  the  whole  civilized  world.  An  unparalleled 
excitement  and  migration  soon  followed.  From  Asia,  Australia,  Eu- 
rope, and  the  United  States,  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  hurried 
to  the  land  of  gold.  In  May,  1849,  at  least  20,000  men  marched  from 
Missouri  River,  and  for  several  subsequent  years  the  perilous  route 
across  the  Plains  was  a  principal  road  to  California. 

The  position  of  San  F'rancisco  at  the  ocean  doonvay  to  this  vast 
treasury  at  once  raised  that  place  to  great  importance.  The  harbor 
was  crowded  with  ships  from  every  maritime  nation,  and  a  great  city, 
at  first  of  tents  and  sheds,  and  afterwards  of  more  substantial  materials, 
sprang  up  as  if  by  magic.  A  little  later,  and  from  the  Atlantic  ports 
came  great  fleets  of  sailing  vessels  of  a  size  and  speed  never  before 
known,  crowded  with  eager  gold-hunters,  and  freighted  with  everything 
that  might  find  a  market  among  a  people  made  recklessly  extravagant 
by  the  sudden  acquisition  of  apparently  exhaustless  wealth.  Shorter 
routes  to  the  golden  land  were  soon  found.  Lines  of  steamers  ran  to 
the  narrow  isthmus  of  Panama  frcm  the  .Atlantic  ports  on  one  side  and 
from  San  Francisco  on  the  other.     On  the  2Ud  of  January,  1854,  the 


Panama  Railroad  was  completed,  and  thenceforth  communication  with 
the  Atlantic  shores  was  relatively  easy. 

Meanwhile  the  most  mi.xed  multitude  ever  assembled  moved  forward 
with  unexampled  rapidity  to  permanent  political  organization.  On  the 
1st  of  September,  1849,  a  constitutional  convention  assembled  at  Mon- 
terey. Its  work  was  adopted  by  the  people,  and,  on  the  9th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1  850,  California  was  admitted  as  a  state  of  the  Union. 

Social  perils,  unavoidable  in  such  a  community,  soon  developed 
themselves.  In  December,  1849,  and  again  in  May  and  June,  1851, 
fires,  supposed  to  be  of  incendiary  origin,  swept  away  large  parts  of  the 
city  and  of  its  wealth.  Crimes  of  violence  were  of  daily  and  open  oc- 
currence. With  the  crowds  of  industrious  miners  there  had  come  a 
horde  of  idle,  vicious  men,  many  of  them  the  banished  outlaws  of  other 
lands.  Their  numbers  gave  them  local  political  power.  Through  their 
blighting  influence  justice  was  perverted  and  corrupted,  and  the  very 
foundations  of  social  order  were  in  peril.  In  1850  these  evils  had  be- 
come intolerable,  and  the  better  elements  of  society  rapidly  organized 
for  its  preservation.  A  large  body  of  the  citizens  formed  themselves 
into  an  armed  and  disciplined  force,  and  an  executive  committee  was 
appointed.  Many  of  the  most  notorious  criminals  were  arrested ; 
others  fled  the  state.  No  one  was  punished  without  full  and  fair  trial. 
Four  were  executed  and  many  others  were  banished.  When  its  work 
was  done,  the  organization  quietly  disbanded,  and  affairs  peacefully  re- 
sumed their  natural  course. 

The  annual  production  of  gold,  which  had  risen  to  about  ?!G5,000,000 
in  lS5:i,  soon  after  began  to  decline.  The  most  accessible  and  easily 
wrought  placers  were  exhausted,  and  discoveries  of  gold  and  silver  in 
adjacent  or  distant  territories  and  in  Australia  called  away  a  large  part 
of  the  mining  population.  In  1859  the  production  had  fallen  to  about 
$50,000,000  ;  in  1801  to  .§40,000,000  ;  and  in  1880  to  $17,500,000. 

In  the  meanwhile  immigration  continued,  and  steadily  increasing 
numbers  came  with  their  families  to  mike  California  their  permanent 
home.  Various  new  industries  in  mining  and  manufactures  were  de- 
veloped. The  extraordinary  agricultural  capacity  of  the  state  was 
recognized,  and  it  became  evident  that  the  grain,  wine,  fruits,  lumber, 
and  wool  of  the  state  were  a  greater  and  more  lasting  source  of  pros- 
perity than  the  gold  had  been.  In  1807  the  value  of  the  merchandise 
exported  already  equalled  the  entire  gold  product  of  the  state.  The 
discovery  of  the  rich  silver  mines  of  Nevada  added  greatly  to  the  pros- 
perity of  California,  and  especially  of  its  chief  port,  and  it  was  still  fur- 
ther increased  by  an  event  which  marks  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  the 
state  and  of  the  country.  This  was  the  completion  of  the  first  great 
transcontinental  railw.iy,  in  September,  1809,  by  which  the  whole  Mis- 
sissippi valley  and  the  Atlantic  seaboard  were  brought  within  a  few 
days'  easy  reach  of  San  Francisco.  A  still  more  rapid  increase  of  the 
immigration  followed,  and  has  already  largely  affected  the  development 
of  the  resources  of  the  state.  Other  events  of  moment  have  subsequent- 
ly occurred;  among  them  are  the  great  extension  of  the  local  railroad 
system,  the  rapid  increase  of  irrigation  and  hydraulic  mining,  and  the 
adoption,  in  1879,  of  a  new  state  constitution,  which  went  into  effect 
January  1,  1880.  The  immigration  of  very  large  numbers  of  Chinese 
has  given  rise  to  new  social  and  industrial  problems,  the  solution  of 
which  is  yet  in  the  future.  During  the  Civil  War  California  remained 
faithful  to  the  Union,  and  her  treasures  were  generously  poured  forth 
for  the  national  cause,  and  in  aid  of  those  whose  sufferings  in  the  field 
and  the  hospital  justly  demanded  her  sympathies  and  her  assistance. 


Questions.— Describe  the  situntion  of  Cnlifornia.  Its  mountain  surface.  Its 
double  valley.  The  Lake  Region.  Klamath  Plateau.  The  islands.  The  drainage. 
The  climate.  The  forests.  The  animals.  Minerals  and  mining.  Agriculiure.  The 
leading  staples.  Manufactures.  The  leading  products.  Commerce.  Its  staples. 
Coast  advantages.  Transportation.  Political  organization.  Describe  San  Francisco. 
.Sacramento.  Other  important  places.  What  is  said  of  education  .'  Give  an  outline 
of  the  history  of  California. 


12 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   OREGON. 


o 
o 
u 

PC 

o 
o 

X 

< 

PC  :- 
O 

o  ^ 

w 

o 

I— I 

o 

a. 


ri 


o 

o 


> 
D 

c 
B 


tJD    !/l      u 


^   o 


en   ';3 
C 

B  -a 

<«    c 

a;    S 


O        OJ       r- 


o    i;    bo 


1)    >-.  4I,    1)  .i 

"5      c      ^      rt    .^ 


•S    ■"     rt 


s  s  s 

.£  .5  M) 

rt  o  b 

^  O  — 

(/)  OJ  IJ 


1) 

J3 


H    -T 


3 


in    <u 
■5  •£ 


ii   § 

(D    O 
^^     J-"     w    *-* 


?  i 


o  w 

c  ^^ 
o    o 


O     tn 

o 


<u 


5=     <U    2 


o  -^ 


3 

.£    !< 


0  .5 


5     > 


3 
O 


.  o 


tn 


11 


C3 


c   -i--  ■=    ». 


>  J2    o 

I,    —     hC 
0^     C    ^ 


3 


u. 

<^-4 

0> 

3 

0 

M 

>-• 

J= 

a> 

0 

0 

H 

J3 

1) 

s 

rt 

0 

bJ] 

■u 

a! 

■a 


in   "u 


1)      u 


tn  -C 


.3  rt  3 

c 

o 

o  — 

c  tn  3 

O  «  O 

M  3  '^ 

i  5  ° 

^  5  "" 


■a 

3  >- 
o    o 

d 
tn 

0)    <u 


.    c  ; 
3    o  • 

OJ     bO 

5  O 

o 


n  ^  S  2 
(U  —   .-    3 

bo   {J  en 

o  ^  5  S 


1> 


(U    o 


^1 

•S    O 


u 


Q 


tn     O   j=     p   ^    .3 


^     «     11     ■" 
^     O     Jii    J3 


.ST; 


-^  ^  ^  ji 


.y  S 


u 


O     rt 

'to  ^ 


3 


a      r\      d 

t;    tJ    5    ■" 


r^  ^ 


OJ   -r 


i) 


<    -^    ~ 


~     O 

a    ^ 

3    = 


>  -f,    33    « 


3  rj     1) 

O     3  -^ 

i;   o   rt   ■ 


^  ::2 


"    bC  5    ,1 


.2^^-53- 


2i   t« 

-3     1) 


■£ooj;.icrt:5_ 


■3  "    ^ 

3     2     ii 
'   -p   "S     rt 


3 

O     ° 

"in 


"<  5 


S    to     in   _ 


I..       4->        3 


5  ■" 


K    ^  -H 


C3 


^     tn 

O  -a 


tn   '^   .-X 


!5     3 

o 


> 

tl) 

tn 

13 

h 

f-H 

&p 

u 

.3 

(1) 

> 

> 

a 

E 

i-. 
0 

E 

0 

tn 
3 

3' 

.2 

o  .a 


^    o   ^ 


S  ^  s 

P<  ^•■ 

rt  0 

■-  bO 

X  CD 


u   ° 
.£1  XI 


O 
o 

o 
'0 

P-, 


-S    ^    —     3 


D  tU 
bO  .3 
3     ■" 


4-.       C      ~ 


tj-.  -^    3 

°  -S    ,° 

tn  o   ^ 

1)  v.      1) 

>  -^  -^ 


3  tn 
O  •- 
bo  4-. 


tn   O     m    5 


.S-g 


o  8 


-S    3    3    to 


bo 
3 


3 
O 


tfl 
(J 
tn 

ca 
U 


J3 


x;  x:    ti 


«  - 

be  "o 

•3  jj 

C  E 

o  2 

<4-i  3 

3  «i 


•a 

o 


E    « 


k^ 

0 

<u 

c 

X 

'■  . 

bO 

rt 

0 

OJ 

'^ 

ta 

0 

^ 

.    > 

>.  o 


■73  O    -c 


^    o  - 


—      ..   ^     tu   .Si 


.3  ".^        ^  ^  -a 


o. 


x;        H 


bo  -S 

DO 

5  c^ 


3 
"5     bO 


ca 


O     bo 


3 

— '     tn 

0) 

E 

1) 

IH 

0 

x: 

E 
0 

tn 

iT 

t/3 

3 

Si 

0 
ta 

(^3 


3 


OJ 

bO 


■^        tn   C"* 


^  -a  ^ 

^  o  5 

QJ  ■*->  4_1 

(jj  3  tn 

fe  O  O 

i  x  E 

tn 

tn  OJ  — .' 

aj  -O  — 

—  30 

O  .5  rt 

■  -  C  .3 

-art 

.2  tji; 

3 


*.    bo 


o   5 


^ 

c 

-n 

u 

S'n 

Ph 

0 

bo-c 
O     tn 


O     11 

bo  t; 

ol 

^    o 

W     rt 
rt     tn 


Ah  rt 

tu     0)  •" 

"   .^  •= 

O     3  '^ 

bo  ^  o 

O    If  Ji 

■4-»    ta  rt 

>      tU  .3 


ta 


-    § 
3S 

O      4J 

X     tn 
U    +3 


o 


P     -V.       O 


tu     tn 

i  2 
9 « 


2  o 

<u    tS 


O   .-   W     tn 


OJ     3 


c;  :n 

3  ta 

„  U 

ct! 

O  tu 

O  ^ 

>, 

3  -a 

f!  3 

3  rt 

"  tn 


1>  3 

>«  O 

O  E 

o 

O  OJ 

-+  tn 

O  ^ 


'3 
O 


O 

Q 


0  o 

rt 

>  <u 

"3  H  f^ 


ta 

J£ 

9 

0) 

in 

tn 

-0 

'^. 

0 

rt 

<u 

>-< 

tu 

0 

E 

n 

> 

rv 

ri< 

>% 

a) 

3 

a; 

3 

3 

ctj 

3 

bO 

0 

" 

0 

'Zl 

rt 

cf 

V 

0 

0 

0 

W. 

0 

bO 

.j; 

r> 

t-l 

f^ 

tn 

ta 

0) 

1) 

0 

E 

^ 

<U 

^* 

~ 

0 

H 

t/}    rt     CO  - 

15  'i;  •? 


Ss 

1) 
bO   3 

r^    ta 
tn 

.>    bO 

*-.     tn 

o    t—t 

E 

JS 

>  'n 

o   a 
1?   tc 


O    rt 


Ph 

M 
W 

EH 

o 
m 

o 

I— I 

EH 

w 
o 


2  5  t«  u 

-^  ^  ni  -t-l 

>  .S  tn 

P*  t-  aj  <L> 


2  '^  -«  > 


o    o 


0 
bn 

r^ 

&> 

tn 

v 

^^ 

0 

3 

0 

i~. 

0 

0 

-3 

3 

1) 

^ 

0 

rt 

«- 

1- 

X 

^ 

^ 

tu 

h 

>, 

-! 

0 

0 

T3 
3 

0 

tn 

<u 

tu 

tu 

3 
0 

"X^ 

<u    £ 

^    so  ta 

o  t:   3  - 


<u 


ft 


tl) 
.-.  -^ 

u 

OJ      1) 

'O    3 
'^    3 


0 

OJ    0 

bO« 

1) 

rt    tn 

0)    tn 

0) 


ii   n  .3  ■£   5 


■^  2. 


^   tu 
c  73. 


^r^   2~ 


3 
1) 

3 
O 


.3     <U 
O     O 


*.  ~   X  3 

:5   °   in  •■" 

^  "  S  B 

s  s  s 

ft  u  tn 


tn    rt  ^ 
•-    ft' 

;S  g- 
15  -i 


o  -s 

bo 

tu     3 

O    tn 

*^    bO 

tn    c 


O 
bO 


3   ^ 


3     '-   "o 

■5-1  S 
.2  "  '^ 

IS     D     ^ 

£■5  1) 


O  S 


3 
o 

'bO 
1) 


c  A';;;  a 

o   3   >;   £ 

^  O   °  i2 

>  '-•  u  ^ 


o  ■^ 


0) 


o 

2  Z  « 


3  u 

bo  Qj 

OJ      > 

o  ~ 

3 

*;;  ° 

tn    tn 


V   '^-    ^ 


C    .3     3     >.. 
,i;    "     o     trS 


>,   «1     C     tu 

o    a)  K.H  .3 


■SI  >-o  &• 


>  15 

ri    £ 

ft   3 


E 

O 


ri;    a)  ^  •£  .ii 

1-     B  bO   ttj 

a  3    a) 

=^1^  0)-  ii  i 


a)  t; 


1) 


^ 

^ 

> 

r*. 

■*-» 

/^-. 

■ — ; 

r».. 

r3 

f: 

'^ 

P 

TU 

1) 

U-t 

rt 

0 

1-. 

U 

'f) 

0 

.^ 

}- 

^ 

n 

r-i 

f-i 

r- 

pq    a;  ^    IJ 


.^.   o   o 


bo 


u.    bO 

ij     3 


o  x: 
u    o 

»,     3 


O    t-3 

a)    o 


-r    o 

?  to; 


X  3 
O 
bO- 


°    2    S^ 

ft-^  o 

o        o  •- 


.2    > 
£  ».- 

3    o 
o  r^ 


a)    3  tn 

.ii    P  .2 

ca  bo  n 

-^    a)  3 

'^  3 

«  O  o 

:?    3  " 

?:•-  2 

tn  -n 

a)  •" 

3  i2  E 

o    .  « 

>-  .3 


a)    E    ft  il 


1) 


^ 

W 

r^ 

tu 

r 

4^ 

t/i 

0 

0) 

0 

C 

^ 

"^n 

u 

•■"■ 

Cl) 

(/I 

0 

^ 

in 

OJ 

.-, 

crt 

<3J 

C 

u 

HH 

f  » 

>^ 

X 

n 

iis:^ 


o       "i:  — 


3   2   P 
-|  ^ 

in  Si-, 

1  -•  I  o 

2  =  0  JS 

•^    ta    a;  W 

.3     i-.    ■"     O 

22  ■-  O  ^ 

o  a)  '"•  o< 
■"  3  S  V- 
__    bO  '^   ■" 

If  S-5 

CS  W    o    o 


-  .5    to  .- 

3     bO    2    -3 

"    3    a>    c 

-    O     >     rt 

ai  —    o      . 


0) 

bJO 

^-1 
0 

(fi 

tn 

0 

rt 

Xh 

'n 

>. 

P 

;o 

^ 

G. 

« 

p 

-^ 

rt 

itrH 

3 

T3 

Ul 

^ 

tn 

rt 

OJ 

L^ 

tu 
bn 

bl) 

• 

QJ 

3 

rt 

4J 

J= 

1^ 

>_ 
"C 

^-4 

0 

!2i 

o 
I — I 

I — I 
W 


-^  .-5   f  .i:;  ."3        -2 


3 


a  ^ 


O    "I" 
B    ot 


ai 


o 
bOo 


c<     3 


^    10     a) 
bO  ^   r3 

^    c 


■f-*     F— '     C*     '*■     -^ 


■  r 

E 

0 

n 

J?( 

0 

c 

P-. 

'y; 

(J 

OJ 

JJ 

0 

;^ 

r> 

a)   o 


IN 

tn     3 


O        " 

I       3    to 

«■  '^  ::: 

O    o 

tl    •*    ° 

.-^^      O      C 

"-si 


o   ^ 


a; 
3 


ta     o    o     r- 
ai   ii    .„     tn 


°  2 

a; 


a; 

<^.    o 


"I 
ft  rt 

>>    o 

rt    a) 
a;    o 


-n 

tt! 

0 

0 

a; 

■^ 

ft 

.4    Si    2 


14 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   OREGON. 


or  April.  Snow  occasionally  fulls,  but  is  seldom  deep,  and  soon 
disappears.  Ice  is  rarely  more  than  an  inch  or  two  in  thickness. 
In  some  winters,  flowers  bloom  in  the  gardens  throughout  the  season, 
even  as  far  north  as  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette.  The  dry  season 
is  longer  in  the  south  than  in  the  north.  During  this  part  of  the 
year  the  sky  is  generally  clear.  From  June  until  October  very  little 
rain  falls.  The  summer  nights  are  always  cool,  the  days  never  op- 
pressive.    The  coast  region  has  the  most  humid  climate. 

The  climate  of  East  Oregon  is  marked  with  greater  extremes  of 
temperature  than  that  of  the  rest  of  the  state.  Winter  begins  late  in 
December,  and  lasts  about  three  months.  The  high  Cascade  Range 
shuts  out  the  moist  winds  of  the  Pacific.  While  the  annual  rain-fall  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  is  about  CO  inches,  in  East  Oregon  it  is 
only  from  15  to  20  inches.  Snow  falls  to  the  depth  of  6  to  12  inches 
in  the  valleys,  but  is  much  deeper  in  the  high  mountain  regions.  Con- 
siderable rain  falls  in  the  spring.  During  the  summer  there  is  ver)' 
little  rain  or  dew.  Occasionally  the  thermometer  rises  during  the 
day  to  100°;  but  even  then  the  heat  is  not  oppressive,  owing  to  the 
dryness  of  the  atmosphere  ;  the  nights  are  cool.  In  the  high  Klamath 
valley,  4200  feet,  the  deep  snows  lie  from  three  to  five  months,  and 
frost  occurs  in  every  month  of  the  year. 

Forests.  —  The  forests  constitute  one  of  the  most  important  re- 
sources of  the  state.  They  e.xtend  along  the  whole  coast  region,  and 
from  15  to  20  miles  into  the  interior,  except  where  broken  by  the 
prairies  in  the  valleys.  They  are  most  dense  where  exposed  to  the 
ocean  winds.  They  are  also  found  along  the  Columbia  to  just  beyond 
the  Dalles,  and  clothe  the  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Range.  Even  in  East 
Oregon,  the  Blue  Mount  ini-^  inA  their  principal  spurs  are  well-wooded. 


LUMBERING. 


Most  of  the  trees  arc  evergreen  conifers  of  species  peculiar  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Trees  six  feet  through  the  trunk  are  very  common,  and  among  the  cedars  and 
hemlocks  are  many  that  are  from  eight  to  ten  feet  in  diameter  and  nearly  300 
feet  high.     Some  of  these  species  furnish  ship  timber  of  the  highest  quality. 

Animals. — Among  the  wild  animals  are  the  grizzly  bear,  black  bear, 
cougar,  gray  wolf,  coyote,  mountain-sheep,  elk,  deer,  and  antelope.  The 
eagle,  buzzard,  vulture,  swan,  goose,  duck,  albatross,  and  gull  are  the 
principal  birds,  and  the  salmon,  cod,  halibut,  sturgeon,  herring,  and 
smelt  the  most  important  fishes.     Lobsters,  oysters,  and  clams  abound. 

Minerals. — The  development  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  Oregon  has, 
as  yet,  scarcely  begun.  There  are  extensive  deposits  of  gold,  silver, 
lead,  copper,  iron,  salt,  coal,  marble,  granite,  soapstone,  slate,  clay,  glass- 
sand,  and  other  minerals. 

Agriculture. — Agriculture  is  the  leading  interest  of  the  state.  The 
chief  staple  is  wheat.  The  yield  is  large  and  of  excellent  quality. 
The  greater  part  is  raised  in  the  Willamette  valley.  Many  millions 
of  bushels  are  annually  exported.  There  are  also  large  crops  of  bar- 
ley, oats,  potatoes,  fruits,  and  garden  vegetables.  Cattle-raising  and 
sheep-farming  are  also  important  branches  of  industrj-,  the  large  wool 
crop  of  Oregon  ranking  among  the  best  in  the  world. 


Principal  Mineral  and  Agricultural  Products. 


Gold  and  silver. . 

Whe.it  (bushels). 

B.irley 

Oats  ••       . 

Pot-itoes 


.tl.Srili.illNi     Woolipounds> 5,71S,S«4 

7,4Sll.lllll  !  H.ly(tons) VOIi.lST 

9JO,'.l77  I  Horses 124.1l'7 

4.:iS.M;.'>()    Laltle B52,.'.«l 

l,3.'iS,93ll    Sheep l,(lSS,I6-i 

Buuer  (pounds).   2,44)S,7-.'5  i  Swine 156,2a« 

Manufactures. — In  the  production  and  exportation  of  flour  and  lum- 
ber Oregon  already  holds  a  high  rank.  Among  other  articles  largely 
produced  are  canned  goods,  woollens,  salmon  oil,  packed  beef  and  pork, 
tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine. 

Fisheries. — The  neighboring  ocean  furnishes  an  abundance  of  oys- 
ters, cod,  and  halibut.  The  salmon  fisheries  of  the  Columbia  are  the 
most  extensive  in  the  world. 

Commerce. — The  foreign  commerce  of  Oregon  is  already  an  element 
of  importance  in  the  prosperity  of  the  state.  From  ports  on  the  Co- 
lumbia and  the  Willamette,  many  vessels  sail  ever}'  year  to  Great  Britain, 
China,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  South  America,  New  Zealand,  and  Aus- 
tralia, loaded  with  wheat,  flour,  wool,  ship- timber,  canned  goods,  and 
other  products.  A  large  export  and  import  trade  is  carried  on  through 
San  Francisco,  and  there  is  an  extensive  general  coasting  trade  with 
California,  Puget  Sound,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska.  The  navigable 
rivers  furnish  cheap  transportation  for  hundreds  of  miles  through  rich 
farming,  lumbering,  and  mineral  regions. 

Columbia  River  is  navig.ible  for  large  vessels  to  Portland,  on  llie  Will.Tmelle, 
112  miles  from  the  sea,  and  to  Vancouver,  about  the  same  distance.  Vessels 
of  "JOO  to  300  tons  ascend  to  the  head  of  tidewater  at  the  C.ascides,  KiO  miles 
from  the  mouth.  Here  is  a  railroad  portage  of  si.v  miles.  Beyond  this,  the 
river  is  navigable  forty  miles,  to  the  Dalles,  where  there  is  a  second  railroad 
portage.  Above  this  point,  small  steamers  ascend  Snake  River  to  Lewiston, 
in  Idaho,  470  miles,  and  tlie  main  river  to  Priest  Rapids,  in  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, .">1H!  miles  from  the  sea. 

On  the  Willamette,  small  steamers  run  to  Salcm  all  the  year,  and  to  Eugene 
City,  138  miles  from  Portland,  during  high  water.  At  Oregon  City  the  river 
falls  40  feet  over  a  ledge  of  rocks.  Locks  allow  direct  passage  to  these  ves- 
sels.    There  are  other  n.avigable  streams,  but  none  so  important. 

The  most  important  railroad  in  the  state  belongs  to  the  Oregon  Railway  and 
Navigation  Company,  and  extends  from  Portland  along  the  south  bank  of 
the  Columbia  River  to  Wallula,  where  it  connects  with  the  Northern  I'.acific 
Railroad  from  Dulnth,  on  Lake  Superior.  From  Umatilla  a  branch  ex- 
tends in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  Huntington,  where  it  meets  the  Oregon 
Short  Line  Railroad,  a  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific,  forming  continued  rail- 
w.ay  communication  between  Portland  and  Omaha.  The  Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia Railroad  extends  from  liast  Portland  southwards  to  Ashland,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state.  The  Oregon  Centr.al  Railroad,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Willamette  River,  runs  from  Portland  to  Corvallis.  The  Northern 
P.icific  Railroad  extends  from  Portland  to  the  Cohnnbia  River  opposite 
Kalamn,  in  Washington  Territory. 

Political  Organization. — The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  a 
Governor,  Secretary  of   State,  a  Stale    Treasuier,  and  a  Superintend- 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   OREGON. 


15 


ent  of  Public  Instruction,  who  hold  office  for  four  years  each.     The 
Secretary  of  State  is  also,  ex  officio.  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts. 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Legis- 
lative Assembly,  which  comprises  a  Senate  of 
thirty  members,  and  a  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  sixty  members.  The  term  of  a  Sena- 
tor is  four  years,  that  of  a  Representative 
two  years.  The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a 
Supreme  Court,  Circuit  Courts,  County  Courts, 
and  Justice's  Courts.  All  the  executive  of- 
ficers, legislators,  and  judges  are  elected  by  the 
people.    Oregon  is  represented  in  Congress  by 

two  Senators  and  one  Representative,  and  has,  therefore,  three  elec- 
toral votes. 

The  state  comprises  twenty-seven  counties  and  contains  the  follow- 
ing cities  and  towns  : 

Portland,  in  Multnomah  County,  is  the  commercial  metropo- 
lis of  the  Columbia  valley,  and  the  largest  city  in  Oregon.  It  is 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Willamette,  about  13  miles  from  its  junction 
with  the  Columbia,  and  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation.  It  was 
founded  in  1844,  and  became  a  city  in  1855.     Population,  17,579. 

Portland  is  built  on  a  plateau,  from  the  higher  parts  of  which  fine  views  are 
presented  of  the  city  and  its  shii)ping,  of  Mt.  Hood  in  the  distance,  and  the 
fertile  Willamette  valley. 

Its  manufacturing  establishments  in- 
clude founderies,  saw  and  planing 
mills,  and  soap,  carriage,  furniture, 
and  other  factories. 

In  18S4  the  wholesale  trade  of  Port- 
land amounted  to  $40,(;."iO,0()0. 

It  is  the  shipping-point  for  the  large 
wheat  crop  of  the  Willamette  v.alley, 
to  which  is  added  a  great  and  rapid- 
ly increasing  amount  from  far  up  the 
Columbia.  Ocean  steamers  and 
sailing-vessels  carry  on  a  direct  ex- 
port and  import  trade  with  Gre.at 
Kritain,  China,  Japan,  New  Zealand, 
and  Australia,  and  regular  lines  of 
coasting-vessels  run  to  San  Francisco,  Victoria  in  British  Columbia,  the 
various  ports  on  Pugct  Sound,  and  to  Sitka  in  Alask.a. 

It  is  also  the  western  terminus  of  the  railroad  belonging  to  the  Oregon 
Railway  and  Navigation  Company,  which  is  a  link  of  the  great  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad  joining  the  railway  systems  of  the  liastern  States  with  those 
of  Oregon. 

Portland  has  an  efficient  system  of  public  schools,  including  high, 
intermediate,  and  grammar  grades,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  Willamette  University. 

Salem,  in  Marion  County,  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Oregon  and  California  Railroad  and  the  east  bank  of  \\'illamctte 
River.  Steamers  run  regularly  from  this  point  to  Portland  during 
about  three  fourths  of  the  year.  Mill  Creek  furnishes  a  great  water- 
power.  There  are  several  large  mills  producing  woollen  goods,  flour, 
and  linseed-oil.  There  are  also  machine-shops,  tanneries,  founderies, 
etc.     The  city  is  the  seat  of  Willamette  University.     Population,  2538. 


Albany— in  Linn  County.on  the  Oregon  and  Cllifor- 
iii.-»  Railrtxid.  .ind  on  ihe  east  bank  of  the  Wil- 
lamelle-  Shipping  port.  In  a  rich  agricultu- 
ral section.  \  canal  13  miles  long  and  S.'i  feet 
wide  brings  the  water  of  South  Santiam  River 
for  tnanufacturing  purposes.  Saw,  planing, 
and  flouring  mills;  machine-shops;  sash  and 
door,  carnage  and  wason  factories.  Eleva- 
tors and  grain  warehouses-     Population,  *J4(Ht. 

Aslllnild — in  Jackson  County.on  BearCreek. south- 
ern lemiiims  of  Ihe  Oregon  and  California 
Railroad.  Stages  to  Redding,  in  Caiii'omia- 
)ron  foundery,  saw,  grist,  and  woollen  mills 
Popul.it  ion,  1000. 

ABtoria— in  Clatsop  County,  at  mouth  of  the  Co- 
lumbia. Important  seaport.  Headquarters 
of  the  Salmon  fisheries  of  the  Columbia. 
Summer  rcsoit.  Great  facilities  for  lumber- 
ing and  ship-buildin".     Population,  CUOO. 


Ilftker  City  — in  Baker  County,  on  the  Oregon 
Short  Line  Railroad  and  south  fork  of  Pow- 
der  River.  In  a  fertile  valley.  Large  trade 
with  mining  and  agricultural  districts.  Pop- 
ulation. ll'iUll. 

CorTallis— in  Benton  County,  on  the  Oregon  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  and  west  bank  of  the  WilKv 
metle.  A  trading  and  manufacturing  centre. 
In  fine  farming  region.  Seat  of  Slate  Agri- 
cultural  College.     I'opulation,  K-tUO. 

Dallns  —  in  Polk  County,  on  La  Creole  Creek. 
XLiny  manufacturing  establishments.  Leath- 
er, wagons,  flour,  etc     Population.  SOO. 

The  Dalles— in  Wasco  Coimty,  on  Columbia  River, 
at  t-'pper  Cascade  Rapids.  River  narri>wed 
here  to  a  width  of  ll.S  feet  between  walls  of 
rock.  Connected  with  Portland  and  the  east 
by  railroad.  Unlimited  water-power.  Popu- 
lation, It^OJ. 


East  Portland  -in  Multnomah  County.    Terminus  \  Oregon  City— in  Clackamas  County,  on  east  bank 


of  the  Oregon  and  California  Railroad  and  of 
the  line  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Naviga- 
tion Company.  On  Willamette  River,  oppo- 
site Portland.  Beautiful  residences,  exten- 
sive warehouses,  factories,  machine-shops, 
etc.     Population,  SHOO. 

Engene  t'lty— in  I.anc  County,  on  the  Oregon  and 
California  Railroad  and  left  bank  of  Willa- 
mette. River  navigable  to  this  point.  Ships 
an  immense  .imount  of  agricultural  products. 
Seat  of  Stale  University.     Population.  aOIXl 

Forest  OrOT»  — in  Washington  County,  on  the 
Oregon  Central  Railroad,  and  in  the  fer- 
tile Tualatin  Plains.  Scat  of  Pacific  Uni- 
versity and  Tualatin  Academy.  Population, 
."ill. 

Jacksonrille-in  Jackson  County.on  Bear  Creek, 
and  ihe  Oregon  and  California  Railroad.  Cen- 
tre of  trade  of  a  great  and  fertile  valley  Gold 
and  silver  mines.  Veins  of  copper  and  mag- 
netic iron  ore.     Population.  S39. 

Harshfleld— in  Coos  County,  on  Coos  River.  Ter- 
minus of  a  -short  railroad  from  coal-mines. 
Pni.ulation,  CM. 

HcSIinilTille  -  in  Vamhill  Counlv,  on  south  fork  of 
Yamhill  River.  Seat  of  McMinnville  Col- 
lege.    Population,  670. 


of  Willamette  River  and  on  the  Oregon  and 
California  Railroad.  River  here  flows  through 
a  deep  cafion.  Chief  |iart  of  the  city  is  in  the 
canon.  River  made  navigable  for  steamers 
by  a  series  of  costly  locks  on  opposite  bank. 
Mills  for  manufacture  of  flour  and  lumber. 
W'oollen-mills.     Population.  IWWl. 

Pendleton  -  in  Umatilla  County,  on  Umatilla  Riv- 
er and  the  line  of  Ihe  Oregon  Railway  and 
Navigation  Company.  Several  large  agri- 
cultural vallej-s  radiate  from  this  poinu  Pop- 
ulation. 1S<"0. 

Bosebnrp  —  in  Douglas  County,  on  east  bank  ol 
Umpqua  River,  on  the  Oregon  and  California 
Railroad  Excellent  water  -  (>nwer.  Grain 
and  wool  market.     Population.  liMKt. 

ITmatllla'  in  Umatilla  County,  on  the  Columbia  and 
on  Ihe  line  of  the  Oregon  Kaiiw^vand  Navi- 
gation Company,  and  junction  with  branch  to 
Huntington.  Freight  depot  for  eastern  Ore- 
gon and  Idaho.  Lines  of  river  steamers. 
Large  shipments  of  wool.     Population,  14t». 

Brownsville,  Canon  C'ity,  Davton,  Empire  City, 
Halsey,  Harrisburg.  Hillsboro,  Indepen- 
dence. Junction.  Lalayetlc.  f  iaklaiid.  I'nion. 
Weston,  and  Wheatland  are  also  importanl 
places. 


Education. — The  State  Board  of  Education  consists  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, the  Secretar)'  of  State,  and  the  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction. County  superintendents  and  boards  of  district  officers  are 
elected  by  the  people. 

History. — The  coasts  of  Oregon  and  Washington  were  probably  first 
visited,  by  Spanish  navigators,  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  centu- 
ry. In  1591.'  Juan  de  Fuca,  a  Greek  commanding  a  small  Spanish 
vessel,  entered  the  strait  which  still  bears  his  name.  In  1775  a 
Spanish  expedition  was  the  first  to  reach  the  58th  degree  of  north 
latitude.  In  1778  the  celebrated  English  navigator  Captain  Cook  sailed 
along  the  western  coast  of  America  a  distance  of  more  than  2000  miles 
and  minutely  explored  the  shores  of  Washington  and  of  British  Cc- 
lunibia.     He  was  followed,  in  1792,  by  Vancouver. 

In  1791  Captain  Robert  Gray,  an  American  fur-trader  command- 
ing the  ship  Columbia,  of  Boston,  entered  and  partly  explored  a  great 
river,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  his  ship.  The  purchase  of 
Louisiana  in  1803,  and  the  report  of  the  important  discover)-  made  by 
Captain  Gray,  led  the  United  States  government  to  send  out  an  explor- 
ing expedition  under  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke.  They  ascended 
the  Missouri  to  its  source,  and  thence  passed  over  into  the  valley  of 
the  Columbia,  which  they  descended  to  the  sea  in  1805. 

In  1810  John  Jacob  Aster,  of  New  York,  organized  the  Pacific  Fur 
Company,  which,  in  181 1,  established  a  trading  settlement  at  Astoria, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river.  During  the  war  of  1812-15  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  Great  Britain,  but  was  restored  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war. 
In  1819  Spain  ceded  Florida  to  the  United  States,  together  with  "all 
rights,  claims,  and  pretensions  to  any  territory  north  of  the  parallel  of 
42°,  and  westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean." 

Upon  the  explorations  of  Cook,  Vancouver,  and  others.  Great  Britain 
claimed  the  west  coast  between  42°  and  the  Russian  possessions  in 
Alaska.  The  United  States  laid  its  claim  to  a  large  part  of  the  same 
region  upon  the  discoveries  of  Gray,  the  explorations  of  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  the  establishment  of  Astoria,  and  the  acquisition  of  the  rights 
of  Spain.  In  1840,  after  a  prolonged  and  threatening  controversy, 
a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  established  the  northern  boundar)- -  line 
as  it  now  exists. 

In  184.3  and  1844  large  bodies  of  emigrants  from  the  Missouri 
entered  Oregon  after  a  perilous  overland  journey,  and  liberal  grants  of 
land  subsequently  attracted  still  larger  numbers.  The  Territory  of  Ore- 
gon was  organized  in  1848.  In  1857  a  state  constitution  was  adopted. 
On  the  14th  of  February,  1859,  Congress  admitted  Oregon  as  a  state 
with  its  present  limits. 


Questions. — Describe  the  situation  of  Oregon.  The  surface.  The  drainage. 
Climate.  Forests.  Animals.  Minerals.  .Agriculture.  Manufactures.  Fisheries. 
Coinmercc.  Political  organieation.  describe  Portland.  What  is  feaid  of  ctlucation.' 
Of  the  history  of  Oregon. 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   WASHINGTON. 


17 


o 

H 

O 

I — I 
X 

< 


o 

X 

Oh 

< 
PC 

o 
o 
w 

o 


"2    l* 


3 
1)  ^ 


>x  Jp, 


bc  u: 


Sen 


H 

a 

— 

c 

rt 

•>! 

13 

E 

— 

> 

i> 

o 
U 

0 

n 

B 

in 

3 

en 

K 

a 

u 

OJ 

So  " 

en     rt 


«  .5    2 
■5  "S   M 


■H  8  ? 
.y)-  ?  i!  -^ 
^   0   c  -H 


EJc  "B 
9    S 


-c   j:;    C 


^     O     rt 


-a  T3 

c  c 

n  n 

biO  — 
rt 

c  o 

-a  rt 

O  2 


A 


c 

72 


u  ::: 

°  t 

'■'-I  r— 

o  a 


O     SC  .3 
■—     3     - 

.i£    o 


«         .3 

Ji    <     3 

73    X 


3 

•5  .-"_    u 


o 


3     ^* 

—    o 

§§ 


^    "^    ^—      ^      1/1     -«-• 


—    ^      7) 


«     bC    ^ 


E 

c 
0 

X 

■n 

u 

•^  5 
—    0 

0 

-0 

0 

3 

bJ3   rt 

.3  ;^ 

0 

rt 

•c    0 

3    rt 

4^     3    "    o 


o 


rt    0)    O 


r:  — .    r-    ■■'1    •♦   — . 


t3    •-•    J3 


o    ::i 

-2  ~ 


■«    o 


•±3     3 


E  h 


.bp  *- 

^  s  J 

c         w 
c«  .2  W 


3    «= 


O  .- 

«  .,  .3 

tn  3   ^ 

,    ^  n,    ri 

rt  -C  r=  =^ 


^  2 

M.3 


O)     tn 

rt     3 
bfl   3 


CJ    ^ 


0)    72 


Z  ■t: 


*^    o   o  H 

J3     5r      1-     .3 
SJO  "^     -5      S 


"-OS 


O     ao 


M 


O 


Si  00 


O     rt 
p     3 


5J 
:^    tn 

<-3 
u 

— ■     D 

o  j: 

O    ■" 
"      •-  o' 
t/i    o       ^ 

>.  ":    o 

«   ■■=    =« 
^    X  •-• 

•pot. 


c 
/2 


•5   y-        £ 


*=*'  3 


3  i)  P- 

\-  —  <u 

Z>  .3 

3  3  — 

3  "^  "^ 

3  '-3 

tn  o  3 

O  1)  r- 

^  ~  CQ 

u  o  >" 

a.  o 

£  o'"  >^ 

^i  -+  «  . 


« 
^ 


3     3 


r! 


S     rt     >-     ^ 


3 
O 

ti 

3 


c;         cs 


3  —    '^    o 


_o    E 
bt  — 


o 

3 


(•1    -^ 


5.0C 

u  "5  ~ 


-   3   «  ;-  >- 


—    -        3     in   ^     —" 


o    c  _ 


>-  *-   " 

..,      3     .U    -77      O.     3     " 


3 


U 


s  5  § 

3     =    J3 


.3:    to 


o 

o 


-  U 


0)      •  X*  3 


u    rt    —  --= 


in     u 

CI    ^ 


3      D 


03 
S 

3 


2     3 

s  a 

IS    ca 


2  ■S 


bJ3   C   H 


OJ      O 

(y      O 

tJO-2 
.n     3 


^ 

>> 

bfc 

rt 

D 

^ 

0 

0 

bp 

1> 

1- 

1) 
b£ 

:- 
0 

> 

en 

0) 

,3 
0 

0 
1^ 

V3 

S 

il    0 
bijf 


a.  -> 

3 


—     en 


S  S  o 


crt     O     ^    "^ 


■is  ? 


3 


^    ^     tn 


—  -2 

O      3 
>>    3 

>     tn 

U     3 


a>  -r,  T=  =   -:i 


—    o  ^  .=! 


■"  2 


.3     CJ     >. 


be 


U     bjO   l>     in   .3   7: 


O    n 


"3  n 

^    §  g 

-    E  a 

in    2  <} 
0    O 


■  3    Ui  o 


bC 


O    ^ 


4;  -^  .3 


ii    w     in    * 

•S  ^  IS  y- 


o 

4-1        <U 


5  c 

HI  <u 

■*-  5 

o  ^ 


u    3 
tn  — 


c-  c 

«     £     ^ 


o 
2 


3 
§  2 


m  '       3 

^  ^  -.1    "' 

o  — 

/-    ^  ^ 

bo  •'     r- 


r-'    °    3 
W     r 

«  E  O 

O        bjO 
.33-" 


o 
o 


2 
o 


rt    O 

a.~ 


rt 


m  j:: 

3  u 

C  rt 

rt  iJ 


rt    ^     ^    - 


u-     o 
o  ^ 


,3    o 


o  " 
rt    „ 


C  .3 


2    o 

in    ^j 

lU   — 


in 

0 

'rt 
I. 

rt 

in 

0 
0 

'« 

a> 

f- 

n 

3 

yj 

^    —   o 


E   5 


c 

X 


T-:    "^     «J 


y  ^    o    u 


c    S        t: 


°    2    b«   b  5 
•£     >-     rt    2   ^ 

a.  w    rt    S    cu 

1)    C/2 


o    c 
rt 


^     O     U     in 


^  ;:;    rt    rt 


ii 
b£ 


—  —  S  ^ 


•■=    M-    ;^    a        rt    « 


rt 

a; 


—     -    lu  y  -3    *-.    3 


O 


J2     HI 


rt  JZ 
II  O 
^     3 

bJ3   g 


rt    "^     fL> 


o  _o 
■2  "55 


o 

o 
c 


bO 

£     5  «■   rt 

'  •*-   'rt  ■"     fe~ 

n    3  n 


3 


O 


"3     in 


o    rt 
0)  — 


0    o 
bJo  ^ 


1) 


-=     rt 

o 


_ 

rt 

X 

rt 

3 

X 

(U 

0 
3 

c/5 

"^ 

r^ 

bij 

;^^ 

— 

0 

0 

0 

iiT 

J  , 

in 

— 

*rt 

_i; 

> 

^'  -t:  -s    c/i   w 

S   2  -3  .2  ^ 


3 

D    rt 


o  X 


?-  .5  t;; 

bjO 


—     —  0 

be    in  O 

3     2  -J 

ii  -  Si) 


-    "'  in     £     3  -3 

w   ^    ^-i     tn  --v  -3 


5j      Oj      _•     rt  _j^ 

^    ~    ^  .3      O 


10     o 


in     u 

<n   ,3 


-^  2? 


^  —    rt    rt  Si    <u  -p 


.2   ^    S  ^ 


rt 


T    3     3 


.2  -^  £ 

bJc  >^  o 

P    3  ^^ 
I-    rt  ^ 


•a  _3 

rt  m 


G.    O 


O     u 


^    w    72     -     ^ 
-3     ^    ~    —     i- 


3    U 


m     >>   m    0) 


-3         rt 


en    .3      aj 

rt    1-    ?: 


~   ^   U    rt   "O 


I  o 

-»J  3 

00  — 

o  ^ 


o   .ci    n    rt  00 


o    3 

o 

11     11: 
O     rt 


"aj  "S 
in 


CI 

"rt     3 


><-n 


D  _ 

C  rt 

'^'  ?, 

C 


2  M 
o 

'«  i 
.2 

'5  if 

£  c 

<  -e 


CI    ■^    •" 
Z     O     en 


•—  rt 

"^  u.    ■ 

.S  >> 

3  -^ 

C         bfi      3 

2  ~  -2 

"bJo  5  "5  : 


rt 


en 


en 


CI 


o    o 

-3    J3 

72    rt 


rt 


en    f. 


o  H    o    — 


CI 

o  "5 


«  g 

r-       O 


«     3    i 

rt  ;2  Z  «  &,  _ 


CI  u 

in  £ 

CI  vc 

^  o 


rt   = 

5 


-s  ^ 


*-•       •   1:     3     O 


3     3 
o    p      . 

c)  £  ~ 

c 
c 
c 


CI 


CI 

z 


II 

.3     rt 

en     O 

rt     O 


iJ  "3  ■=  -*  - 
CI  i   *  —  ■;: 

y>«  a;  s  =: 


5  ~ 

11  v. 


—  <r   =*^  3  ii 


■»-'    -^    in 


rt 
— ^  — 5t 


^    ■*-'  .3    •> 
u    rt  C^    rt 

-   O         a, 


"^    O 
~— '   3 


ca 


in    CI  j2 


^   3J   '=^--J'"-«'o 


M 
W 
E-i 


3    in 

^   2  V' 


-  ■    2  ■ 

O  ,-    be  o 

:2  0.3  ^ 

rt  cft  r5  (^ 


£'0 


2  =  S 


o  O 


'->  '3 


CI   J2 

^  s^  ^^^ 


o 
ti  5 


CI     l>, 


':i  z.    £  w  :&    be      _ii    i.i--' 


H  o  ■   _ 

^-  --n  ^■=: 

-^  00 

,_,  CI  be  --' 

^  £f  =  ci 

aJ  3  *3    a; 

>  3h  -;;  ■;: 

"^  o  rt 


m  2; 

5  c: 

s  3 

en  ^ 


CJ    ^      >, 

.ii 

o  5  rt 

rt 
j:;  rt 

^  ~  "rt 


^  yj£  5,  tf! 


o 

C     -3 

CI     o 


.3     I'    ™     rt 


■^*  '3     -— • 


a. 


ci  jr 
IB 


^      3   -^ 

3   ,.^    :. 

If£i> 

-"■ 

^     -^      r- 

0 

12; 

te 

0 

^  -1  z 

O     2    o 


EH 

M 

o 


-;    ii   u 


be 

3 

CI   o 


o  ^, 

^  y 

■"  j:: 

3  — 

o  5 

o  o 

«  b 


3 


°-§  « 

t;  3  u 

3   ^  ^- 

—  be 


o   3 

/v.    4-1    rt 

^       ^       r-       3      v' 
CI       -o       •-       rt     »^ 

^  L.  2    ~ 
^  "^    be  rt  '^• 


>   o 


4-.  3 

CI  CI 

CI  CI 

CI  ,r. 


to  rt 
S    u 


m 


>     O 


j;  .H  H 


>    o  ~  ]^ 


a.  5: 

2  t, 


J^    o    3  '- 


'     I.    o 

^  1>  -a 


•^4  O 

o  ^ 

m  ,-. 

.2  0 

3  be 

3  3 

o  ■- 


3  3 
3  3 
O    O 

ber- 


°    °    ^ 
«  -^  "-V 

rt* '"•    rt 


•3     ♦ 

■2    t    H 


^— '       -  O  13 

EH 

Ph 


CI    ^    J3 
3     —• 

CI  -a 
-    rt 

i;  ^ 


2   £ 


C     C  <£ 

C)     O  rt 

tiC  be  O 

aj 

a>    1-  cj 

•J3     C  — 


rt  -^    „: 

-   £    2 

^    c!    rt 

O    i    " 
2  _>>  2 


o 
fc 


« 


be  - 


■;:  ♦ 


i2  ^ 


^■0 


P5 
O 
02 


3'  T3 

O        .      3 


■7:    -^      U      CI 

i_     rt     r    u 
o    u  .2  >- 

^    ""  ■*  o 

s  I  -  ^ 

~     fcJtl  —     en 

O    ~  (U  5 

in  ^i-  •—  rt 

■3  .3  ^ 

P   J3  rt  ^ 

5  H  3i  „ 

^.i  i  -2 

o   ^    ^    ^5 

■r    c  <*;  rt 


■S    rt 

rt   Si 


CI  -a    CI 


5   te  «   S  .2 


o  2 

.ti  be 

t:  .= 

2  -= 


a.   3 

«  B 
.^   o 

-a:  U 

in  -i^    a, 
=  5  ^ 


C/3     "^ 


^       V»4        -^ 


CI  j:: 
o    ■" 


a    n  -a 


3 
o 
u 

t:  w  ii 

rt     ,„ 


_  O 

*-"  3 

£i  3 

rt  ^4 


—   rt     ,^   ^ 


o 
"be 


CI  ^  -= 


~      CI 

3 


—    ;i  —         o 


o"     3  — 
ifl    .—   ■— 


a;    S 


,.  a 


a;    3^  <-.    5. 


0)     c 


rt  -3  ^    3 
o    ^  ^^  — 

"      o   " 


<-•  i*  -^        i; 


o 


4J    P    en 


3   Z     o 


w     ^     J3 
^  1^  "  rt         .3 


P 


o  ^ 


=   ^.     O 

•y;    3    4-. 
^    n    ^ 


> 


o 


3 


rt     O 


be  ~ 

o  ^ 


p  °-, 

.2  ;; 

Mrt 
CI  ^ 
>-  3 
ij     « 


g     § 


4> 

~ 

U 

a> 

ct 

rt 

k. 

p: 

Cfl 

t^^ 

rt 

c 

0 

ji: 

rt    4j 


CQ     in   -t;    -r 

5^     3    rt 

^    rt    O 


3 
CO 


x; 
be 


rt  O 
^-  _3 
CI     ~ 


£  x;  o  § 

.£  <=  o 

en  rt  o  .,- 

°  -^  £  " 

O  *-  3 

en  -Ji  CI  3> 

•  —  ■—  rt  "aJ 

S  3  =  I 

3  O  4^  . 

3  be  5  - 

o  aj  3  X 

^  C  5  - 

a;  3  -"•  5 

—  Q  Ci  O 

•^  z.  <-  '■S 

o  •«  rt  i< 


-^    rt    a 


t"*    n    £    ?• 


CI 

n 
be 


«  —  — 


•  i'      3 
en      5;    • 


V, 

a) 

^_ 

.3 

0 

3 

.i! 

> 

'en 

3 

rt 
a) 

3 

0 
C 

0 

0 

"w 

CI 

CI 

a. 

3 

ti 

*- 

rt 
CI 

11 

n 

en 

k. 

0 

.11 

^ 

_a 

to 

<»• 

> 

rt 

■*-• 

rt 

a) 

< 

^ 

^4-1 
0 

.S2 

a. 

^ 

18 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   WASHINGTON. 


cougar,  wolf,  elk,  deer,  mountain -sheep,  beaver,  otter,  and  fox;  among 
the  birds,  the  hawk,  eagle,  crane,  plover,  grouse,  swans,  geese,  and  ducks. 
The  waters  swarm  with  fish,  the  most  valuable  of  which  are  the  salmon, 
cod,  halibut,  herring,  and  sturgeon.  On  the  coast  and  arms  of  the  sea 
are  whales  and  seals,  besides  lobsters,  clams,  and  oysters. 

Minerals. — The  mineral  resources  are  as  yet  but  little  developed, 
but  they  are  already  known  to  be  very  valuable  and  in  great  variety. 
The  bars  and  banks  of  the  Columbia  and  its  tributaries  for  a  period 
furnished  a  large  amount  of  gold,  but  the  product  has  greatly  dimin- 
ished. The  deposits  of  coat  are  very  extensive  and  of  great  value. 
It  is  extensively  mined  at  Bellingham  Bay,  Seattle,  Lake  Washington, 
and  other  localities,  and  already  constitutes  an  important  article  of 
export  to  San  Francisco  and  other  markets. 

Agriculture.  —  Much  of  the  forest  land  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and, 
when  cleared  of  timber,  highly  productive.  There  are  also  large  tracts 
of  prairie  and  of  other  open  land  which  have  a  rich  soil,  and  are  ready 
for  the  farmer.  They  are  mostly  in  the  valleys.  The  agricultural 
lands  of  the  territory  are  capable  of  supporting  a  dense  population. 
Large  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  rye,  and  of  potatoes,  turnips, 
and  other  vegetables,  are  produced ;  and  fruits,  such  as  apples,  pears, 
plums,  and  cherries,  are  of  excellent  quality. 

In  East  Washington  much  of  the  land  in  the  Columbia  valley  is 
suitable  for  agriculture,  and  a  much  larger  quantity  is  remarkably  well 
fitted  for  the  raising  of  sheep  and  cattle.     The  climate  is  not  severe, 

and  the  nutritious  bunch- 
grass  furnishes  an  abun- 
dance of  food  throughout 
the  year.  In  some  parts 
peaches  and  Indian -corn 
thrive.  But  the  chief  staple 
is  wheat.  In  Walla  Walla 
and  Columbia  counties,  and 
the  parts  adjacent,  an  an- 
nual surplus  crop  of  be- 
tween two  and  three  mill- 
ions of  bushels  is  exported, 
and  the  quantity  is  rapidly 
increasing  year  by  year.  It 
is  estimated  that  this  por- 
tion of  the  territory  is  ca- 
pable of  furnishing  an  an- 
nual supply  of  between  forty 
and  fifty  millions  of  bushels. 
Manufactures. — The  chief 


/*-x  f      " ' 


manufactures  are  lumber  and  flour.  The  annual  export  of  lumber  ex- 
ceeds 'J50,000,000  of  feet,  and  is  valued  at,  at  least,  two  and  a  half 
millions  of  dollars.     Most  of  it  is  made  in  the  Puget  Sound  region. 

Fisheries.  —  The  fisheries  are  of  considerable  importance.  The 
chief  products  are  salmon,  barrelled  and  canned,  cod,  and  oysters. 
The  chief  salmon  fisheries  are  on  the  Columbia,  near  its  mouth. 

Commerce. — The  extraordinary  extent  of  protected  navigation  on 
I'uget  Sound  and  its  adjacent  waters,  the  great  number  of  excellent 


MUliNT    KAINIER,   OK    TACOMA. 


AtS'i 


bLliNli   UN    CUIA'MCIA    KIVEK. 


harbors,  and  the  numerous  navigable  rivers  give  easy  access  to  a  very 
large  part  of  the  territory,  and  an  abundance  of  the  cheapest  form  of 
transportaiion.  The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  furnishes  direct  and 
rapid  communication  between  Puget  Sound  and  the  Great  Lakes  and 
Mississippi  valley.  Its  western  division  —  from  Tacoma,  on  Puget 
Sound — extends  to  Portland  via  Kalama,  on  the  Columbia. 

There  are  also  branches  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation 
Company  extending  from  Wallula  to  Walla  Walla,  and  to  Riparia  and 
Dayton,  a  portage  road  at  Cascades,  and  short  roads  from  tide-water 
on  Puget  Sound  to  the  coal-mines  in  King  and  Pierce  counties. 

An  immense  amount  of  lumber  is  exported,  together  with  coal, 
fish,  grain,  provisions,  and  live-stock.  The  coal  and  lumber  are 
chiefly  from  Puget  Sound  ;  the  grain  is  from  Walla  Walla,  Columbia, 
Garfield,  and  Assotin  counties,  the  richest  and  most  populous  in  the 
territory. 

Political  Organization.— The  chief  executive  officers  of  the  territory 
are  the  Governor  and  Secretary,  who  are  appointed  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate.  Their  terms  are 
four  years  each.  There  are  also  an  Auditor  and  a  Treasurer,  who 
are  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Council  for  terms  of  two  years  each. 

The  legislature  consists  of  the  Council  of  nine  members  and  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  thirty  members. 

The  judicial  power  is  exercised  by  the  Supreme  Court,  the  judges 
of  which  are  appointed  by  the  President  and  Senate  of  the  Ignited 
States,  and  serve  for  four  years  each.  There  are  also  District  Courts, 
County  Probate  Courts,  and  Justice's  Courts.  The  legislators,  probate 
judges,  and  justices  are  elected  by  the  people. 

The  territory  comprises  thirty-three  counties.  The  three  most  pop- 
ulous districts  are  Puget  Sound,  the  Walla  Walla  valley,  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  Columbia  valley.  There  are  fifteen  Indian  reservations, 
and  an  Indian  population  of  over  10,000.  They  comprise  about  40 
small  tribes. 

Tlioiigli  there  are  as  yet  no  large  towns  in  Wasliington,  sonic  of  tliose  given  in 
the  following  list  are  alicaily  important  centres,  and  give  iiuinii-.e  of  continued 
and  rapid  advance  in  population  and  wealth. 

Olvmpia,  in  Thurston  County,  is  the  capital  of  the  territory,  and  is 
one  of  its  most  enterprising  towns.  It  is  the  terminus  of  an  important 
branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  and  is  advantageously  situated 
on  Rudds  Inlet,  the  most  southerly  arm  of  Puget  Sound.  It  is  ;200  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  80  miles  south  of  Port  Townsend,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  sound.     It  has  a  remarkable  harbor.     Owing  to  the  peculiar  con 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   WASHINGTON. 


19 


formation  of  the  shores,  the  tide  here  rises  and  falls  about  24  feet. 
This  affords  unusual  advantages  for  the  construction  of  dry  docks,  and 
for  the  repair  of  shipping. 

Olympia  is  beautifully  situated  at  the  foot  of  forest-clad  hills  and 
mountains.  On  one  side  is  the  snow-capped  Mount  Olympus,  and  on 
the  other  the  lofty  Mount  Rainier  lifts  its  summit  above  the  clouds. 
The  whole  presents  a  view  of  mountain  and  valley,  land  and  water, 
remarkable  for  its  beauty  and  variety.  In  and  around  the  city  are  fine 
orchards  which  add  greatly  to  its  attractiveness.  About  a  mile  to  the 
south  are  the  Falls  of  Tumwater,  three  beautiful  cascades,  where  the 
Des  Chutes  falls  to  the  lower  level  of  the  sea.     Population,  1967. 

Kalama,  ill  Conlilz  County,  is  on  the  b.ink  of  the  Columbia,  77  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  on  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  which 
extends  from  opposite  Kalama  to  Portland,  Oregon.  A  wharf  701)  feet  long 
presents  facilities  for  the  largest  vessels.  Steamers  run  to  Portland  and 
other  points  on  the  Willamette  and  Columbia.  Excellent  coal  is  mined  near 
the  town.  The  canning  of  salmon  is  one  of  the  local  industries. 
PoRr  Townsi-;ni)  in  Jefferson  County,  is  connnerci<illy  the  most  important 
town  in  Washington.  It  is  the  port  of  entry  for  the  territory.  The  United 
States  Custom-house  and  the  Marine  Hospit.il  are  located  here.  It  is  sixty- 
five  miles  from  the  ocean,  on  a  fine  h.irbor  at  the  point  where  Puget  Sound 
unites  with  the  Strait  of  Fuca.  The  chief  business  section  is  built  on  a 
beach  ;  the  churches,  schools,  and  most  of  the  private  residences  are  on  a 
bluff  overlooking  the  bay.  Lines  of  steamers  run  to  all  ports  in  ihe  neigh- 
boring w.iters,  including  Victoria  and  other  points  in  ISritish  Columbia. 
The  local  resources  include  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  and  fir,  and  a  great 
abundance  and  variety  offish.  There  are  also  extensive  sandstone  quarries, 
from  which  excellent  building-stone  is  shipped  to  San  Francisco  and  other 
ports.  Population,  917. 
Seattle,  in  King  County,  is  situated  on  the  eastern  side  of  Puget  Sound  on  El- 
liot Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Dwamish  River.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor  and 
other  commercial  advantages.  There  are  extensive  and  valuable  beds  of  iron- 
ore  in  the  vicinity,  and  rich  deposits  of  coal.  The  latter  mineral  is  largely 
shipped,  and  a  great  amount  of  lumber  is  manufactured.  Lake  Washington, 
about  two  and  a  half  miles  to  the  east,  is  a  beautil'ul  sheet  of  fresh  water  about 
twenty  miles  long.  The  coal-mines  are  on  its  banks.  Seattle  is  the  seat 
of  Territorial  University.  Population,  about  SfMlO. 
Tacoma,  in  Pierce  Countv,  is  situated  on  Commencement  Bay,  an  eastern  arm 
of  Pu-iet  Sound,  and  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
Its  harbor  covers  four  square  miles,  is  perfectly  safe,  and  is  deep  enough  for 
the  largest  ocean  ships.  Its  chief  present  business  is  the  man- 
ufacture and  shipment  of  lumber  from  the  adjacent  forests 
The  city  contains  the  car-shops  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road, and  has  a  large  trade  in  hops.  It  occupies  three  Sue- 
's cessive  terraces,  which  slope  towards  the  harbor,  and  afford 
fine  views  of  the  bay,  the  sound,  and  the  surrounding  country, 
and  insure  complete  drainage.  Five  miles  to  the  south  are 
the  Nisqually  Plains,  which  are  about  twelve  miles  square, 
and  contain  a  number  of  lieautiful  lakes.  These  plains  lie 
■  about  ,^00  feet  above  the  sea,  and  are  a  grand  and  lovely  nat- 
ural park.  The  commercial  .advantages  of  its  situation  have  led 
to  the  anticipation  that  Tacoma  will  in  lime  become  one  of  the 
most  important  cities  of  the  Pacific  coast.     Population,  .">01»0. 


Vancouver,  in  Clarke  County,  is  situated  on  the  Columbia,  about  100  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  territory.  The  river  is 
here  a  mile  wide,  and  the  port  admits  the  largest  vessels.     Population,  I7.'i0. 

Walla  Wai.la,  in  Walla  Walla  County,  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company.  It 
is  the  largest  town  in  the  territory,  and  is  the  chief  depot  of  one  of  the  richest 
agricultural  districts  of  the  Pacific  Coast  region.  From  this  point  excellent 
roads  radiate  in  every  direction  to  the  mining  and  grazing  regions.  It  ships 
a  great  amount  of  wheat  and  wool.     Population,  .'5500. 


CaNrndeR — in  Skamania  County.  Point  of  transfer 
of  cargoes  by  railroad  [xtrtagc  of  six  miles  to 
the  he.id  of  the  first  rapids.  Kivcr  here  con- 
tracts to  a  narrow  cliannel. 

t'olrix — in  Whitman  County,  on  branch  railroad. 
Trade  with  rich  aj;ricullural  region,  and  an 
immense  grazing  crmnlrj'.     Population,  4C'I. 

P«ylOll— in  Columbia  County.  Easlcrn  tenninns 
of  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Oregon  Railway 
and  N.ivigation  Conil>any.  L-arge  trade  with 
farming  and  grazing  country.  Woollen,  saw- 
ing and  planing,  and  flouring  mills.  Popu- 
lalion,  iMK. 

OjrslerTllle— in  Pacific  County,  on  narrow  pcnin- 
sula  between  Shoalwater  Bay  and  the  ocean. 
Large  oyster  trade.    Oiher  fisheries. 

Spokan  Fills- -in  Spokan  County,  on  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Railroad.  Rapidly  growing  town, 
in  a   rich   agricultural   and   lumber  district. 


mines.  Excellent  water-power.  Population, 
LVifl. 

Stellaroom — in  Pierce  County,  near  the  head  of  Pa- 
get Sound.  Near  Northern  Pacific  Kai!r<,ad. 
Kxports  beer,  ship-knees,  lumber,  wo<il,  fish, 
flour,  and  grain.     Population,  "JStt. 

Tuninater-in  Thurston  County,  on  Itudds  Inlet, 
at  mouth  of  Des  Chutes  River.  River  falls 
al>out  SO  feet  in  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile. 
Great  water-power.  Flour  and  saw  mills, 
saslies  and  doors.     Population,  25(HI. 

Wallaln  —  in  Walla  Walla  County,  on  Columbia 
River,  at  the  junction  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  and  the  line  of  the  Oregon  Railway 
and  Navigation  Company.  Important  sliij)- 
ping  point  for  Walla  Walla  valley.  Post  of 
Hudson  Hay  Company  in  lS"2tt. 

Whatcom— in  Whatcom  County,  on  east  shore  of 
Belliugham  Bay,  near  the  national  boundary- 
line.     Ships  coal  and  timber. 


Distributing  point  for  the  Cu:ur  d'Alcnc 
Among  other  places  of  importance  in  the  Puget  Sound  district  are  lil.tkely. 
Port  Madison,  Port  (".amble,  Snn  Juan,  and  Snohomish  City  ;  in  t!ie  l.owcr 
Columbia  district,  Cathlamet,  Waitsbtirg,  and  North  Yakima  ;  Port  Colvillc, 
on  the  Upper  Columbia ;  and  Cheney,  Spiagnc,  Pa.sco,  and  .\ins\vtuth  on  the 
N<;r!hern  Pacific  Kailro.ad. 

Education. — The  public  schools  are  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Common  Schools,  appointed  by  the  Governor  and 
Council  for  two  years  ;  County  Superintendents,  elected  in  each  county ; 
and  School  District  Directors.  The  Territorial  University  is  located 
at  Seattle.  Forty-si.x  thousand  and  eighty  acres  of  the  public  lands 
were  assigned  by  the  United  States  government  for  its  establishment 
and  support.  One  eighteenth  of  all  the  public  land  in  the  territory, 
about  3000  square  miles,  is  set  aside  for  school  purposes,  but  cannot 
be  sold  until  the  territory  becomes  a  state. 

History. — The  Territory  of  Washington  was  organized  by  act  of 
Congress,  March  2, 1853.  Previous  to  this  it  formed  a  part  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Oregon.  In  18-59,  when  Oregon  be- 
came a  state,  the  eastern  part  of  the  territory  of 
that  name  was  annexed  to  Washington.  Subse- 
quently Idaho  and  a  part  of  Wyoming  were  cut 
off  from  Washington. 

The  first  American  settlement  was  made  at 
Tumwater,  in   1845,  by  a  few  families  who  had 
made  the  long  and  perilous  journey  across  "  The 
Plains."     Before  this  its  only  white  inhabitants 
were  the  employe's  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Com- 
pany  of    Great    Britain.      The    treaty   of 
1840  between  that  country  and  the  United       =«^'-  "'  "-^""^'•t^x- 
f.         States  contained  a  clause  in  relation  to  the  national  boundary- 
line  the  meaning  of  which  was  disputed.     After  a  long  contro- 
versy the  matter  was  referred,  by  both  governments,  to  the  ar- 
^-       bitration  of  the  German  emperor,  who,  in  1872,  decided  that  the 
boundar\--linc  ran,  not  through  Rosario  Strait,  but  through  the 
Canal  de  Haro.     By  this  decision  the  islands  between  these  two 
straits  were  awarded  to  the  United  States.     In  1873  they  were 
politically  organized  as  San  Juan  County.     In  187'.>  the  people 
of  Washington  decided,  by  popular  vote,  to  establish  a  stale  con- 
stitution, and  within  a  brief  period   the  Territory  will,  without 
doubt,  become  a  State. 


SAW-UILU 


Questions.  —  Describe  the  situation  of  Washitigton  Territory.  The 
surface.  Coast.  Drain.ige.  Climate.  Forests.  Animals.  Mitierals.  Ag- 
riculture. Manufacttires.  Fisheries.  Political  organization.  Describe 
Olympia.  What  is  said  of  education  .>  Give  an  account  of  the  history  of 
Washington  Territory. 


Longitude    West        112         from    Qreenwlcli 


J     L.\(^\)(yf, 


rail      jMineralA        P".       S  ,^,    ^  ,  .- 


Mt.Kendrick      li'i^"  r 


;^^ 


'  Mt.F 


-.,  ^S''lijolaaYe  City 


♦Cross  Mt.  Pp      .^.'.  Bill    ,..   ^Sj-Z  ,   "-fJ' 


.x^' 


YWilliamsMt.  ^    l^'Tliriber 


^li. 


A 


Cy^nuJPk.     I  «/.>/'-..■' 

^>l     "GtanltfPk.i        -y- 


unset  Cy, 


Zun 


n'«i£ 


„VV»^ 


^  ,,,£1"- 

■/  MuWhipple 


"ory 


«'/~ 


^  (fc- 


SignalCityj'/Sif      ^^y 


g  CaiyvWljIpple 
*ESCOTT 


*' 


Squ 


\ubr«y 


jt/^^iK 


icX  Butte  ^^^       (Ct>,eylonsl8Mtt«         '''    ' 
Babliefs  But 


™o«t      Rrtlller/vCp  ,       •„  ^ 
ZZX***J^-^  PkV'    f    Ives  Pk." 


"^''-<... 


.■Date  Cf.-/»  i 


PICi. 

Turret      f.        North  Pk       ' 


Wamit 
)  Grove 
Br^vdshaw 


if-tr 


■■-_   Canon  Butte  .•■-.'../  ^..'•■^^ 
.P^»OKflatf 


3ut^ 


IIS"^ 


Pk,i 


^iOtft 


*,. 


i^_  M^' 


iPkiv 


■       I.  "  J  V-        /V/?  \    Jl(t.Bulor(i       loiac.Ti'ciio 


%  C-  G\ 


\^^ 


f 


vs.- 


^ 


Sug'aflbfif  I 
Butte    '. 


;T'Sprii%e;    illp..., 
Xone 

TSilver  Ball  ."Ji^  XJir/,-  CjVu,/u  K.         t,       : 
,       Pk.   i    iSf  Ord  Rk.  Thofflas  Pk.    !    h^ 

^KelJe^Pk.     I    -XjW^gjjLE  "   •^■'■»'     •     "-'^ 


(7WA  J'h"  Msy  Ri<t^  -ij'^jA:  r^ 


'P'.« 


'^<.      G, 


Blobe-. 


^^  Cathedral        ',,       ^'/^^         J  s  N—      ''e^>^gMcopa     '«''«^^-gfi^.-^-— -F^  ^':-- 

=»>     >ntin^  4^'cottonwood>l\         M^BJcopa  .v;.?,.°V:Wp^^  mIvWC^ 


Gila  Pk 
Triplets,.^ 

6an  CnJ-io; 


'r,'=  7tu'n''d?nT*  Texas  Hill  Gi;±^:\  ' 


.  Hills 


i5<,P°?t      c? 


^  J  ciirtjoti    , 

--Xe.Tt'»m«'>iKK7<>  s('*;/~M>iJVI''"en: 


'5(»,oro~--'V<?^>r5°''* 


^so     V'^-^^.^e. 


>.V>^e    Bu„e      Mv    %   IX 


Quav^',?>i 


javi^?  ^.Nl.  ^  dijbezifPrlelo    \ 

'•''^V.Oi.blo  Hills  -^\[^ 

-— o-Cprral  V^  j 

tP. 


u.nbUlJI 
Black  tiock       /^ 

W   ..^•'.  ,•  <{.»     I      X^ableMt.^O"   A./OA    Ssffo™  pueblo      ,J^-tJ\J 

"AS^h^-hoSta.   i  J^^    lu>       X't   !  ^,.       &,       Pk.    \\i^'^C'*"'<<       TP-^ 

^V     %a^irhoPk  e  SV  ^^4  Y%Cafip.8rai-'^% 

>....     vs.  A         OesertPk,     ,    ^^  \u    _  '. .    ^  '      1  X^^   Oran^  O^ 

L%-  /       ^?<      A     Pk. 


u 


MAP    OF 

A  E  I  Z  O  N  A 

Scale  of  Miles. 

0      6    10  20  aO  10  50  60 


Capital 0  Kalli-oud 

County  Seat ts,  Kiver 

CltyorTow-n o  Sta^  Routes 


37 


-i r 

LongituUe    West  35  from    AVukhinptoa 


itoj'yngnt,  itSI    /,y  /;<jr/«>r  ^  B'U/.cra.]   -UvviBed  li>  Ajiril.  IMti. 


SPECIAL    GEOGRAPHY    OF    ARIZONA. 


[Copyright  19S0,  by  IIakpkb  &  Dbothkiul) 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

What  territory  north  of  Arizona  ?  What  territory  east  ?  What 
country  south  ?     What  two  states  west  ? 

What  is  the  general  character  of  the  surface  of  Arizona?  Wliat 
large  river  forms  most  of  the  western  boundary  of  the  territory? 
Through  what  part  of  the  territory  does  it  flow  ?  Name  the  three  ciiief 
branches  of  the  Colorado  in  Arizona.  Which  branch  crosses  the 
southern  part  of  the  territory?  What  river  flows  into  the  Gila  from 
the  south  ?  Name  one  other  branch  of  the  Gila.  What  river  flows 
into  Sak  River  from  the  north  ? 

Name  the  counties  of  .Arizona.  What  tliree  counties  border  on 
Utah?  What  three  on  New  Mexico?  What  three  on  Mexico?  What 
two  on  California  and  Nevada?  What  two  counties  not  already  named 
are  crossed  by  Ciila  River?     What  one  by  Salt  River? 

What  is  the  capital  of  .Arizona  ?  What  town  northwest  of  Prescott  ? 
.Southwest?  Name  five  towns  on  Colorado  River.  One  on  Salt  River. 
'I'hree  on  or  near  Gila  River?  What  five  towns  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  territory  ?     What  three  in  the  southwestern  part  ? 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  1 13,020  square  miles.     Popul.ition  40.440,  besides  over  20,000  Indians  on  tlie 

Reservations.] 

Situation. — .Arizona  lies  between  the  parallels  of  31°  3'?'  and  37° 
north  latitude,  and  between  109°  3' and  114°  2.5' west  longitude.  Its 
surface  is  about  equal  to  the  combined  area  of  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  Jersey,  Maryland,  and  Delaware. 

Surface. — .Arizona  consists  of  a  series  of  successive  wide  plateaus, 
the  lowest  in  the  southwest,  the  highest  in  the  northeast.  The  highest 
part  comprises  the  southern  half  of  the  Colorado  Plateau  (see  page  24), 
which  covers  about  two  fifths  of  the  territory.  This  portion  of  Arizona 
consists  of  three  broad  benches  or  platforms,  the  Mogollon  Mountains 
form  the  steep  edge  of  the  lowest  bench. 

The  platforms,  which,  with  other  similar  elevations,  are  called  mesns,  have  an 
aver.age  elevation  of  from  4lK)i)  to  (iOOO  teel.  They  present  a  generally  level 
snrface,  upon  which  stand  a  great  number  of  short  ranges,  isolated  peaks,  and 
bluffs.  Among  these  is  Humphrey's  Peak,  in  the  San  Franci.sco  Mountains, 
a  snow-covered  volcanic  cone  ll',r>Ul  feet  in  height.  It  is  the  highest  in 
Arizona. 


ROCKV    MESA    ON    THE   GILA. 


Into  these  platforms  the  Colorado  and  its  numerous  branches  have  cut  l>road 
valleys  and  deep  cations,  whose  perpendicular  walls  rise  from  10<ll)  to  3000  feet, 
and  in  the  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado  (.see  page  01)  G!)(K1  feet  to  the  gen- 
eral level  of  the  mes.a.  These  valleys  are  filled  with  a  wild  confusion  of  gi- 
gantic buties,  or  f].at-topped  hills  with  perpendicular  sides  castellated  rocks, 
and  rude  buttresses,  the  rugged  and  fantastic  remnants  of  the  numerous  strata 
of  rocks,  white,  brown,  gray,  buff,  red,  green,  and  vermilion,  which  have  been 
torn  away  by  the  action  of  water;  the  whole  presenting  scenes  of  mingled 
beauty,  sublimity,  and  desolation  unsurpassed  on  the  globe. 

The  rest  of  the  territory  varies  greatly  in  elevation.  The  Colcr.Tdo 
valley  near  Yuma  is  only  from  CO  to  100  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the 
east  and  northwest  the  general  elevation  is  several  thousands  of  feet. 
The  plateaus  are  covered  with  numerous  parallel  ranges  of  mountains 
with  long,  intervening  valleys.  There  are  also  many  isolated  precipi- 
tous mesas  and  detached  mountain  grotips.  In  the  high  eastern  re- 
gion are  beautiful  park-like  valleys. 

Arizona  has  numerous  extensive  lava  fields  and  extinct  volc.moes.  The  prin- 
cipal fields  are  along  the  valley  of  the  Gila,  and  cover  many  thousands  of 
square  miles.  The  chief  volcanoes  form  an  irrcgjlar  line  on  the  Colorado 
Plateau  near  the  S.'ith  parallel.  On  a  long  lava  stream  in  the  southwest  stands 
a  double  row  of  low  cones  with  numerous  craters. 

The  highest  peaks  of  the  White  and  the  Santa  Uela  Mountains,  and  Graham's 
Peak,  reach  an  elevation  of  over  10,000  feet. 

Drainage. — The  character  of  the  drainage  of  Arizona  is  remarkable. 
Hundreds  of  swift  streams  flow  at  the  bottom  of  deeply  eroded  caiions, 
leaving  the  surface  of  the  country  arid  and  barren.  All  of  the  flowing 
waters  of  the  territory  fall  into  the  Colorado,  which  forms  the  greater 
part  of  the  western  boundary. 

The  most  extraordinary  of  the  canons  are  along  this  stream.  Beginning  at  its 
great  bend  at  the  northwestern  corner  of  Arizona,  a  series  of  deep  gorges  ex- 
tends continuously  for  hundreds  of  miles,  and  far  beyond  the  northern  border 
of  the  territory.  The  swiftness  of  the  stream,  its  rocky  bed,  and  numerous 
rapids  render  navigation  impossible.  Many  of  the  tributary  streams  pass 
through  canons  scarcely  less  wonderful. 

The  most  important  tributary  is  the  Gila.  It  flows  from  New  Mex- 
ico entirely  across  the  territory.  Its  valley  is  the  only  important  de- 
pression across  the  Great  Western  Highi.md  from  Canada  to  Mexico. 
It  is  very  narrow  and  swift,  and  is  quite  shallow  during  most  of  the 

year.     In  the   rainy  season   it  brings 

^^ down  an  immense  body  of  water.     It 

has  many  branches.  The  valley  of 
the  Santa  Cruz  furnishes  the  best 
route  into  Mexico. 

Climate. — The  large  and  varied  sur- 
face of  Arizona  presents  many  varie- 
ties of  climate.  In  the  Colorado  val- 
ley, and  especially  in  the  low  region 
near  Fort  Yuma,  the  summer  heat  is 
intense  and  long-continued,  sometimes 
reaching  118°.  The  average  rain-fall 
is  less  than  three  inches,  and  is  the 
least  in  the  United  States.  The  high 
regions  of  central  and  eastern  .Arizona 
have  a  cool  and  delightful  summer  cli- 
mate. The  winter  is  mild.  Snow  falls, 
but  usually  disappears  in  a  few  hours, 
except  on  the  mountains.  This  region 
and  a  large  district  in  the  southeast 
have  abundant  rains.  In  the  upper 
part   of   the   Gila   valley   the   rain-fall 


22 


GEOGRAPHY   OF  ARIZONA. 


THE   GIANl    CACTUS. 


reaches  thirty-three  Inches.  Most 
of  this  water  is  brought  by  winds 
from  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Vegetation.  —  Extensive  and 
heavy  forests  of  conifers,  com- 
prising pines,  cedars,  junipers, 
and  firs,  are  found  in  the  re- 
gions of  greatest  rain-fall — in  the 
mountain  districts  of  the  middle 
and  eastern  parts  of  the  territory. 

The  great  San  Francisco  forest 
covers  a  tract  about  y.">0  miles 
long,  by  30  to  100  miles  broad. 
There  are  also  immense  dis- 
tricts in  the  middle  and  north- 
east, where  the  sides  of  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  nutri- 
tious grasses  which  furnish  un- 
limited pasturage.  Of  the  re- 
maining and  by  far  the  larger 
area  of  the  territory,  much  the 
greater  part  is  almost  destitute 
of  vegetation.  In  favorable 
places  along  the  streams,  iron- 
wood,  mesquite,  and  cotton- 
wood  are  found,  and  upon  the 
desert  mesas,  the  sage  bush,  tlie 
prickly  pear,  and  giant  cactus. 

Minerals.— Although  the  min- 
eral treasures  of  Arizona  are  as 
yet  but  partly  explored,  it  is  al- 
ready known  that  in  variety  and 
value  they  are  not  excelled  by 
any  equal  area  of  the  Pacific 
Slope.  Gold  and  silver  mining  is  the  leading  industry  of  the  territory. 
.The  chief  silver  belt  is  a  very  large  region,  and  a  much  larger  district 
abounds  in  copper  ores  of  remarkable  richness.  There  are  extensive 
deposits  of  salt.  The  coal-fields  are  of  inestimable  value,  and  occupy 
more  than  30,000  square  miles.  The  best-known  beds  are  in  the 
northeast,  where  some  of  the  veins  are  over  twenty  feet  in  thickness. 

Agriculture. — Only  a  small  proportion  of  the  land  of  Arizona  can 
be  profitably  cultivated. 

This  is  the  result  of  the  light  rain-fall  in  some  parts  and  the  extraordinary  char- 
acter of  the  drainage  in  others.  Nearly  the  whole  arable  land  lies  in  the 
lower  parts  of  the  chief  river  valleys,  especially  those  of  the  Gila  and  its 
branches,  the  Salt  and  the  Santa  Cruz.  Even  here  and  in  the  park -like 
valleys  of  the  high  eastern  border  the  land  must  be  irrigated  by  canals  or 
artesian  wells.  Yet  so  extensive  is  the  territory  that  these  various  arable 
lands  amount  to  several  millions  of  acres.  An  irrigating  canal  41  miles  long 
has  been  recently  constructed  from  the  mouth  of  the  Verde  on  Salt  River  to 
Cave  Creek,  a  point  some  17  miles  north  of  the  Gila.  It  will  convert  an  un- 
productive desert  into  a  rich  agricultural  region.  The  agricultural  products 
vary  with  the  climate,  and  range  from  the  grain,  roots,  and  fruits  of  the  middle- 
temperate  to  those  of  sub-tropical  regions. 

Commerce. — For  much  of  the  territory  the  ineans  of  communicalion 
are  as  yet  scanty.  The  Colorado  is  the  only  navigable  stream.  Steam- 
ers and  barges  ascend  to  Hardyville,  and  occasionally  to  Callville,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Grand  Canon.  It  is  the  chief  trade  route  for  a  great 
mineral  district.  The  Southern  Pacific,  and  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
railroads,  cross  the  territory,  and  connect  a  large  region  with  the  Pa- 
cific ports  and  the  markets  of  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Union.  The 
leading  towns  and  the  military  stations  are  connected  with  the  Colo- 
rado and  the  railroads  by  a  system  of  stage  routes. 

Political  Organization, — The  territory  comprises  ten  counties. 

The  following  arc  among  the  chief  towns,  but  many  additions  and  great  changes 
are  rapidly  made  by  new  and  increasing  immigration. 

Tucson,  in  Pima  County,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  is  the 
largest  town  in  Arizona,  and  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  United  States. 


It  is  in  the  fertile  Santa  Cruz  valley,  the  best-known  part  of  Arizona, 
and  is  the  centre  of  many  stage  routes.  It  has  an  extensive  and  varied 
trade,  both  with  the  territory  and  with  northern  Mexico.  Cattle  are 
an  important  item.  The  altitude  of  Tucson  is  2.500  feet.  Population, 
6904.     Tubac,  in  the  same  county,  is  an  old  settlement. 

Prescott,  in  Yavapai  County,  is  the  capital  of  the  territor}'.  It  is 
well  laid  out  and  well  built.  Its  altitude,  G318  feet,  gives  it  a  cool 
climate.  Light  snows  fall  in  the  winter,  but  not  enough  for  sleighing. 
Prescott  lies  in  a  small  valley  surrounded  by  high  ranges  which  contain 
good  grazing  and  timber  lands.    It  has  a  large  trade.    Population,  183G. 

Tombstone,  the  county  seat  of  Cachise  County,  is  surrounded  by  rich  silver- 
mines.  Since  little  or  no  snow  falls  here,  the  mines  can  be  worked  during 
the  entire  year.  The  mills  for  crushing  the  ore  are  situated  on  the  San 
Pedro,  ten  miles  distant.  Cattle-raising  is  also  a  profitable  industry  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Tombstone.     Po|)ulation  about  4000. 

Yuma,  the  chief  town  of  Yuma  County,  is  on  the  Colorado,  178  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  20  miles  from  the  Mexican  boundary.  The  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road here  crpsses  the  Colorado.  The  town  has  an  extensive  business  with 
the  mining  districts  both  by  the  river  and  the  railroad.     Population,  ICOO. 

In  the  same  county,  and  on  the  Colorado,  are  Castle  Dome  Landing,  a  port  of 
shipment  for  ores  of  silver  and  copper,  and  Ehrenberg,  the  freight  depot  of 
the  mining  districts  near  WicUenburg  and  Prescott. 

Gi.oBlc,  the  county  seat  of  Gila  County,  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  an  important 
silver  and  copper  mining  district  of  the  same  name,  e.ast  of  the  Piual  Moun- 
tains.    Population,  704. 

Phcenix,  in  Marcopa  County,  is  the  business  centre  of  Salt  River  v.allcy  and 
of  neighboring  important  mining  districts.  WicUenburg,  in  the  same  county, 
is  .among  the  silver-mines.     Population,  1708. 

Florence,  in  Pinal  County,  is  the  centre  of  a  rich  agricultural  district  in  the 
vallev  of  the  Gila.  Small  streams  of  water  are  led  through  its  streets,  which 
are  planted  with  shade  trees.  It  has  stamping-mills  and  furnaces,  and  an 
extensive  trade  with  the  mines.     Population,  902. 

Safford,  in  Graham  County,  on  Gila  River  is  a  place  of  growing  importance. 
Mineral  Park,  an  important  mining  centre,  and  Hardyville  and  Aubrey,  in 
Mohave  County,  are  points  of  shipment  on  the  Colorado. 

History.— The  part  of  Arizona  north  of  the  Gila  is  a  portion  of  the 
cession  made  by  Mexico  in  1848.  The  Gadsen  Purchase,  which  in- 
cludes the  portion  south  of  the  Gila,  was  inade  in  1853.  On  the  24  th 
of  February,  1803,  the  territory  was  organized.     The  numerous  hostile 

savages  and  the 
difficulty  of  ac- 
cess long  de- 
layed the  settle- 
ment of  the  coun- 
try. Within  a 
very  recent  peri- 
od these  obsta- 
cles have  been 
removed,  and  the 
territory  is  rapid- 
ly increasing  in 
population. 


CAftON  OF  SAN  PBUFrO. 


Questions. — De- 
scribe the  situation  of 
Arizona.  Its  surface. 
Drainage.  Climate. 
Vegetation.  Miner- 
als. What  is  said  of 
its  agriculture?  Coin- 
merce  ?  Describe  the 
political  organization. 
Describe  Tucson. 
Prescott.  Tombstone. 
Yuma.  Globe  City, 
rha-nix.  Florence. 
Give  an  outline  ol 
the  history  of  Ari- 
zona. 


GEOGRAPHY   OF    NEVADA. 


23 


TIMBER    FLUME. 


NEVADA-DESCRIPTION. 


[For  Map  Questions,  see  page  3.] 
[.\rea,  I  in, 700  square  miles.     Population,  C2,2G0.] 

Situation.— Nevada  is,  next  after  Texas  and  California,  the  largest  state 
in  the  Union.  It  lies  between  the  114th  and  li'Oth  meridians  of  west 
longitude.  The  northern  boundar)'  is  the  42d  degree  of  north  latitude. 
The  southwestern  boundary  is  a  line  drawn  from  the  intersection  of  the 
39th  parallel  with  the  12(ith  meridian  to  the  point  where  the  3.5th  par- 
allel crosses  Colorado  River.  The  boundary  of  the  state  is  completed 
by  a  line  which  follows  the  middle  of  that  great  stream  to  where  it 
crosses  the  114th  meridian. 

Surface. — Nearly  the  whole  area  of  Nevada  lies  in  the  Great  Basin. 
The  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  a  plateau,  having  an  average  elevation 
of  4000  feet  above  sea-level.  Nearly  half  of  this  plateau  is  covered 
with  parallel  chains  of  mountains,  which  rise  from  Idoo  to  8000  feet 
higher,  and  lie  in  a  general  north  and  souih  direction.  Between  these 
chains  are  great  valleys,  from  five  to  twenty  miles  in  width,  in  some 
cases  100  miles  long.  Easy  passes  from  one  of  these  to  another  are 
furnished  by  the  numerous  deep  ravines  intersecting  the  mountains. 
Valleys  occasionally  unite  with  other  valleys,  or  expand  into  broad 
plains,  which  are  dotted  with  buttes  or  with  groups  of  rugged  hills. 
The  lowest  parts  of  the  Basin  are  immediately  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
which  has  an  elevation  of  from  TOOO  to  13,000  feet  within  the  state. 
'J'he  lowest  parts  of  the  state  are  in  the  southern  portion,  outside  of  the 
Basin,  in  the  valleys  of  Colorado  and  .Amargosa  rivers.  .'\  small  sec- 
tion in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  lies  in  the  valley  of  Snake 
River,  a  great  branch  of  the  Columbia. 

Drainage. — The  Owyhee,  Salmon,  Bruncau.  and  other  branches  of 
the  Snake,  and  the  Virgin,  a  branch  of  the  Colorado,  are  the  only 
streams  of  Nevada  whose  waters  reach  the  ocean.  By  far  the  greater 
number,  including  thousands  of  those  formed  from  the  melted  snows  of 
the  mountains,  are  lost  by  evaporation  in  the  dry  air.  All  the  rivers 
are  small  and  unnavigable,  excepting  the  Colorado,  which  may  be  as- 
cended to  Callviile.  Some  end  in  beautiful  lakes  ;  others  in  vast  shal- 
low swamps  called  sloughs  or  sinks.  Nfany  disappear  by  sinking,  to 
reappear  at  lower  levels  a  few  miles  farther  on. 

Humboldt  River,  the  longest  in  the  st.ite,  rises  in  the  high  northeastern  plate.tu, 
antl,  after  a  winding  course  of  about  3.">(>  miles,  is  lost  in  the  Ilumbokit  Sink, 
a  shallow  lake  or  marsh  of  vast  extent,  its  waters  brackish  with  salt  and  soda. 


24 


GEOGRAPHY    OF   NEVADA. 


Carson  River,  a  large  stream  from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  loses  its  waters  ill  the 
Carson  Sinks  or  Lakes,  which  are  similar  to  the  Humboldt  Sink.  Tahoe  is  a 
fine  mountain  lake  on  the  western  border  and  partly  within  the  state.  It  is 
22  miles  long  by  1+  broad,  and  more  than  1800  feet  deep.  Its  surface  is  C202 
feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  drained  by  Truckee  River,  whose  waters,  after  a 
course  of  about  DO  miles,  flow  into  Pyramid  Lake.  This  is  another  fine  sheet 
of  water,  3."i  miles  long  by  !.">  broad,  and  :!(I00  feet  deep ;  it  is  named  from  one 
of  its  islands,  a  singular  pyramidal  rock  .ibout  600  feet  high.  Walker  River, 
another  large  stream  from  the  -Siena,  flows  into  Walker  Lake.  All  the 
streams  mentioned  are  largely  used  in  irrigating  the  fertile  valleys  through 
which  they  flow. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  rem.irkably  healthy,  and  for  so  elevated  a 
region  singularly  mild  and  equable.  E.xtremes  of  heat  and  cold  arc 
unknown.  There  is  little  dew  and  no  malaria.  Snow  falls  deep  upon 
the  mountains,  but  is  very  light  in  the  valleys,  notwithstanding  their  ele- 
vation. Thunder-storms  and  cloud-bursts  sometimes  occur  in  the  eastern 
parts  ill  July  and  August,  and  sand-storms  and  sand-pillars  are  common 
on  the  plains.     The  nights  are  cool  in  summer  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Forests. — The  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  lie  partly  within 
the  limits  of  the  state,  and  are  its  chief  lumber  region.  They  are  cov- 
ered with  heavy  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  tir,  and  other  trees,  which  are 
rapidly  disappearing  under  the  great  demand  for  mining,  building,  fuel, 
and  other  purposes.  White  Pine  Mountains  and  some  other  ranges  in 
the  east  have  a  considerable  amount  of  good  timber. 

Minerals. — Mining  is  the  great  interest  of  the  state.  In  value  and 
variety  of  I'Mnerals,  vastness  of  deposits,  and  amount  of  bullion  prod- 
ucts, especially  of  silver,  Nevada  has  surpassed  all  other  countries. 
Veins  of  gold  and  silver  of  greater  or  less  value  are  found  in  nearly 
every  mountain  range  in  the  state.  The  famous  Comstock  lode  of 
Mount  Davidson,  in  Storey  County,  is  remarkably  rich  in  a  mi.xture  of 
gold  and  silver,  in  proportion  of  forty-three  per  cent,  of  the  former  to 
fifty-seven  per  cent,  of  the  latter.  Two  of  the  mines  of  this  lode  together 
furnished  more  than  ill 00,000,000  in  the  five  years  from  1874  to  1878 
incUisive,  and  from  their  opening  in  18.59  to  1885  the  Comstock  mines 
have  yielded  more  than  $300,000,000.  Among  other  rich  mines  in  the 
state  are  those  in  Esmeralda,  Lander,  White  Pine,  Nye,  and  Lincoln 
counties.  Since  1858  Nevada  has  produced  more  than  |i600,000,000 
in  gold  and  silver.  In  proportion  to  the  population,  no  other  commu- 
nity has  ever  furnished  a  product  so  great  in  value  in  so  short  a  time. 
Other  minerals  besides  gold  and  silver  are  of  great  importance.  Eureka, 
in  Eureka  County,  and  Tybo,  in  Nye  County,  are  the  centres  of  the  two 
chief  lead  districts  of  the  United  States,  the  lead  here  annually  pro- 
duced being  nearly  equal  in  value  to  the  combined  annual  production 
of  the  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Illinois  lead  regions. 

Copper-bearing  veins  of  great  size  are  found  in  Washoe,  Esmeralda,  Hnmboldt, 
and  Elko  counties,  and  immense  m.isses  of  iron  ore  in  Nye  and  White  Pine. 
Salt  in  extraordinary  abundance  is  found  in  Humboldt,  Churchill,  Esmer.ikla, 
Lander,  White  Pine,  and  Lincoln  counties.  It  is  found  in  beds  spread  over 
the  surfaces  of  low  valleys,  or  in  crystalline  masses  beneath  the  surface,  and 
in  solid  blocks  in  the  mountains.  One  of  these  deposits  in  Esmeralda  County 
covers  about  fifty  square  miles.  Immense  deposits  of  borax  and  carbonate 
of  soda  are  found  in  Churchill  and  Esmeralda  counties.  Nevada  produced 
nearly  24,000,001  pounds  of  borax  from  IST;")  to  I81S3. 

Among  other  valuable  minerals  found  in  the  state  are  sulphur,  antimony,  arsenic, 
manganese,  graphite,  gypsum,  asbestos,  mica,  cinnabar,  nickel,  cobalt,  and 
alum  ;  kaolin  and  other  cl.ays  ;  building-stone,  marble,  and  glass  materials. 
Coal  h.as  been  found  in  White  Pine  County. 

The  state  abounds  in  springs,  cold  and  hot.  The  hot  springs  at  Carson,  Genoa, 
Steamboat,  and  Elko  are  favorite  resorts  for  invalids.  .Steamboat  Springs, 
in  Washoe  County,  occupy  a  rocky  mound  which  is  half  a  mile  long  and  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  wide,  and  rises  fifty  or  sixty  feet  above  the  valley.  Their 
temperature  varies  greatly,  that  of  the  hottest  spring  being  204°  K.  They 
emit  a  souiul  like  that  of  a  boiling  cauldron. 

Animals. — t)f  the  wild  animals  the  principal  mammals  are  the  moun- 
tain sheep,  antelope,  bear,  wolf,  and  coyote  ;  the  principal  birds  are  the 
grouse,  quail,  and  prairie-chicken.  Trout  abound  in  all  the  streams, 
and  salmon  are  found  in  the  branches  of  the  Owyhee.  Other  valuable 
fishes  have  recently  been  introduced  into  some  of  the  lakes  and  rivers. 


Agriculture. — All  the  cereals,  fruits,  and  vegetables  adapted  to  the 
latitude  can  be  raised  in  abundance,  and  are  of  superior  quality.  Many 
of  the  valleys,  particularly  those  of  Truckee,  Carson,  and  Humboldt 
rivers,  contain  a  large  area  of  land  adapted  to  agriculture.  Owing, 
however,  to  the  dryness  of  the  climate,  irrigation  by  mountain  streams 
and  artesian  wells  must  always  be  the  chief  dependence  of  the  tillage 
of  the  state,  and  is  already  largely  practised,  especially  in  Washoe,  the 
leading  agricultural  county.  The  sage-brush  grows  almost  everywhere, 
from  the  lowest  valleys  to  the  mountain-tops,  and  when  of  large  size 
and  lu.xuriant  growth  indicates  the  best  quality  of  soil  and  more  than 
the  ordinary  amount  of  moisture. 

The  cattle-ranges  are  some  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  The  many 
nutritious  grasses  not  only  form  excellent  summer  pasturage,  but  pos- 
sess the  property  of  curing  themselves  into  a  natural  hay,  which,  with 
certain  varieties  of  the  sage-brush,  furnishes  an  excellent  and  abundant 
supply  of  winter  food  for  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep.  San  Francisco  and 
other  cities  of  California  are  largely  dependent  upon  Nevada  for  the 
supply  of  beef. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  are  wheat,  oats,  potatoes,  barley, 
hay,  Indian  corn,  wool,  butter,  and  cheese.  The  specially  excellent  qual- 
ity of  the  first  three  of  these  makes  them  important  articles  of  export. 

Commerce. — Nevada  is  crossed  from  northeast  to  southw^est  by  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad,  a  great  trans-continental  line.  This  road, 
with  a  network  of  telegraph  wires,  furnishes  the  chief  connection  with 
the  commerce  and  trade  of  the  rest  of  the  world. 

Four  other  roads  branch  from  this  main  line,  namely  :  the  Virginia  and  Truckee 
road  from  Reno,  through  Carson  and  Gold  Hill,  to  Virginia  City,  52  miles; 
the  Nevada  and  California  Railroad,  narrow  gauge,  from  Reno  to  Moran,  Cal- 
ifornia, 37  miles;  the  Eureka  and  Palisade  road,  narrow  gauge,  from  Palisade 
to  Eureka,  90  miles,  with  a  short  branch  to  Ruby  Hill ;  and  the  Nevada  Cen- 
tral, from  Battle  Mountain  to  Austin,  93  miles. 

Besides  these  are  the  Carson  and  Colorado  Railroad,  narrow  gauge,  from  Mound 
House,  on  the  Virginia  and  Truckee  Railroad,  to  Keeler,  on  Owen's  Lake,  Cal- 
ifornia, 298  miles  ;  length  of  line  in  California,  192  miles  ;  and  the  Lake  Tahoe 
Railroad,  from  Lake  Tahoe  to  the  summit  of  the  east  ridge  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, 10  miles,  where  it  connects  with  a  great  V  flume  which  carries  timber 
to  Carson  Valley.  The  long  valleys  and  numerous  passes  make  it  easy  to 
construct  both  railw.ays  and  wagon  roads,  and  st.age  lines  connect  the  railways 
with  all  the  mining  districts. 

Political  Organization. — The  chief  executive  officers  of  the  state  are 
a  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  Treasurer,  Con- 
troller, Surveyor -General,  Attorney -General,  and  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction.  Each  of  these  officers  is  elected  for  a  term  of 
four  years. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Senate  of  twenty  members, 
elected  for  four  years,  and  an  .Assembly  of  forty  members,  elected  for 
two  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  District  Courts, 
and  Justices  of  the  Peace.     All  the  judges  are  elected. 

Nevada  is  entitled  to  two  Senators  and  one  Representative  in  Con- 
gress, and  therefore  has  three  electoral  votes. 

The  state  comprises  fourteen  counties.  The  chief  towns  are  the 
following : 

Virginia  City,  in  Storey  County,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  and 
the  most  important  mining  town  in  the  world.  It  is  built  along  the 
Comstock  lode,  on  the,  precipitous  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Davidson, 
at  an  elevation  of  about  ClOO  feet  above  the  sea.  The  discovery  of  the 
silver-bearing  rock  in  1859  quickly  led  to  the  formation  of  the  state  of 
Nevada  out  of  an  unknown  wilderness.  Virginia  City  soon  grew  to  be 
a  large  town,  but  afterwards  declined,  until  the  discovery  of  the  chief 
treasures  of  the  Comstock  in  ls7o.  It  then  rapidly  increased  in  pop- 
ulation aiul  wealth.  The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed 
in  the  deep  mines  that  are  under  and  near  the  city.  The  product  of 
these  mines  varies  in  amount,  and  has  been  as  high  as  ^30,000,000  in 
a  single  year.     Population,  about  10,000. 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   NEVADA. 


25 


In  the  vicinity  is  the  Suiro  Tunnel.  This  is  a  remarkable  engineering  work, 
iiiiendecl  to  drain,  ventilate,  and  extend  the  mines  of  the  Comstock  lode.  A 
tunnel  nine  feet  wide  and  seven  feet  high  is  cut  through  solid  rock,  commenc- 
ing at  Sutro,  I.")0  feet  above  Carson  River,  in  the  Carson  River  Valley.  It 
h.as  a  length  of  20,489  feet  in  a  direct  line  towards  the  base  of  Mount  David- 
son, with  9000  feet  of  lateral  branches.  The  tunnel  discharges  an  average  of 
(•.900,000  gallons  of  water  every  24  hours.  It  connects  with  the  lG40-fect 
level  of  the  Savage  mine  of  the  Comstock  lode.  The  cost  of  construction 
was  $.->,000,000. 

Carson,  in  Ormsbj'  County,  on  the  Virginia  and  Truckee  Railroad, 
is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  Eagle  Valley, 
four  miles  from  Carson  River,  and  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  section. 
The  lofty,  snow-crowned  Sierra  Nevada,  its  slopes  green  with  pines, 
rises  abruptly  on  the  west,  and  the  broad  valley  of  the  Carson  stretches 
away  to  the  north.  The  Capitol  and  the  United  States  Branch  Mint 
are  large  and  beautiful  buildings.     Population,  about  4000. 

Gold  Hill,  in  Storey  County,  is  on  the  Virginia  and  Truckee  Rail- 
road, one  mile  south  of  Virginia  City,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Comstock 
lode.  It  is  built  in  a  deep  canon.  There  are  many  important  mines 
within  the  limits  of  the  town,  and  many  quartz  mills.  Gold  Hill  and 
Virginia  City  are  supplied  with  an  abundance  of  pure  water  from  the 
Sierra  Nevada  by  an  extraordinary  piece  of  hydraulic  engineering. 
From  Lake  Marlette,  in  the  mountains,  the  water  is  brought  by  a  large 
flume  to  the  upper  end  of  a  strong  iron  pipe,  seven  miles  in  length. 
Through  this  it  descends  and  ascends  the  walls  of  twelve  steep  canons, 
and  finally  descends  and  crosses  a  deep  gorge,  then  ascends  the  cliff 
on  its  eastern  side  to  the  height  of  1.540  feet,  whence  a  second  flume 
conducts  it  to  a  reservoir  for  distribution.  It  furnishes  about  two 
millions  of  gallons  a  day.     Population,  about  3000. 


Austin— ill  Lander  County,  terminus  of  Nevada 
Central  Railroad.  Centre  of  trade  of  Reese 
River  mining  district.  M.nny  silver-mines. 
Railroad  to  Battle  Mountain.  Population, 
2001. 

Battle  Mountain— in  I.ander  County,  on  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  at  junction  of  Reese  River 
Valley  with  Humboldt  Valley.  Depttt  lor  a 
large  number  of  mining  districts.  Railroad 
to  Austin.     Population,  40n. 

Candflnria— in  Esmeralda  County,  on  Carson  and 
Colorado  Railroad.  A  rich  mining  district. 
Town  supplied  by  water  bi  ought  from  the 
White  Mountains,  -1  miles.  Population, 
821. 

Carlln— in  Elko  County,  on  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road :  its  machine  shops  located  here.  Cop- 
per mines  in  vicinity.  Good  grazing  country. 
Population,  500. 

Elko— in  Elko  County,  on  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
and  north  bank  of  Humboldt  River.  In  the 
heart  of  a  rich  grazing  country.  Depot  of 
supplies  for  many  mining  districts.  Two 
flouring  mills.  A  number  of  medicinal  hot 
springs  in  the  vicinity.     Population,  121.10. 

Eureka- in  Eureka  County.  Centre  of  one  of  the 
richest  mining  districts.  Ores,  chiefly  galena, 
bearing  silver,  gold,  and  copper.  Railroad 
to  Palisade.  L.irge  trade;  surrounded  by 
good  grazing  country.  Eureka  has  snflfered 
severely  from  fires  and  floods.  Population, 
4'.'0r. 

Genoa— in  Douglas  Cfeunty.  At  the  base  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  Settled  in  1S.W,  and  the 
oldest  town  in  the  state.  Centre  of  a  fine 
farming  region.     Population,  400. 

Hawtliome — in  Esmeralda  County.  At  the  fot 
of  Walker  Lake,  and  on  llie  Carson  and 
Colorado  Railroad.     Important  distributing 


point  for  Inyo  and  Mono  counties,  California. 
Many  rich  mining  districts  in  the  vicinity. 
Population.  500. 

Pioclic — in  Lincoln  County,  in  the  Ely  mining  dis- 
trict, famous  for  the  richness  of  its  silver- 
bearing  veins.  Fine  farms  in  the  vicinity. 
Population,  500. 

Reno — in  Washoe  County.  Important  depot  and 
shipping  [Ktiiit  on  the  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road, and  terminus  of  the  Virginia  and 
Truckee,  and  of  the  Nevada  and  California 
railroads.  On  Truckee  River,  at  base  of 
Sierra  Nevada.  Centre  of  the  best  farming 
region  of  the  stale  Site  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity. The  town  has  been  twice  destroyed 
by  fire.     Population,  3500. 

Rnbj  Hill — in  Euteka  County,  two  miles  from  Eu- 
reka. Rich  mining  district.  Population, 
IJMlO. 

Tuscarora  — in  Elko  County,  three  miles  from 
Owyhee  River.  In  the  midst  of  a  rich  min- 
ing district,  some  good  agricultural  and  graz- 
ing lands  in  the  surrounding  country.  Pop- 
ulation, Clio. 

ffadsiTorth— in  Washoe  County,  on  Central  Pa- 
cific Railroad.  Shipping  point  for  Churchill 
County,  and  for  Pyramid  Lake,  Indian  Res- 
ervation. About  100  tons  of  trout  are 
shipped  from  here  every  winter.  Central 
Pacific  machine  shops  and  car  repair  shops 
are  located  here.     Population.  GOO. 

Winueniucca— in  Humboldt  County,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Pacific  Railroad,  and  Humboldt  River. 
Centre  of  trade  to  mining  towns  and  agricul- 
tural valleys,  and  to  the  principal  towns  in 
southwestern  Idaho.  Arable  land  along  ilic 
river.  An  iinportant  point  for  wool  and  cat- 
tle. Extensive  workshops  of  Central  Pacific 
Railroad.     Population,  1800. 


Among  other  places  of  importance  are  Aurora,  Belleville,  lielmont.  Cherry 
Creek,  Columbus,  Dayton,  Empire,  Glenbrook,  Grantsville,  Haniiltnn,  Lewis, 
Lovelocks,  Palisade,  Silver  City,  Stillwater,  Toano,  Wabiiska,  Wells,  and 
Wellington. 

EducatioH. — Edijcational  facilities  are  as  complete  and  as  far  ad- 
vanced as  could  be  expected  in  a  sparsely  settled  state.  The  State 
Koard  of  Education,  consisting  of  the  Governor,  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  and  the  Surveyor-General,  prescribes  the  text-books 
and  course  of  study,  and  grants  diplomas  and  certificates  to  teachers. 
A  County  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools  is  elected  in  each  county, 
to  serve  two  years.  A  Board  of  School  Trustees  in  e.ach  district  has 
direct  control  and  supervision  of  the  schools.  The  law  requires  that 
the  schools  shall  be  kept  open  at  least  six  months  in  the  year,  and  that 
all  children  between  eight  and  fourteen  years  of  age  shall  attend  school 
at  least  sixteen  weeks  in  each  year. 

The  schools  are  divided  into  primary,  grammar,  and  high  schools. 
The  State  University  is  located  at  Reno,  and  is  under  supervision  of  a 
Board  of  Regents,  elected  by  the  legislature.  In  addition  to  the  higher 
branches  of  an  f^nglish  education,  instruction  is  given  at  the  university 
in  metallurgy,  mining,  and  assaying. 

History. — Nevada  is  a  part  of  the  extensive  territory  ceded  to  the 
United  States,  in  1848,  at  the  close  of  the  Mexican  War.  It  formed  a 
part  of  Utah  until  March  2,  1861,  when  Congress  established  it  as  a 
separate  territorj'.  After  various  additions  to  its  limits,  it  was  admit- 
ted as  a  state  on  the  31st  of  October,  1804. 

The  first  settlements  within  the  limits  of  the  state  were  made  by 
Mormons,  in  1848,  in  Carson,  E.igle,  and  Washoe  valleys.  In  1849 
gold  was  found  near  Dayton,  in  Lyon  County,  and  the  search  thus 
stimulated  led  to  the  discovery,  in  1859,  of  the  rich  silver-bearing  ledge 
now  famous  as  the  Comstock  lode.  A  long-continued  mining  excite- 
ment followed,  and  led  to  extensive  explorations  of  previously  unknown 
regions.  Thus  were  found  the  rich  mines  of  Esmeralda,  Humboldt, 
Reese  River,  Pahranagat,  and  White  Pine.  Gold  and  silver  were  dis- 
covered in  Aurora  in  1860;  in  Austin  in  1862;  in  Eureka  in  1864. 
Numerous  well-travelled  roads  now  lead  through  most  parts  of  the 
state  ;  and  cities  and  towns,  farms  and  mining  camps,  exist  where  re- 
cently there  was  only  a  silent  and  barren  wilderness. 

The  discovery  of  the  Comstock  lode  was  only  second  in  importance 
to  the  discover)'  of  gold  in  California  eleven  years  before,  and  deter- 
mined the  route  and  hastened  the  construction  of  the  Central  Pacific 
and  Union  Pacific  railroads,  which  formed  the  first  great  trans-conti- 
nental highway.  The  bullion  yield  of  the  Comstock  lode  is  supposed 
to  have  exerted  a  great  influence  on  the  monetary  system  of  the  civ- 
ilized world.  The  production  of  bullion  in  Nevada  not  only  greatly 
assisted  the  embarrassed  finances  of  the  United  States  at  a  critical  pe- 
riod of  our  national  history,  but  also  largely  stimulated  and  aided  the 
commerce  of  the  world. 


Questions.  —  Describe  the  situation  of  Nevada.  Its  surface.  Drainage.  Cli- 
mate. Forests.  Minerals.  Name  the  chief  localities  of  silver,  gold,  lead,  copper, 
s.tlt.  Other  minerals.  Name  the  principal  animals.  What  is  said  of  agriculture.' 
("ommercc.'  Describe  the  political  organization.  Describe  Virginia  City.  Carson. 
Gold  Hill.     What  is  said  of  education  }    Give  an  outline  of  the  history  of  Nevada. 


Note. — The  elevation  of  some  of  the  mountains,  lakes,  towns,  etc.,  in  the  state  are 
given  bilow: 

Teaks;  Jeff.  Davis,  13,07.-.  feet;  Grafton,  10,llfi4  ;  Charleston,  10,874;  Rose, 
10,8-.'0;  Genoa,  ill. ■>.■>;  Qu.artz,  87(10  ;  Toh.akum,  8174  ;  Olcott,  71174  ;  Ophir 
Hill,  78(;i-,  Spanish,  7401  ;  Gnss,  (il'Otl.— Mountaill^s:  Prospect,  IIGOO;  Tiin- 
pah-ute,yiiOO;  Como,  U0I7;  Grant,  UtWO;  Granite,  SUUO ;   Uaw,  8403,  Zion, 


8300;  Peavine,  8281 ;  Davidson,  7941 ;  McClellan,  7.".31 ;  Butler,  ".IS.");  Emma, 
G4:».— Lakes:  Tahoe,  G202;  Washoe,  .".04.".;  Pyramid, 3848;  Winnemucca, 
3820;  Sink  of  the  Humlxildt,  3!12'J.  — Towiis:  Uelmont,  80112 ;  Ruby  Hill, 
7300;  Tnscaror.i,  7200;  Austin,  C.">00 ;  Eurek.i,  G500;  Virginia  City  (C 
Street),  GlOll;  Piochc,  .V.II2;  Elko,  50C3 ;  Carson,  4i;30;  Reno,  44'J" ; 
Winnemucca, 4332;  Genoa  Hot  Springs,4702;  Mouth  of  Sutro  Tunnel,  44GG. 


Longitude  ll'J  AVi-st 


from  III  Greenwich 


-J 1 L_ 


« 


m 


r«r7or 


'■J      ,«" 


Kelton      >?■ 


MAP    OF 

XT  T  A.  H 


Scale  of  MHes 

5      10  20  aO  40  in,  60 


Strong  ^' 


Fremnnt 


Murtl. 


Capital ^  Kailroad 

County  Seat ®  River 

City  or  Town o  Stage  Itoutcs 


Glil'^y 


BalS.Mt. 


Emmons  Pk.  c 


luma  Mt. 


MtHoieb 
J,GoldHm 


^^  "^^  oil 


SHverCityV  I         /  ..         ,  j:,^«         ^-~^qJ 
'  R  X^alt'c  reek'   W!l.u  >     IW 


r      "'•         ,.    J  .     i  0         ,        A  c-yiB^taltCreekfewl^   i^     /~I5 

^«.    -:Q:        ttSt  ¥       /  N  ...'yr  j?,r-»K}r-^      «.•   c     V"«VA.    No      / 


«?A 


jfiaw5*Cr. 


V; 


%Sv^ 


^ tl 


^,,    J-- 


\  Pl<ttat» 


|Marjs\al>J 


J-Uke- 


u 


pi''" 


.i*' 


C9 


"MC'Ellen  ""/ 
MtPe'hnelt 


.,/  ;" 


3fvuntaim 


^1      I  ^'     VVwIarCity     ^ 


^        Mt.  /  '^^    .<"  \>tf' 

J(  Ellsworth    C  ;.  'V 


N-r 


5^'^n 


.#   "^ 


Plain 


,  SaMn 
'^leitdalej 


'i 


Sinih 


I  (W    A    S    H    I     N 


III  Sunt 


m  ciu 


HarrlalHiry  ^ 


^  Nipple  I 

K    .vvfr*        A 


'^".^ 


oa*' 


cVv^ 


j/(.^^: .#T0     VI 


i5 


StXeorg 


ington         Kwkvlllo 


itoili' 


i1/^"A 


^ 


v>  1;; 


K 


\|el 


,  ^n^'.- 


Mo  qui,*  /  Inklia'n 


>•?    I 


frum  34  Wushbi^on 


\C«p^i>jht^  lB6l,/'y  ll.trj'rr  Jc  //rirfAtr».J-K«vii.td t.j  Ai>ril,  1^^6. 


«1 


M   A   P     O   F 

I  3D  ^  li  O 


0 

to       :w 

Scale  of  Miles. 
30      JO       so 

eo      TO 

«o 

Capital 

T^'TT  HT,  A  TT_A-a 

JJ                Kailr 

Seat . .     .0                 Kivcr 
Town o                Sla^ 

[nonsr 

.ad 

Countj 

_  _ 

City  or 

Routes 

"■e^A 


Droittiltte  J- 

Copper\jlin 


O 


■onuliza) 

^| 

Bcioni'illi 
"  'X»,^8llver  City ->" 


ix-4     ) 

L#,'.J~7  A  "^ 

VjiS.       ) 

^^^   :  Mountain 

*V^     «*^*rtS 

L^r-^"- T :) 

yh^-' 

r^#-^^ 

c.,V 


•    "^ 


N 


%-C    y/       H    \V;E        E 

Vz  Plains 


SDosbonj^nd.  Kep. 


>1 --^=;ri^.Ss?'^ 


"^Iiuliur 


.Soila 


•r..v  i. 


\.  i  '^s-rzil/  ^V^'"?  IXonij^iii" 
Mata(Jdr^!,ty^=  --;5v---;fi^--f  0^'*^ 

.Io«inil|li?tonV 


5x., 


V 


B 


"West       from 


Watdiliifrton 


if-./.yriifAf,  ISSli  fry  llttrprt  Jt  /i>.<A(r#.J  — Rvvi»c.i  lu  Aiiril,  l^^fe. 


100  LonKiluile      170    East 


18U  Longitude        170        West  from      ICO        Grcrn-.viLli 


110 


0.  Barrow 


V:>  .f  ^s^...^"  o.,!:'^. 


Baring 


^ 


.En»f,  .      ^ 

/  ^p< 

^'Ar'ifeftin  I 

ST.I.\\VKENCE  I.        -* 

C.NaviirIn  y  ' 

:.Opunl.k        >>/  AjC.Bom.njo' 

•fc.PoiatcUinaic'i'.-C  i-i. — i  < l\         e> 


'■"OoV 


F..„tV.,e.r,«M)j>\3!y^j3i  e  » 


QrB>pam 
Qn.Charlott 

JUoreuby 


Qn.Charlclt»  A'iL 
Vancouver 

Juan  lie  Pu 


P      A       C       I       F       I 

MAP    OF 

ALASKA 


O      C      E      A      K 


l\  I     A 

\lnUt 

A  5u 
..Btior. 

WARIIIT^GTON 

CUWUHUU 


COrTord? 
mamath  HX 
CMemloclnor  SliActa 


San  Francisco 


103       Longitude        93       "West  from        83      WasJilngton      73 


[CjijynyUl,  IWU,  by    IlAurtc   ii.    liu.>iiit.iL 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  ALASKA. 

What  water  north  of  Alaska?  What  country  east?  What  water 
south  ?  What  sea  on  the  west  ?  What  strait  ?  What  peninsula  hi  the 
southwest?  What  islands  southwest  of  the  peninsula?  Which  is  the 
most  westerly  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  ?  About  what  is  its  longitude  ? 
Is  Attoo  in  the  western  hemisphere?  What  islands  are  in  Lehring 
Sea?  What  island  southeast  of  the  peninsula?  What  island  east  of 
Kodiak  Island?  What  volcano  in  the  southern  part  of  Alaska.  What 
mountain  ranges  in  Alaska  ?  Name  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Coast 
Range.  What  great  river  in  Alaska?  Into  what  water  does  it  flow? 
What  town  on  liaranolT  Island?     What  town  on  Kodiak  Island? 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  UTAH. 

What  territories  north  of  I'tah  ?  What  state  on  the  cast?  What 
territory  on  the  south  ?     What  state  on  the  west? 

Which  is  the  chief  mountain  range  of  Utah?  What  mountains  in 
the  northeastern  part?  What  mountains  in  the  eastern  part?  What 
desert  in  the  northwestern  part? 

Which  is  the  chief  river  of  Utah  ?  What  two  rivers  form  the  C'olo- 
lado?  What  branch  of  the  Colorado  in  the  southeastern  jiart  of  the 
territory?     What  river  in  the  southwestern  part? 

What  lake  in  the  northwestern  part?  AVhat  river  flows  into  it  from 
the  north  ?  What  lake  southeast  ?  What  river  connects  Great  Salt 
Lake  and  Utah  Lake  ?  What  lake  southwest  of  Utah  Lake  ?  What 
river  flows  into  it? 


Name  the  counties  of  Utah.  What  counties  border  on  Great  Salt 
Lake?  In  what  county  is  Utah  Lake?  Sevier  Lake?  What  counties 
are  crossed  by  Green  River?  By  Grand  River?  By  the  Colorado? 
What  counties  border  on  Arizona  ?     Nevada  ?     Idaho  ?     AV'yoming  ? 

What  city  is  the  capital  ?  What  five  towns  are  north  of  Salt  Lake 
City  ?  What  town  southeast  ?  What  two  towns  southwest  ?  What  three 
near  Utah  Lake  ?  What  two  south  ?  What  town  east  of  Sevier  Lake  ? 
Southeast  ?     What  two  southwest  of  Beaver  ? 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  IDAHO. 

AMiat  country  north  of  Idaho  ?  What  territories  on  the  east  ?  What 
park  ?     V\'hat  state  and  what  territory  on  the  south  ?     On  the  west? 

Name  tlie  chief  mountain  ranges  in  Idaho.  \\'hat  river  crosses  the 
southern  part  of  the  territory?  Name  two  branches  of  Snake  River? 
What  lake  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  territory? 

Name  the  counties  of  Idaho.  What  county  in  the  north?  What 
counties  border  on  Montana  and  Wyoming?  On  Nevada  and  Utah? 
On  Oregon  and  Washington?  What  large  county  north  of  Snake 
River?     AVhat  small  county  northwest  of  Alturas  County? 

A\'hat  is  the  capital?  What  three  towns  northeast  of  Boisd  City? 
Wiiat  town  southwest?  What  town  at  the  junction  of  Snake  and 
Clearwater  Rivers?  What  two  towns  southeast?  What  two  towns  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  the  territory? 

Name  four  mountain  ranges  in  Yellowstone  National  Park.  Name 
the  two  chief  rivers.  Through  what  large  lake  does  the  Yellowstone 
River  How  ?     Through  what  canon  ? 


^     «    _L.     C     1> 


^         c/: 


o 

o 

%1 

rt 

^ 

rt 

OJ 

" 

s 

^ 

;^ 

6 

Pi 

v*-< 

a; 

^ 

k« 

0 

"jC 

■a 

^ 

<^ 

rt 

(U 

0 

4-* 
(ft 

3 

0 

-X* 

0 

H 

^ 

0 

C 

rt 

0 

(U 

k- 

2 

*! 

<; 

i-H 

c 

c 
•2% 

rt 

(ft 

rt 

1 

rt' 

rt 

•3 

c 

VI 

^ 

k. 

C 

^ 

b 

a 

(U 

0 

12; 

0 

rt 
U 

•a 

rt 
5 

rt 

£ 

0 
'■J 

rt 

>-» 

c 

.vJ 

c 
0 

(ft 

_£ 

"rt 

o 
o 

^ 

0 

1> 

S 

V 

.5 

> 

=^ 

rt 

L« 

(ft 

k- 

t/: 

C 

rt 

SJ 

u-i 

, 

i) 

OJ 

^ 

(ft 

\~ 

1) 

0 

0 

rt 

> 

■; 

.g 

£1 

^ 

c 

■c 

u 

3 

t§ 

S 

c 

c 

1- 

C 

rt 

o 

(ft 

Cu 

c 

•§ 

^ 

_u 

!S 

0 

0 

n 

o 
a 

C 
rt 

"fcjo 

3 
O 

rt 

u 
c 

rt 

.1 

u 
1; 

0 

c 
<u 

1) 

rt 

rt 
c 
rt 

rt 

< 

"? 

/v. 

rt 

/^. 

c 

rt 

■^ 

S 

rt 

0 

rt.. 

0 

"0 

rt 

s 

::^ 

n 

c 

s 

z 

rt 

s 

rt 

So 

rt 

s 

1 

£ 

'0 

£ 

— 

OJ 

'75 

_o 

<u 

o 

, 

Ji 

(U 

/>-. 

J= 

.^ 

'^ 

0 

*C3 

J' 

-5 

(ft 

o 

rt 

(U 

rt 

5 

o 

rt 

c 

c 
rt 

1) 
'u, 

1) 

3 

C 

^ 

rt 

C 

CJ 

to 

c 

CJ 

Jl] 

*v. 

•"■ 

^ 

C 
(ft 

,0 

o 

^E 

rt 

r/5 

OJ 

(ft 

"rt 

(ft 

d 

"u 

a; 

0 

rt 
c 

S 

5 

1) 

1 

'rt 

"o 

c 

rt 

3 

i) 

c 

rt 

(ft 

0) 

rt 

i 

c 

C 

*-' 

_o 

•^ 

c 

"rt 

(ft 

s 

E 

c 

OJ 

C 

"0 

c 

** 

■^ 

•  — 

c 

rt 

ai 

0 

X 

>- 

V 

w 

s 

c 

0 

■3 
C 

0 

c/: 

o 

V 
'J) 
V 

^*-4 

E 

rt 

5 

I^ 

« 

u 

*- 

"u. 

rt" 

^ 

0 

(ft 

^ 

« 

Vt-i 

0 

C 
rt 

5 

a 
p 

1- 
(ft 

(ft 

0 

c 

C 

(ft 

CJ 

"o 

o 

0^ 

*-> 
rt 

1- 

_rt 

"o 

c 

■T. 

u 

rt 

tJC 

^ 

Cfl 

U 

(ft 

c; 

JJ 

o 

- 

OJ 

c 

5 

/v. 

0 

0 

CJ 

c 

c 
_c 

0 

c 

ZJ 

4-1 

rt 

'>, 

rt 

s 

s 

rt 

CJ 

rt 

(ft 

o 

0 

~ri 

!S 

1. 

0 

E 

t_ 

u 

V 

"rt 

"oj 

ri 

<D 

"u 

-c 

JZ 

"o 

k- 
Hi 

"/ 

>< 

z 

/v. 

"77 

;- 

,  . 

^j 

^^ 

^ 

^ 

1) 

0 

rt 

rt 

rt 

k. 

c 
rt 

c 
c 

™ 

^" 

*" 

(ft 

^ 

a 

rt 

0 

rt 

(ft 

(ft 

0 

rt 

a. 
0 

(ft 

(ft 

c 

c 

^4-1 

4J 

rt 

rt 

. 

c 

^ 

0 

0 

C 

^~' 

C 

rt 

p-i 

b 

H 

U 

^ 

>< 

u 

_rt 

>^ 

5 
^ 

S 

s 

t/i 

/v. 

bJO 

c 

E 

3 

OJ 

>> 

c 

-^ 

C 

/*. 

w 
w 

-^ 

o 

3 
C 

c 
c 

1- 

H 

-r 
O 

0 
c 

.-'^ 

C 

c 

7^ 

O 

o 

/v. 

(ft 
1) 

OJ 
(ft 

1) 

c 

01 

_rt 
rt 

0 

r/3 

iz; 

V 

3_) 

0 

0 

3 

OJ 

rt 
U 

r-^ 

O 

1— 1 

Eh 

H 
O- 

"rt 
u 
rt 

rt 

C 

.2 

"5 

0 

0 

CO 

rt 

*k- 

£ 

C 
(ft 

m 

(ft 

0 
•a 
(ft 

0 

(ft 

CJ 

% 

"E. 
E 
0 
(J 

(ft 

c 
_o 
"(ft 

> 

OJ 

0 
0 

rt 

E 

rt 

E 
0 

ex 

*j-. 

0 

rt 
C 

a> 

(U 

'C 

rt 

> 

E 

rt 

E 

c 

c 
.2 

rt 

a 

k- 

'  rt 

F^ 

^ 

0 

3 
0 
/2 

p 

(ft 

0 

<-t- 

*j 

»-- 

*-' 

^ 

SPECIAL   GEOGRAPHY    OF    MONTANA. 


[Copyright,  1S85,  by  lUsrEU  &   UuoTiiitUii.] 


MONTANA -DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  145,310  square  miles,  or  '.(2,000,000  acres.     Population  in   1880,  3D,150; 
18H5,  85,000  (estimated).      Mean  altitude,  3900  feet.     Greatebt  length  (E.  to  \V.), 
510  miles  ;  greatest  width  (N.  to  S.),  olO  miles.] 

Surface.— Two  fifths  of  Montana  are  a  plains  countiy,  three  fifths  moun- 
tainous. The  eastern  and  northern  portions  are  rolling  plains,  rising  from 
an  altitude  of  2000  feet  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone  to  about  4000  feet 
at  the  base  of  the  mountains,  occasionally  broken  by  low  ranges  of  hills  or 
isolated  groups  of  mountains,  or  by  the  deeply  worn  valleys  of  the  streams. 

The  southern  and  western  portions  are  filled  with  numerous  mountain 
ranges,  belonging  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  system,  with  a  general  trend  west 
of  north,  and  enclosing  a  number  of  valleys  or  parks  with  an  average  alti- 
tude of  8500  to  5000  feet.     There  are  three  principal  systems  or  ranges : 

1.  The  main  range,  or  continental  water-shed.  I'lns  forms  the  southern  boundary  to  the  line  be- 
tween Beaverhead  and  Missoula  counties,  where  it  turns  abruptly  east  nearly  a  hundred  miles 
and  then  resumes  its  usual  north-northwestern  course  to  the  British  boundar>-line.  It  separates 
the  waters  of  the  Missouri  from  Ciarkes  Fork  of  the  Columbia.  When  making  its  sudden 
eastern  bend,  its  course  is  continued  by 

'2.  The  Hitter  Root,  or  Cceur  d'Al^ne  Mountains,  which  form  the  western  boundary  of  Montana, 
and  separate  the  waters  of  Ciarkes  Fork  from  those  of  Lewis  Fork  or  Snake  River- 

3.  Tlie  eastern  system  leaves  the  main  range  northwest  of  Yellowstune  Lake,  and  extends  under 
the  name  of  tlie  Gallatin  Mountains  to  the  southeastern  corner  of  Gallatin  valley.  It  is  con- 
tinued from  here,  usually  as  two  parallel  ranges,  under  the  names  of  Bridger,  Great  and  Little 
Belt,  and  Highwoods  Mountains,  to  the  great  bend  of  the  Missouri  opposite  Fort  Benton. 
These  ranges  separate  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Missouri  from  those  of  the  Yellowstone,  Mussel- 
shell, and  Judith  rivers. 

The  extreme  southern  parts  of  Montana  are  penetrated  by  spurs  of  the  Rig  Horn  Mountains, 
which  send  a  high,  rugged  range  through  the  northeast  corner  of  the  National  Park  along  the 
right  bank  of  the  Yellowstone,  terminating  at  the  big  bend  of  this  river  opposite  Livingston. 
This  range  and  the  Crazy  Mountains,  an  isolated  group  immediately  north  of  the  Yellowstone, 
have  the  highest  peaks  in  Montana  (exceeding  11,000  feet),  and  are  of  a  truly  Alpine  character. 

Among  the  isolated  mountain  groups  are  the  Pryor  and  Wolf  Mountains,  south  of  the  Yellowstone  ; 
the  Bull,  Snowy,  Judith,  and  Mocc.isin  Mountains,  between  the  Yellowstone  and  Missouri ;  and 
the  Bear's  Paw  and  Little  Rocky  ranges,  north  of  the  Missouri.  Numerous  minor  ranges  exiend 
between  the  main  range  and  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains,  aud  divide  the  western  part  of  the  terri- 
tory into  separate  valleys.  South  of  the  Hellgate  River  these  ranges  run  from  south  to  north. 
North  of  that  river  their  general  trend  is  from  east  to  west. 

Descriptive. — The  plains  are  a  grassy  table-land,  sloping  gently  north 
and  east.  The  surface  is  generally  rolling,  except  where  broken  by  small 
mountain  groups  or  isolated  "buttes.'^  The  water-courses  are  few.  and  all 
which  are  not  fed  by  the  almost  perennial  snows  of  the  high  mountains  go 
dry  in  summer.  The  soil  is  friable,  and  the  rocks  soft  and  easily  eroded,  so 
that  the  streams  run  usually  in  valleys  300  to  800  feet  deep.  The  escarp- 
ment of  the  plateau  on  the  edge  of  these  valleys  is  exposed  to  the  continual 
wear  of  the  water,  frost,  and  wind,  and  assumes  in  many  places  the  appear- 
ance of  "  bad  lands,''  but  this  extends  back  from  the  rivers  a  few  miles  only. 

The  mountains  of  Montana  are  low  comi^ared  with  those  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  are 
crossed  by  numerous  low  passes.  These  make  travel  and  connnunication  easy  between  the 
dilTcrcnt  basins,  although  the  valleys  are  generally  mountain  locked,  the  drainage  finding  an 
outlet  through  narrow  canons.  The  scenery  is  in  many  places  grand,  in  others  very  beautiful 
aiul  attractive.  Especially  rugged  and  magnificent  are  the  ranges  east  of  Flathead  Lake,  where 
true  glaciers  are  found. 

Drainage. — That  part  of  Montana  lying  on  the  Pacific  slope  is  drained 
by  Ciarkes  Fork  of  the  Columbia  and  its  tributaries.  This  river  is  first 
called  the  Deer  Lodge.  From  the  junction  of  the  Little  Blackfoot  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Big  Blackfoot  it  goes  under  the  name  of  the  Hellgate. 
Thence  to  the  junction  of  the  Flathead  it  is  called  the  Missoula,  and  here 
only  assumes  the  name  of  Ciarkes  Fork.  Its  character  is  throughout  that 
of  a  bold,  rapid  mountain  stream,  falling  nearly  -'000  feet  in  the  400  miles 
of  its  course  from  Deer  Lodge  to  the  Pend  d'Oreillc  Lake.     Its  principal 


YKLLOWS'i 


tributaries  are,  from  the  left:    Flint  Creek,  Rock  Creek,  and  Bitter  Root, 
from  the  right:  Little  Blackfoot,  Big  Blackfoot.  and  Flathead. 

Tlie  Kootnai,  a  largo  tributary  of  the  main  Columbia,  crosses  the  extreme  norlhweslem  comer 
of  Montana.  The  Missouri  aud  Yellowstone  drain  the  Atlantic  section.  The  Missouri  is 
formed  by  the  "Tlnee  I'"orks,"  the  Jefferson,  Madison,  aud  Gallatin,  all  heading  in  the  extreme 
wouthcru  part  of  the  territory,  the  fiirihest  sources  of  the  two  latter  being  in  the  National  Park 
within  the  boundary  of  \\  yoniiug.     The  Jefferson  is  formed  by  llie  Big  Hole,  P>eaverhead,and 


GEOGRAPHV   OF   MONTANA. 


31 


Ruby:  the  Gallatin  by  the  East  and  West  Gallatin.  The  Missouri  runs  north  and  northeast 
to  williin  71)  miles  of  the  boundary,  when  it  is  entirely  clear  from  the  mountains  and  takes  an 
easterly  course,  which  it  kee|)s  until  it  leaves  Montana.  It  is  navigable  for  light-draught  steam- 
boats to  its  head ;  but  the  continuity  of  navigation  is  broken  by  the  great  falls,  about  23  nnles 
above  Fort  Ueiiton.  These  falls  are  a  series  of  cascades  and  rapids,  extending  10  miles,  in 
which  the  river  falls  about  HW  feet.  The  principal  fall  is  911  feet.  From  its  head  to  the  mouih 
of  the  Yellowstone,  about  KKXI  miles,  the  river  falls  2II0I)  feet.  Its  principal  tributaries  are. 
from  the  right:  Sixteen  Mile,  Deep  Creek  or  Smith  Kiver.  Judith,  and  .Musselshell;  from  the 
left:  Prickly  Pear,  Sun,  Teton,  Marias,  and  Milk  rivers.  These  are  all  clear,  bold  streams  in 
the  mountains,  but  these  which  enter  the  plains  assume  there  a  different  characier.  'ilicir 
waters  become  impregnated  with  alkali,  and  they  lose  volume  during  the  dry  season  by  ev.i|«- 
talion  and  sinking  of  the  water,  so  that  the  Judith,  Musselshell,  and  Milk  rivers  are  often  en- 
tirely dry  at  their  mouths  in  August  and  September.  Just  east  of  the  boundary  the  Miss,  uri 
receives  its  largest  tribuLiry — the  Yellow- 
stone. This  river  rises  in  the  Shoshone 
Mountains,soulh  of  the  Yellowstone  Lake. 
Emerging  from  the  lake  it  has  two  great 
falls,  UO  and  400  feet  high,  and  traverses 
the  N.itional  Park  in  a  remarkable  canon, 
25t)i)  feet  deep.  .At  the  foot  of  this  canoo 
it  enters  Montana  with  a  northwest  and 
north  course,  and  through  three  additional 
caiions  finally  breaks  its  way  through  the 
mountains,  when  it  turns  abruptly  east  into 
the  plains,  and  flows  rapidly  in  an  east  and 
northeast  course  to  its  junction  with  the 
Missouri.  While  the  bed  of  the  Missouri 
is  mostly  sandy  and  muddy,  that  of  the  Yel- 
lowstone above  Powder  kiver  is  gravelly, 
and  free  from  the  sand-bars  which  seriously 
obstruct  the  navigation  of  the  former  :  but 
the  rapidity  and  shallowness  of  the  Yel- 
lowstone are  still  more  formidable  obsta- 
cles, and  it  is  barely  navigable  during  hijh 
water  to  the  mouth  of  Prj-ors  Creek. 
From  Livingston  to  its  mouth,  about  mil 
miles.  It  falls  nearly  2<V>0  t'eet.  Its  princi- 
pal tributaries  are,  from  the  left ;  Shields 
River,  Big  Timber,  Sweet  Grass,  and  the 
Great  and  Little  Porcupine ;  from  the 
right  :  E.ast  Fork,  Uoulder,  Stillwater, 
Clarkes  Fork,  PryoiS,  Big  Horn,  Rose- 
bud, Tongue,  and  Powder  rivers. 

Lakes  and  Springs. —  The  only 

consiiliT;il)l(;  lake  is  Flathead,  in 
northern  Missoula  County;  but  the 
mountains  arc  full  of  beautiful  tarns 
ani;l  lakelets.  Warm  and  medicinal 
springs  are  abundant.  A  few  of  the 
best  known  are  located  as  follows: 
on  Lulu  Fork  in  Missoula  County, 
on  Hot  Spring  Creek  in  Deer  Lodge, 
on  Ruby  River  in  Madison,  on  Ten 
Mile  River  near  Helena  in  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  on  the  North  Fork  of  Sun 
River  in  Chotcau,  White  Sulphur 
Springs  in  Meagher,  Hunters  and 
Matthews  Springs  in  Gallatin. 

Climate.  —  The  climate  shows 
great  extremes  and  frequent  sudden 
variations,  but  is  not  nearly  so  severe 
as  might  be  e.\pected  from  the  great 
latitufie  and  altitude.  The  cold 
waves  from  British  America  are  met 
and  often  driven  back  by  a  warm 
west  wind,  the  so-called  "chinook." 
This  air- current  leaves  the  Pacific 
laden  with  moisture.  This  is  dis- 
charged as  rain  and  snow  on  the  in- 
tervening mountains,  and  when  the 
current  reaches  the  valleys  of  Mon- 
tana it  is  warm  and  dry,  and  fre- 
quently melts  all  the  snow  in  mid- 
winter. Its  tempering  influences  are 
not  so  strongly  felt  in  the  extreme 
eastern  and  northern  sections.  The 
greatest  rain -fall  is  in  April,  May, 
and  June.  The  total  varies  in  differ- 
ent sections  from  13  to  2.i  inches. 
The  summer  and   fall   are  dry  and 

pleasant,  and  throughout  the  year  Montana  is  a  land  of  sunshine 
average  vearly  temperature  is  from  42°  to  48'. 

Vegetation.— The  plains  are  nearly  treeless,  except  a  scanty  fringe  of 
Cottonwood  and  willows  along  the  larger  streams.  The  scattered  moun- 
tain groups  furnish,  however,  a  tolerable  supply  of  fuel  and  lumber.  The 
mountain  ranges  are  all  well  timbered  with  fir  and  pine,  and  in  Missoula 
and  parts  of  Deer  Lodge  counties  large  tracts  are  covered  with  valuable 
forests  of  different  species  of  evergreens,  which  here  attain  a  ver>'  great 
size.  Of  deciduous  trees  only  a  few  species  of  Cottonwood,  poplar,  and 
alder  line  the  banks  of  the  streams.  .-Xsh,  elm,  and  bo.x-eliler  grow  in  a 
few  places  along  the  lower  Missouri  and  Yellowstone. 

The  wild  grasses  of  the  valleys  and  plains  are  very  valuable.     They  are  the  so  called  hunch  and 
bulTalo  grasses,  which  are  exceedingly  nutritive.     The  summers  arc  so  dry  that  these  grasses 


The 


mature  very  early,  cure  standing,  and  retain,  when  dr>',  all  their  strength.  On  the  plains  tho 
vegetation  has  all  the  characteristics  of  dry,  continental  plains  elsewhere.  There  is  no  con- 
tinuous greensward.  All  vegetation  grow-s  in  "  bunches,"  showing  the  naked  ground  between 
the  plants.  The  grass  is  short,  and  the  flora  comprises  very  few  s[)ecies.  The  vegetation  is  very 
luxuriant  in  the  mountains,  where  moisture  is  abundant,  and  the  wild  flowers  of  early  summer 
cannot  be  surpassed  in  beauty  or  variety.  In  the  mountains  and  along  all  the  streams  wild 
fruits  arc  abundant,  such  as  strawberries  raspt>crries,  currants,  gooseberries,  service-berries, 
bufTalo-berries,  huckleberries,  and  choke  cherries.  In  the  southeastern  part  grow  wild  plums 
and  grapes. 

Animals. — Game  of  all  kinds  is  plentiful.  The  buffalo  is  nearly  ex- 
tinct; but  there  is  .still  an  abundance  of  grizzly  and  black  bears,  mountain 
lions,  lyn.xes  and  wildcats,  wolves  and  coyotes,  moose  and  elk,  deer  and 

^ antelope,  mountain  sheep  and  goats, 

— -^P!^^i--'r~-    ■.-"--  '  I     foxes,  hares,  beaver,  otter,   marten, 

squirrels,  prairie-dogs  and  prairie- 
squirrels,  and  mountain  rats,  while 
the  house  rat  is  found  only  along 
the  Missouri  River,  (iame  birds  are 
also  abundant :  swans,  ducks,  geese, 
prairie  chickens,  sage-hens,  blue  and 
ruffed  grou.se.  Nearly  all  the  streams 
are  well  stocked  with  brook  and  sal- 
mon trout  and  whitefish,  while  stur- 
geon and  catfish  are  found  in  the 
Missouri  and  lower  Yellow.stone. 

Minerals. — Mining  is  the  leading 
industry-.  The  wonderful  placer- 
mines  of  Alder,  Last  Chance,  Con- 
federate, and  other  almo.st  equally 
rich  gulches  first  attracted  emigra- 
tion to  Montana.  These  are  now 
mostly  worked  out,  although  the 
placer-mining  product  of  Montana 
is  still  considerable,  yuartz-mining, 
a  more  permanent  industry,  has 
largely  taken  its  place.  Especially 
has  the  silver  product  grown  rapidly 
during  the  last  few  years.  Gold  and 
silver  bearing  leads  are  found  in  al- 
most ev'Cry  inountain  range,  but  as 
yet  developed  in  comparatively  few 
places,  while  the  output  of  copper  of 
the  rJulte  group  of  mines  is  second 
only  to  that  of  the  Lake  Superior 
mines.  Iron-ore  of  superior  quality 
is  found  in  many  places,  but  is  as 
yet  undeveloped.  Large  quantities 
of  lead  are  produced  in  the  silver- 
bearing  galena  mines. 

A  very  large  part  of  Montana,  cast  of  the 
main  range,  is  underlaid  with  bituminous 
coal  and  lignite.  Much  of  it  is  of  inferior 
quality,  although  of  great  local  importance 
as  fuel :  but  in  the  Gallatin  and  bell 
mountains  are  tound  considerable  quanti- 
ties of  a  true  bituminous  coal,  suitable  for 
coking.  Its  development  is  as  yet  hardly 
begun.  Many  other  valti.nble  minerals  are 
found,  but  are  still  undeveloped.  Lime- 
stone and  excellent  building-stones  are 
found  everywhere  in  the  mountains. 

Montana  produced  in  IKtl  nearly  J lo.dOfl.tKIO 
ing(;ldand  silver,  and  its  product  h,as  since 
been  largely  increa.sed.  It  $tand.s  third 
among  the  states  and  territories  as  a  pro- 
ducer of  precious  metals,  surpassed  by 
Colorado  and  Califoniia  only. 

Agriculture.  —  Where  not  too 
gravelly,  the  soil  of  the  valleys  and 
plains  is  everywhere  fertile ;  but  ir- 
rigation is  usually  necessary  for  the 
successful  raising  of  crops,  although 
good  crops  of  winter  wheat  are  in 
<ome  localities  grown  on  the  foot- 
hills without  irrigation.  This  proc- 
ess is  not  a  difficult  or  expensive 
one  in  the  river  valleys,  where  water  is  readily  available,  and  to  these 
farming  has  as  yet  been  chiefly  confined.  All  the  small  grains  and  hardier 
vegetables  are  grown,  and  the  crops  cannot  be  surpassed  in  quantity  or 
quality.  While  in  the  East  the  standard  weight  of  oats  per  bushel  is  32 
pounds,  the  average  weight  of  Montana  oats  is  40  pounds  per  bushel.  The 
census  report  of  1880  puts  its  average  yield  of  wheat  ahead  of  all  other 
states  and  territories.  In  1884  about  4,000,000  bushels  of  grain  were  raised, 
mostlv  wheat  and  oats. 

Stock-raising  is  one  of  the  most  important  industries,  and  nearly  all 
of  the  |)laiiis  country  is  given  up  to  it.  On  the  large  ranches  cattle  arc 
not  fed  in  winter,  biit  run  at  large  on  the  range;  and  the  quality  of  the 
dry  grass  is  so  excellent  that,  in  ordinarj-  winters,  the  loss  is  very  small. 
The  winter  climate  of  the  plains  is  windy,  so  that  the  snow  blows  off,  and 


32 


GEOGRAPHY   OF   MONTANA. 


cattle  can  nearly  always  get  at  the  grass.  Great  attention  is  paid  to  the 
improvement  of  the  cattle,  and  Montana  beef  brings  a  higlicr  price  in 
Chicago  than  the  cattle  of  any  other  territory'.  Montana  wool  is  also 
gainin'g  the  same  creditable  reputation,  and  sheep-raising  is  yearly  grow- 
ing in  importance.  Horses  arc  extensively  bred  for  exportation  as  well 
as  home  use,  and  the  climate  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  them.  In  1884  there 
were  in  Montana  about  8(10,000  head  of  cattle,  1,000,000  sheep,  and  over 
100,000  horses  and  mules. 

Manufactures  and  Commerce.— The  only  manufactories  of  any  kind 
are  flour- mills,  saw  and  planing  mills,  breweries,  and  a  few  founderies. 
Water-power,  available  for  manufacturing  purposes,  is  abundant.  The 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad  goes  through  the  centre  of  Montana  from  east 
to  west,  with  branches  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  National  Park  and 
to  Wickes,  while  the  Utah  and  Northern  Railroad  enters  the  territory 
across  the  Plea.sant  Valley  pass,  and  runs  through  southwestern  Montana 
to  a  junction  with  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Blackfoot,  with  short  branches  to  Butte  and  Anaconda.  The  Mis- 
souri and  Yellowstone  are  important  water  highways. 

The  princip.ll  exports  are  :  bullion  and  ores,  live-stock  ami  beef,  hides  and  wool.  Manufactured 
goods  of  all  kinds,  hardware,  machinery,  groceries,  and  fruits  are  among  the  most  important 
imports. 

Political  Organization.— The  executive  ofTicers  are  a  Governor  and  a 
Secretarv,  appointed  for  four  years  by  the  President,  with  the  approval  of 
the  Senate.  An  Auditor  and  a  Treasurer  are  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
with  the  approval  of  the  Council,  for  a  terrfl  of  two  years.  The  Supreme 
Court  consists  of  three  judges,  appointed  by  the  President  and  Senate, 
who  also  hold  court  in  the  various  counties. 

The  territorial  legislature  holds  biennial  sessions,  and  consists  of  a 
Council  of  twelve  members  and  a  House  of  twenty-four  members.  These 
are  elected  by  the  people,  as  are  also  the  Congressional  Delegate,  the 
County  judges.  District  Attorneys  (to  be  replaced  with  County  Attorneys 
in  188l3),  and  various  county  officers. 

There  are  13  organized  counties  (a  lllh,  Fergus  County,  is  formed  from  the  northeastern  part 
of  Meagher  ;  but  the  division  is  not  to  take  place  until  after  the  election  of  isati). 

The  principal  cities  and  towns  are  : 

Hklena,  the  capital,  in  Lewis  and  Clarke  County,  at  the  mouth  of  the  famous  Last  Chance 
Gulch,  near  the  head  of  the  Prickly  Pear  Valley,  at  the  base  of  the  main  range,  is  on  the 
line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  which  passes  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  through 
the  Mullan  tunnel,  a  few  miles  west  of  the  city.  It  is  the  business  centre  of  a  large  and  impor- 
tant mining  district,  and  has  many  fine  brick  and  stone  buildings,  among  which  are  the  United 
St.ites  Assay  Office  and  four  public  school-houses.  It  is  lighted  with  gas  and  electricity.  It 
is  the  financial  centre  of  the  territory.     Population,  6.50(1. 

Butte,  the  most  im|)orlant  mining  centre  in  the  United  States,  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Utah  and  Northern  Railroad  in  Silver  Bow  County,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  main  range. 
Silver,  copper,  gold,  and  lead  are  the  chief  products  of  its  mines.  It  contains  many  large  mills, 
smellers,  and  reduction  works,  and  has  many  fine  buildings,  among  winch  are  a  handsome 
court-house  aud  public-school  building.  It  is  lighted  by  electricity.  With  Walkerville  and 
other  contiguous  camps  its  population  is  estimated  at  9U(J0. 

Ftiur  BtiNToN.  m  Choteau  County,  at  the  he.id  of  navigation  on  the  Missouri,  2.5  miles  below  the 
great  falls,  is  the  centre  of  a  great  agricultural  and  stock  region.  It  was  long  the  chief  depot 
for  the  fur  tiade,  and  has  still  a  large  Indian  trade,     Popidation,  lOUO. 

l?li.LiN(;s.  in  Yellowstone  County,  on  the  Northern  P.acific  Railroad,  in  a  fertile  section  of  the 
Yellowstone  Valley,  is  an  important  shipping-point  for  cattle,  and  the  trade  centre  of  an  exten- 
sive stock  range.  Valuable  coal  mines  are  found  in  the  Bull  Mountains,  '25  miles  distant. 
Popidation,  l:10«. 

BoztiMAN,  Vi  miles  west  of  the  Bozeman  tunnel  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  in  Gallatin 
County,  at  the  head  of  Gallatin  Valley,  the  richest  agricultural  district  in  Montana,  is  a  beauti- 
fully located,  well-built  town,  with  a  fine  court-house  and  two  large  public  school-houses.  It 
has  two  flour-mills,  and  is  an  important  shipping-point  for  grain,  flour,  and  coal.  The  best- 
developed  coal  mines  in  Montana  lie  on  the  mountain  slope  between  the  town  and  the  tunnel, 
and  furnish  large  quantities  of  coal  for  use  of  the  railroad  and  tor  shipment.     Population,  2500. 

DlinK  LoDiiH,  on  the  river  and  in  the  county  of  the  same  name,  is  beautifully  situated  in  the 
midst  of  a  fertile  valley  of  which  it  is  the  trade  centre.  It  has  a  very  handsome  school-house 
and  a  Presbyterian  college.     The  penitentiary  is  located  here.     Population,  r200, 

Dillon,  on  the  Beaverhead  River,  in  Beaverhead  County,  on  the  Utah  and  Northern  Railroad, 
is  the  trade  centre  of  a  rich  farming  and  stock-raising  region.     Population,  UMX). 

LivlNGSTOM,  at  the  big  bend  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  in  Gallatin  County,  on  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  ihe  National  Park  branch.  Extensive  car-shops  are  located 
here.  Valuable  coal  mines  aie  near  the  town.  It  is  an  important  wool-shipping  point.  Pop- 
ulation, 1.500. 

Miles  City,  at  the  mouth  of  Tongue  River,  in  Custer  County,  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road, is  the  centre  of  the  most  extensive  stock  range  in  Montana,  and  an  important  shipping- 
point.     Population,  1.5U0. 

MisscuLA,  at  the  mouth  of  Hellgatc  Canon,  in  Missoula  County,  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad, 
is  the  business  centre  of  a  laige  agricultural  and  lumber-producing  section.     Population,  1:100. 

Virginia  City,  in  the  famous  Alder  Ciulcli,  in  Madison  Counly.  was  formerly  the  capital.  The 
gulch  still  produces  considerable  gold,  and  the  town  is  the  centre  of  a  large  mineral  district. 
Population,  HUO. 

Whitf.  SuLiMiuK  Sprinos,  On  Deep  Creek,  in  Meagher  County,  is  the  trade  centre  of  a  fine 
agricultural  district,  and  the  most  important  sheep-raising  section.  Its  miner.il  springs  make  it 
an  important  health  resort.     Population,  HOO. 

Of  the  many  smaller  towns  and  trade  centres  the  following  may  be  mentioned :  Anaconda  and 
Philipsburg  in  Deer  Lodge,  tjlcndale  in  Beaverhead,  Wickes  in  Jefferson,  Gloster  and  Marys- 
ville  in  Lewis  and  Clarke  counties  are  all  flourishing  mining  cain|is.  Bannack  in  Beaverhead 
is  the  oldest  town  in  Montana,  the  seat  of  the  first  considerable  mining  camp.  Stevensville,  in 
Missoula  County,  is  the  trade  centre  of  the  upper  Bitter  Root  Valley;  in  Meagher  County, 
Townsend  in  Ihe  Missouri,  and  I.ewiston  in  the  Judith  Valley  are  flourishing  agricultural 
towns.     Maiden,  also  iii  Meagher,  is  a  promising  mining  camp.     Gardiner,  in  Gallalin,  is  the 


terminus  of  the  Park  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  with  mines  of  excellent  coal, 
and  Glendive,  in  Dawson  County,  is  a  leading  stock-shipping  point. 
Military  Forts. — Troops  are  stationed  at  Forts  Keogh,  Custer.  Ellis,  Missoula,  Shaw,  Assini- 
boine  and  Maginnis.    The  military  reservations  embrace  over  1,000,000  acres. 

Indians. — The  Indians  of  Montana  number  about  21,000.  Their  reser- 
vations are  three  :  the  Great  Northern,  embracing  all  the  country  north  of 
the  Missouri  and  Marias  rivers;  the  Crow,  south  of  the  Yellowstone,  and 
the  Jocko,  south  of  Flathead  Lake.  They  cover  an  area  of  40,000  .square 
miles,  or  very  nearly  one  third  of  the  entire  territory.  The  principal  tribes 
are  :  the  Blackfeet,  Bloods,  and  Piegans.  all  divisions  of  the  .same  tribe  ;  the 
Gros  Ventres  (Big-bellies),  an  ofTshoot  of  the  Arrapahoes;  the  Assiniboines, 
a  branch  of  the  Sioux.  All  these  live  north  of  the  Missouri.  The  Crows 
are  also  of  the  great  Sioux  or  Dakf)ta  family.  The  Jocko  reservation  is 
occupied  by  a  number  of  small  tribes,  among  which  are  the  Flalheads,  . 
Pend  d'Oreilles,  Kootnais,  and  Kalispels. 

Education. — A  territorial  School  Superintendent  is  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Council,  for  a  term  of  two  years.  Each 
county  elects  a  County  Superintendent,  and  each  school  district  elects  three 
trustees,  who  have  immediate  charge  of  the  schools  of  the  district.  The 
schools  are  creditable  to  so  sparsely  settled  a  country.  As  the  school 
lands  are  not  available  until  Montana  becomes  a  state,  the  schools  are  sup- 
ported altogether  by  local  taxation  ;  but  the  people  have  always  shown  a 
readiness  to  give  them  a  liberal  support. 

History. — The  Atlantic  part  of  Montana  was  acquired  by  the  United 
Slates  by  the  Louisiana  purchase  of  1803.  It  became  successively  a  par^of 
the  territories  of  Louisiana.  Missouri,  Nebraska,  and  Dakota.  All  questions 
as  to  title  to  the  Pacific  section  were  settled  by  the  treaty  of  184(5  with  Eng- 
land, This  became  part  first  of  Oregon  and  later  of  Washington  Territory. 
When  the  territory  of  Idaho  was  organized  in  1803  it  embraced  most  of 
the  present  Montana;  but  the  territory-  of  Montana  was  organized  May  26, 
1864,  with  its  present  boundaries.  The  first  white  men  to  visit  Montana 
were  French-Canadian  traders,  in  1 743, 
searching  for  the  great  western  sea; 
but  it  was  first  explored  and  mapped 
by  Lewis  and  Clarke  in  their  famous 
expedition  to  the  Pacific  in  lS0o-.5. 
During  more  than  fifty  years  after  that 
journey  its  only  visitors  were  trappers 
and  Indian  traders  and  a  few  Catholic 
missionaries,  until  the  discovery  of 
gold  attracted  immigration  in  1801. 
The  fame  of  the  fabulously  rich  Alder 
and  Last  Chance  gulches  created  a 
regular  ■'stampede"  to  Montana,  and 
the  country  passed  through  a  terrible 
ordeal  in  the  struggle  of  the  law-abid- 
ing citizens  to  free  themselves  from 
the  lawless  elements  which  were  for  a 
time  almost  in  the  majority,  and  made 
life  and  property  insecure.  Society 
was  finally  purified  through  the  organ- 
ization of  societies  of  "Vigilantes." 
who  dealt  out  swift  and  sure  punishment  to  the  evil-doers,  and  Montana 
has  ever  since  been  a  law-abiding  community.  When  the  cream  of  the 
placers  was  taken  off  a  reaction  set  in,  and  a  large  part  of  the  floating  pop- 
ulation left  Montana ;  but  its  many  resources  attracted  soon  a  more  per- 
manent class  of  settlers,  and  during  the  last  fifteen  years  its  progress  hao 
been  sure  and  .steady. 

In  early  days  all  goods  and  passengers  came  overland  from  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  in  mule  and  ox  teams,  or  by  steamboat  to  Fort  Benton; 
but  in  1880  the  Utah  and  Northern  entered  the  territory,  and  in  1883  the 
Northern  Pacific  was  completed.  Among  the  Indian  wars  may  be  men- 
tioned :  Colonel  Baker's  Piegan  campaign  in  18()'J-70  ;  the  great  .Sioux  war 
of  1870,  when  General  Custer  and  his  command  were  massacred  in  the 
battle  on  the  Little  Big  Horn  ;  the  Nez  Perces  campaign  of  1S77,  when 
Gibbon  fought  the  battle  on  the  Big  Hole,  and  the  Indians  led  Howard  the 
long  cnase  to  the  Bear  Paw,  where  they  were  finally  .scattered  or  cajitured  by 
Miles;  and  finally  the  Bannack  campaign  of  1878.  Since  then  there  have 
been  no  serious  outbreaks,  and  the  Indians  are  now  thortjughly  quieted, 

A  constitution  for  the  "  State  of  Montana  "  was  adopted  in  iss.");  but  no 
steps  have  yet  been  taken  by  Congress  looking  towards  its  admission  as  a 
state. 

Note, — The  elevation  of  some  of  the  peaks,  pa.sses,  towns,  etc.,  in  the 
territory  are  given  below  : 

Peaks:  Crazy,  11,178  feet;  Electric.  11, loo  ;  Emigrant,  11.034;  Mount 
Powell,  10,.'iOI) ;  Old  Baldv,  97 1 1  ;  Bridger,  9003  ;  I  lighwood.  7004  ;  Pompey's 
Pillar,  28ij;i.— I'lissps:  Marias,  8500-  Lewis  and  Clarkes,  6:323;  Cadottes, 
6044;  Deer  Lodge,  .5808  ;  Bridger,  0147;  Reynolds,  6838  ;  Pleasant  Valley, 
0030;  Judith  Gap,  46.50.— Tiiiinels :  Bozeman,  S.'iOS  ;  Mullan.  .'■).'548.^Towiis: 
Glendive,  2007;  Miles  City,  23.".3 ;  Billings,  31  Iii  ;  Living.ston,  44M.-)  ;  Boze- 
man, 4820  ;  (Jallalin,  40:30  ;  'Helena,  4262  ;  Mi-S-soula,  319.'5 ;  Butte,  .'■)800  ;  Deer 
Lodge,  4708;  Virginia  City.  .'5480 ;  Fort  Benton,  2G74 ;  White  Sulphur 
Springs,  4'J.')7  ;   Lewiston,  3890. 


University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

405  Hilgard  Avenue,  Los  Angeles,  CA  90024-1388 

Return  this  material  to  the  library 

from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


UCl> 

f^ec'cit^Bli;)  1991 

MO.:  '^-- 


.N'W^' 


/': 


:i^M  h.  .>>R- 


t4 


,.U',l'tH><    -"    rt' 

ii,  son's  Si- •  ; 

I'lRs:  Bo 
,  kr's  Second  Isouk  in  Ari  i 

i%^ 

s  l„v:avAr.\i  Series: 
;on's  1  ,i:ltr<<a>;<  Primfv.— SwintonV  New  Lan- 
,,i^,M.    :                                        ■\ew,.'i(i.oo!  i"   -li- 

.X 

i! 

K^ON  ri      FlKST    L 
.^.^^.^ilSToRY   AND,  Lan 

1! 

>.1 


'"    .  ..line. —  i    lai  »" 

,  y. — Nati'.ral    Philosophy. — >ii:. 
lui  Gtrology. — Niftural  ilistoiy- 


m  BUII 


<•;  ARiTintf-XiCAL  I'jo 

CHOOL    AND  -CotXEClC   v„  I 
S    PkINOIVIA    T,ATiNA. 
AUfENRIKTli'S    HOMKRtC    DlCtrONA;  V. 

AIarcIVs  Anglo-Saxon  'Grammar. 
March\  Axgt.o-Sa^on  Keaper.  ♦ 


Ml 


I  .^»ral  terhisl'or  firsfinlrodnrtior.     Copies  foi   ojtami 

OP.  receipt  of  the  retai'.  ,.rice,  less  a  'lisoount  of  twentv-fne      r  «r»f.  .  ^^ 
Uefcriptive   C'rfiilars   <' 
ks  mailf 
ofRo 


:  i.i      A-\r) 


nination  .^ent  'o  tea     crs  anc.  &chool-oi?.'-ers 


